Paper presented at the IAEA RAS/8/092 and INT/0/060 Coordination Meeting on Isotopic and Geochemical Techniques in Geothermal Exploration

and Reservoir Management, 12-14 March 2001 (Makati City), 15-17 March 2001 (Cebu City), Philippines.

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF I TRACER TEST RESULTS, MAHANAGDONG GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR, LEYTE, PHILIPPINES F. G. Delfin, Jr. , B. Barry , D.B. Dacillo , and E.A. Marcelo
1 1 2 1 3

125

PNOC Energy Development Corp., Merritt Road, Ft. Bonifacio, Metro Manila, Philippines 2 NZ Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, Lower Hutt, New Zealand 3 Philippine Nuclear Research Institution, Commonwealth Ave., Q.C., Philippines correspondence: jdelfin@philonline.com or delfin@energy.com.ph

key words:

125

I tracer, cold water influx, reinjection and reservoir management, Mahanagdong Abstract

To trace the extent and path of cold water migrating into the Mahanagdong production sector from the fields western (Paril) margin, 15.6 GBq of 125I tracer solution was injected in well MG-4DA on October 6, 1999. Monitoring, initially confined to 11 wells in the MG-A sector southeast of MG-4DA, was expanded 3 months later to cover 5 MG-B wells, northeast of MG-4DA. Of the 16 wells monitored for >9 months, only 6 wells - all of them located in pad MG-DL northeast of MG-4DA - showed positive tracer response. The sharpest response occurred in wells MG-29D and MG27D characterized by tracer first arrival of 20 and 35 days from injection and tracer recoveries (R%) of 11 and 13%, respectively. Calculated tracer mean residence times for MG-29D and MG-27D are 108 and 134 days, respectively. Apart from MG-28D (R = 2%), incomplete breakthrough curves in the MG-26D, 30D, and 31D, do not allow first arrivals to be delineated nor tracer recoveries to be computed. Migration of the Paril groundwater towards the MG-B production sector, promoted by the large pressure drawdown around pad MG-DL, takes place along the following structural flowpaths: the Mamban, North Mamban and Ewex faults. The results of the study established that: 1) the migration of Paril groundwater to the production sector does not appear to be a major and immediate threat to resource sustainability under the field conditions operating during the tracer test, and 2) 125I tracer is ideal for tracer studies in high-temperature reservoirs where responses are expected in months.

1.0 Introduction The Mahanagdong geothermal field, 7-8 km southeast of the Tongonan field (Fig. 1), is centered in wells MG-3D/MG-14D where upwelling neutral-pH fluids have temperature >300C, Cl content of ~4,000 ppm, enthalpy of 1800 kJ/kg, and noncondensable gases (NCG) of 3-5%. Reservoir permeability is provided largely by steeply-dipping fractures related to the leftlateral Philippine Fault, a major NW-trending transcurrent fault that cuts across Leyte island. From the upflow zone, these fractures channel the upwelling brine to the south and eventually to the southeast where temperature declines to 250C as intersected by injection wells in MG-RD1 pad. Northwest of the fields hottest sector, an acid reservoir with temperature >290C has been penetrated by wells MG-9D, MG-20D, and MG-21D. In the fields western margin, on the other hand, dilute and relatively cold fluids with temperature of 170C were encountered by wells MG-4DA and MG-17D. Exploitation of the Mahanagdong reservoir is divided into two sectors: MG-A and MG-B. A 120 MWe main plant and a 12 MWe topping cycle plant constitute MG-A. The main plant is supplied by steam from 14 production wells drilled in the central and southern parts of the steamfield; separated brine is injected into 5 wells in MG-RD1 pad to the southeast (Fig. 1). MG-B production wells, drilled into the reservoirs hightemperature and high-gas region to the north, feed a 60 MWe main plant and a 6 MWe topping cycle plant. Injection is
MN2RD 3RD TGE9 20D MN1 TGE8 MG-B 21D 9D
MG-DL

M ali

15D

tb og

F.

3D

Paril F.
17D 8D 4DA

F.

MG-A 19

N. Mamban F.

. nF ba am 29D M 27D

Ewex F.
28D 30D 26D 31D 5D 18D 32D

14D

24D

Do me

1 23D 25D 33D 22D

7D

Mantugop F.

N
LEGEND: Well Track Structures Power Plant

13D Lo we rM ah an ag 2D do ng

l ra nt Ce

16D 10D

F.

5RD

Fa e in tL ul
9RD

6RD

scale
0

MG-RD1

7RD

1.0 km

8RD

Figure 1. Simplified structural map of Mahanagdong geothermal field.

the

Paper presented at the IAEA RAS/8/092 and INT/0/060 Coordination Meeting on Isotopic and Geochemical Techniques in Geothermal Exploration and Reservoir Management, 12-14 March 2001 (Makati City), 15-17 March 2001 (Cebu City), Philippines.

through 2 wells drilled near the MG-B plant to the northwest (Fig. 1). MG-As commercial operation began in August, 1997 with >270 kg/s of steam available at the wellheads, more than enough to supply the 120 MWe main plant. With time, however, steam availability continuously declined reaching an equivalent of 80 MWe by mid1999. Although many factors were cited for the steam decline, geochemical monitoring suggested that cold water influx into the production sectors was a significant contributory process. It was deemed crucial to quantify the extent and rate of cold water invasion in the production wells so that the appropriate mitigation measures can be effected. This was the rationale for the I tracer study conducted in Mahanagdong beginning in October, 1999, the first 125 such application of I tracer in a Philippine geothermal reservoir. In this paper, we present the results of >9 months of tracer monitoring, provide analysis of the monitoring data, and offer possible implications of these interpretations.
125 125

2.0 Cold Water Influx and the Mahanagdong

I Tracer Test

Prior to commercial exploitation, only wells MG-4DA and MG-17D on the western (Paril) sector of the Mahanagdong geothermal field were known to be strongly affected by natural cold water incursion. Entry of cold water in these boreholes is marked by: 1) abrupt temperature reversals from 230 to 170C, 2) presence of lowtemperature Mg-rich alteration minerals, 3) presence of geothite and hematite veins, and 4) fluid inclusion homogenization temperature (Th) values of about 170C [1]. The natural downflow of cold water in these wells results to discharge fluid chemistry characterized by Cl reservoir content of 2,000 ppm, TSiO2 <230C, and 2 18 isotopic composition of H = -39.9 to 37.6%o, O = -5.3 to 3.7%o. These contrast with the chemistry of well 2 fluids in the upflow region which have Cl reservoir of 4,000 ppm, TSiO2 of 300C, and isotopic composition of H 18 = -34.8, O = -0.39%o[2]. Although far from being typical groundwater, the dilute and cold water downflowing in MG-4DA and MG-17D has been dubbed the Paril groundwater[3]. Flowmeter shut-in survey conducted at depths of 1100-1450 m in MG-4D (MG-4DAs original leg) in August, 1990 showed the volume of the cold downflow to be 3.4 kg/s. In MG-17D, a pressure and temperature spinner (PATS) survey on January 26, 2000 established the wells cold downflow below the production casing to be about 7 kg/s. Thus, it is reasonable to assume that the total volume of the Paril groundwater downflowing in this sector is at least 10 kg/s. At the time of declining steam availability in Mahanagdong, the geochemical data indicated that the cold water invading the production zone is groundwater in character rather than injected brine or power plant condensate [2, 4]. During this time, MG-4DA was not being utilized while the use of MG-17D as an injector for power plant 125 condensate had just been terminated. On October 6, 1999, 15.6 GBq of I solution was injected in well MG-4DA through a tracer by-pass system installed at the wellhead. To flush the tracer down the well, power plant condensate was injected into MG-4DA for two hours at a rate of about 30 kg/s. Monitoring for tracer return was initially conducted in 11 wells located largely southeast of MG-4DA, in the general direction of the systems outflow. Five (5) more wells in the MG-B sector, located northeast of MG-4DA, were included for monitoring 3 months later. The initial daily sampling frequency was progressively reduced to twice a week, weekly, twice a 125 month, and finally to once a month. The use of I to trace cold water influx in Mahanagdong was undertaken as a demonstration project of IAEAs RAS 8/075 project. Each 2-liter sample was pre-treated in the field in order to extract a ~6 ml solution containing filtered AgI in a scintillating cocktail [5]. This sample treatment and preparation procedure took about 12 hours for each batch of 11-16 samples. Actual counting was conducted in Manila using a Beckmann 6500 liquid scintillation counter (lsc) of the Philippine Nuclear Research Institution (PNRI). Counting time was 120 minutes/sample (with each sample counted only once) and counting window set at 100-600 channel. The last four (4) batches of samples, collected on July 26, August 10, September 19 and October 18 were not counted due to the breakdown of PNRI lsc in the last week of August, 2000. Hence, the results reported here are those for samples collected beginning just prior to the start of tracer injection in October 6, 1999 to samples collected on July 8, 2000 or a monitoring period of 9 months.

Paper presented at the IAEA RAS/8/092 and INT/0/060 Coordination Meeting on Isotopic and Geochemical Techniques in Geothermal Exploration and Reservoir Management, 12-14 March 2001 (Makati City), 15-17 March 2001 (Cebu City), Philippines.

120 80 40 0 -40 -80 -120 120

120

MG-1
80 40 0

MG-19

a)
Activity (cpm)
MG-13

-40 -80 120 80 40 0 -40 -80 120 80 40

a)
MG-23D

Activity (cpm)

80 40 0 -40 -80 -120 120 80 40 0 -40 -80 -120

b)
MG-16

b)
MG-33D

c)
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300

0 -40 0

c)
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300

Days from Injection

Days from Injection

Figure 2. Representative plots of tracer-negative wells.

800

Figure 3. Plots of "anomalous" tracer-negative wells

240

MG-29D
600 400 200 0 300

a)

MG-30D
160 80 0 -80 240

a)
MG-31D

Activity (cpm)

200 100 0 200

b)

Activity (cpm)

MG-27D

160 80 0 -80 240

b)
MG-26D

MG-28D
100 0 -100 -200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260

c)

160 80 0 -80

c)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300

280

300

Days from Injection

Days from Injection

Figure 4. Plots of tracer-positive breakthrough curves.

wells

with

good

Figure 5. Plots of tracer-positive wells with incomplete breakthrough curves

3.0 Results 3.1 Liquid Scintillation Counting The result of liquid scintillation counting for each sample is corrected for radioactivity decay and background count. Although only one measurement was made for each sample, it is possible to estimate standard deviations from a single count since radiation measurement conforms to a Poisson statistics. Appendix A lists the formula used in calculating the standard deviation for each count and all other the formulae used in this report. Of the 16 wells monitored, 10 (MG-1, 2D, 7D, 13D, 16D, 18D, 19, 23D, 22D, 33D) are negative for tracer breakthrough. Plots of three representative non-responding wells, MG-1, MG-13D, and MG-16D, are shown in Fig.2. After careful evaluation, three wells initially believed to have tracer returns [3, 6], MG-19, MG-23D, and MG-33D, are now regarded to lack definitive indications of tracer response. Plots of these three wells (Fig. 3) show that only one or two samples are considerably above their corrected background activities. Six wells are positive for tracer returns with the sharpest and most defined breakthroughs displayed by wells MG-29D and MG27D (Fig. 4a-b) where tracer first occurred 20 and 35 days from injection, respectively. In well MG-28D, the

Paper presented at the IAEA RAS/8/092 and INT/0/060 Coordination Meeting on Isotopic and Geochemical Techniques in Geothermal Exploration and Reservoir Management, 12-14 March 2001 (Makati City), 15-17 March 2001 (Cebu City), Philippines.

Normalized Concentration C (li-1)

tracers first arrival occurred 101 days after tracer injection (Fig. 4c). In the three other wells later added for monitoring (MG-26D, 31D, 30D), tracer first arrivals are undeterminable (Fig.5). All six wells positive for tracer returns lie in pad MG-DL, 1.6 km northeast of MG-4DA. 3.2 Tracer Recovery and Mean Residence Time Calculations The fractional recovery R% is often calculated in a tracer-responding well because it allows the involvement of the tracer-carrying medium in the monitor well to be quantified. From the corrected counts with time, R% can be calculated using the following additional data: y (fractional yield of I recovered in the sample), A (activity of tracer injected), V (volume of the sample), q (water flow of the well) at any time (t). Calculations of R% for MG29D and MG-27Ds R are shown schematically in Figure 6a. It should be apparent from this figure that the reliability of the calculated R% depends on accurate water flow values at specific time interval during the period of the entire tracer response. Although water flows were obtained in all monitoring wells prior to tracer response, it was not possible for several reasons to measure water flows from the wells during the monitoring period. For MG-29D and MG-27D, the water flows used in calculating for R% were 27 kg/s and 86 kg/s, respectively based on measurements made on October 12, 1999, or six days after tracer injection. Applying these values as constant throughout the tracer response period, the calculated R% of MG-29D and MG-27D are 10.96% and 13.22%, respectively. The fact that MG-29D yielded the same water flow of 27 kg/s in a measurement conducted on August 15, 2000 adds confidence to the accuracy of the computed R%. For MG-27D, a similar but slightly lower water flow of 78 kg/s measured on August 14, 2000 suggests a reasonable estimate of the R% value.

1.00E-9

MG-29D MG-29D

C= C=

a yAV

1.00E-10

1.00E-11

R% = C(t)q(t)dt t=0

1.00E-12

a)
1.00E-13 0 20 40 60

R = 10.96% ,10.96% 108 days R = T =

80

100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

Days From Injection

1.00E-9

MG-27D MG-27D

Normalized Concentration C (li-1)

1.00E-10

1.00E-11

T=
1.00E-12

Ctdt Cdt t=0

______

1.00E-13

b)
1.00E-14 0 20 40 60

R = 13.22% R = 13.22% , T = 134 days

80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

Days From Injection

Figure 6. Schematic plots of calculation for a) fractional tracer recovery (R%) and b) mean residence time (T).

Table 1.

Summary of tracer movement and recovery in wells with good breakthrough curves. Mean Res. Mean First Arrival Recovery Well Time Velocity (day from inj.) (%) (day from inj.) (m/day) MG-29D 20 108 15.4 10.96 MG-27D 35 134 12.4 13.22 MG-28D 101 140 11.9 2.17

In tracer studies, the mean residence time (T) is often used as a better indication, than the time of first arrival, of the duration of tracer transport in the reservoir. On a plot of tracer recovery vs. time (Fig. 6), the mean residence time can be approximated as the time shortly after the arrival of the tracer concentration peak. Mathematical calculations (Fig. 6b) yield mean residence times of 108 days and 134 days for MG-29D and MG-27D, respectively. Assuming a direct path between these wells and MG-4DA (1,660 m apart), mean velocities of 15 and 12 m/day are obtained for tracer (and cold water) transport to MG-29D and MG-27D, respectively. Table 1 summarizes the major results from the three wells with complete positive response. 4.0 Data Interpretation 4.1 Tracer Results and Structural Geology The identification of cold water conduits to the production sector is one of the major goals of this tracer study. Figure 7 shows the borehole geology of MG-4DA and four (MG-29D, 27D, 30D, 28D) of the six tracer-responding

Paper presented at the IAEA RAS/8/092 and INT/0/060 Coordination Meeting on Isotopic and Geochemical Techniques in Geothermal Exploration and Reservoir Management, 12-14 March 2001 (Makati City), 15-17 March 2001 (Cebu City), Philippines.

500

Mean Transit Time First Arrival

6 Oct.99 108 Days 134 Days ? 140 Days

Day 20

Day 35

Day 101

MG-4DA
MSL BV MF

MG-29D

MG-27D

MG-30D

MG-28D

MF MF MF MF

Elevation (m)

-500

Lower Mahanagdong/ Mamban Mamban

Blind Drilling

North Mamban Ewex North Mamban Ewex North Mamban

-1068

Ewex Ewex Ewex

-1000
MF

?
MSC
-1294

Ewex
-1398 -1349

-1500

Dome
-1463

Figure 7. Correlation of borehole geology in MG-4DA and four of the six tracer-positive wells. Abbreviations denote the following: BV - Bao Volcanics, MF - Mamban Formation, MSC - Mahiao Sedimentary Complex. Thick filled bar denotes major permeable zone, thin open bar denotes minor permeable zone. Lines connecting permeable zones signify either direct structural connection (solid) or indirect connection (dashed).

wells. MG-4DAs major permeable zone at 563 mRL has been cased-off by a blank liner set from -500 and 696 mRL. Hence, the injected tracer most likely exited well MG-4DA through the permeable zone at 704 mRL. In as much as this permeable zone is associated with the Mamban Fault, it is likely that this northeast-striking structure was the path for the tracers migration to the MG-DL wells in the northeast (Fig. 1). However, as Mamban Fault is not present in the open-hole interval of MG-29D where the tracer was first detected, it is believed that the tracer was carried to MG-29D through the Mamban Faults intersection with the North Mamban Fault (Fig. 1). The latter structure directly connects MG-29D to MG-27D where the tracer was next detected. The North Mamban Fault is linked to the east-west-trending Ewex Fault, a structure that controls the major permeable zones in MG-30D, 28D, 26D, and 31D, where the tracer was subsequently detected. 4.2 Tracer Results and Reservoir Monitoring Our tracer results agree very well with those of standard geochemical monitoring. Only wells MG-29D and MG27D displayed clear declines in TSiO2 and reservoir chloride expected from wells affected by cold water influx. The decline is especially apparent for MG-29D which showed a 10C drop in TSiO2 and ~700 ppm reduction in reservoir chloride from baseline values by the first quarter of 2000 (Fig. 8a). By the beginning of March, 2000, MG-29Ds discharge contained 8.09% Paril groundwater component. In MG-27D, the effect of cold water influx appears to be most marked by December, 1999 when ~7C drop in TSiO2 from baseline values is recorded. In both cases, however, re-equilibration of the Paril groundwater component with the hotter environment in the wells is apparent by early 2000 in MG-27D and mid-2000 in MG-29D as seen from increasing trend in TSiO2 and the arrest in the decline in reservoir chloride (Fig. 4a).

Paper presented at the IAEA RAS/8/092 and INT/0/060 Coordination Meeting on Isotopic and Geochemical Techniques in Geothermal Exploration and Reservoir Management, 12-14 March 2001 (Makati City), 15-17 March 2001 (Cebu City), Philippines.

T-Quartz (*C)

290 280 270 260

T- Quartz (*C)

300

Tracer Injection

300 290 280 270

Tracer Injection

CO2 TD (mM/100M)

400 300 200 100 5000

CO2 TD (mM/100M) Cl res (mg/kg)

Tracer Peak Arrival

400 300 200 100 4400 4000 3600 3200 1998 1999 2000

Cl res (mg/kg)

R = 8.09%

4500 4000 3500 1998 1999 2000

a)

MG-29D

b)

MG-30D

Figure 8. Geochemistry of MG-29D (a) and MG-30D (b) correlated with tracer results.

The geochemical trends of the other tracer-responding wells with minimal tracer recovery are different from those of MG-29D and MG-27D. In wells MG-26D, 30D (Fig. 8b), and 31D, the trend during the monitoring period shows declining TSiO2 and CO2 but increasing reservoir chloridea tell-tale indicator of hot reinjection returns. In MG30D, the effect of the influx of lower-temperature and degassed fluid appears to be most felt by mid-June 2000 when TSiO2 and CO2 where at their lowest values relative to baseline. The fact that MG-30Ds Cl levels were continually rising and at their peak during this same period proves that the invading cold water is Cl-rich reinjection fluid rather than cold and dilute Paril groundwater. 4.3 Correlation with Previous Tracer Tests Two other tracer tests have been previously undertaken in Mahanagdong. Conducted prior to the commercial operation of the steamfield, the first test injected 25 kg of sodium fluorescein (NaFl) dye in well MG-4DA on October 7, 1994 [7]. Continuous injection of 60-80 kg/s of discharge brine in MG-4DA was undertaken for the duration of the tracer study. During the 30-day monitoring period, two of the four monitor wells (MG-13D and MG16D) showed returns 7-9 days after tracer injection. Because it proved the good communication between MG4DA and production wells MG-13D and MG-16D through the Lower Mahanagdong and Mantugop Faults, the study suggested that MG-4DA may not be an appropriate hot reinjection well at high reinjection load for the MG-A production sector [7]. A second NaFl tracer test was conducted on April 7, 1999 when ~15 kg of NaFl was injected in well MG-17D, then a reinjection well used for disposing 70-90 kg/s of power plant condensate [8]. Very rapid returns, 48 hours after tracer injection, were recorded in MG-23D while first arrival of at least 20 days was monitored in MG-25D. Eight other MG-A production wells monitored did not show any tracer breakthrough. The direct tracer channel towards MG-23D and MG-25D was identified to be the Lower Mahanagdong fault. Although both NaFl tracer tests showed a preferential migration of Paril fluids to the southeast principally through the Lower Mahanagdong Fault, there is a major difference in these two studies. The southeasterly flow from injection well MG-4DA established in the 1994 study was obtained under a condition where no significant mass extraction was taking place in the reservoir. In fact, some of the MG-B wells have yet to be drilled then. Thus, the confirmed tracer flow direction is likely controlled by the southeast-directed hydrothermal outflow in the systems 125 natural state. In contrast, the northeasterly flow of Paril groundwater established by I tracing is influenced by

Paper presented at the IAEA RAS/8/092 and INT/0/060 Coordination Meeting on Isotopic and Geochemical Techniques in Geothermal Exploration and Reservoir Management, 12-14 March 2001 (Makati City), 15-17 March 2001 (Cebu City), Philippines.

the large pressure drawdown that has taken place in the MG-B sector, particularly around the MG-DL wells where the greatest pressure drop of ~5 MPa has taken place since the start of commercial extraction [9].

5.0 Concluding Remarks Under the conditions obtaining during the period of I tracer monitoring, only MG-29D and MG-27D have significant inflow of Paril groundwater. Although Paril groundwater reaches 10-13% of the total fluid discharge in the wells and has caused TSiO2 to decline by as much as 10C, such thermal effects appear to be temporary, for now, as reservoir monitoring shows thermal recovery of both wells to near baseline values. In contrast, the contribution of Paril groundwater to the other tracer-positive wells in MG-DL pad appears to be very small as to have any appreciable chemical and thermal effects. Taken together, these results suggest that the influx of Paril groundwater to the production sector does not appear to be a major and immediate threat to resource sustainability in Mahanagdong. One can even view the influx of Paril groundwater as constituting beneficial recharge to the MG-B sector if thermal recovery is always attained. Clearly, however, such conclusion is applicable only under the field conditions operating at the time of the tracer study. If conditions are to change, say mass extraction is increased in both MG-A and MG-B, then the detrimental effects of Paril groundwater influx may suddenly become more pronounced and permanent. I tracer has been shown effective in long-term cold water inflow monitoring. It is especially suited for The monitoring months-long or even years-long water influxes in high temperature reservoirs where the short half-life 131 of I or the thermal instability of sodium fluorescein make both tools inappropriate. However, it should also be clear from this study that a single tracer test, even one undertaken for one year, can not capture all the changes in the geothermal plumbing system especially in a reservoir where exploitation conditions continually change. 125 Thus, I tracer should be regarded as only one of several effective tracer tools, and not the best method, in approaching tracer studies. In this regard, several tracer tests at various stages of reservoir life using different tracers to suit specific exploitation conditions or operational problems may be the best monitoring practice. Acknowledgment
We are indebted to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Philippine Nuclear Research Institution (PNRI) for making this study possible. Special thanks go to Ms, Jane Gerardo-Abaya, IAEA RAS 8/075 Project Officer, Dr. Alumanda dela Rosa, PNRI Acting Director and Mr. Edilberto Cabafin and Ms. Vangeline K. Parami of PNRI's Licensing Division. All omissions and shortcomings in this report, however, are purely ours.
125 125

References
[1] Zaide-Delfin, M.C. 1999. Cold fluids at deep reservoir levels in the Mahanagdong geothermal field. PNOC EDC internal report. [2] Seastres, J.S., Salonga, N.D. and Siega, F.L. 1999. Monitoring the movement of the cooler fluids in the deep geothermal reservoirs of Greater Tongonan geothermal field, Philippines. Paper presented at the 1999 IAEA SM 361/41 Vienna meeting on groundwater exploitation. [3] Delfin, F.G. Jr Dacillo, D.B., Ogena, M.S., Barry, B. and Marcelo, E.A. The First Application of I Tracer in Philippine Geothermics: Tracing Deep Cold Water Incursion in the Mahanagdong Geothermal Reservoir, Leyte, Philippines. Paper presented at the NEDO Asia Geothermal Symposium 2000, October 25-26, 2000, Bangkok. [4] Dacillo, D.B. 1999. 1999 Annual Report Mahanagdong Reservoir Geochemistry. PNOC EDC internal report [5] McCabe, W.J., Barry, B.J., and Baker, D.B. 1998. Analysis of geothermal water samples for radioactive iodide tracer. IGNS Science Report 98/15, 8 pp. [6] Delfin, F.G. Jr. and Dacillo, D.B. 2000. Mahanagdong internal report.
125 125

I Tracer Study: Initial Results and Interpretation. PNOC EDC

[7] Parilla, E.V. and Herras, E.B. 1995. Result of the MG-4DA sodium fluorescein tracer test. PNOC EDC internal report. [8] Seastres, J.S. 1999. Personal communication on results of MG-17D tracer test. [9] Andrino, R.P. 2001. Personal communication.

Paper presented at the IAEA RAS/8/092 and INT/0/060 Coordination Meeting on Isotopic and Geochemical Techniques in Geothermal Exploration and Reservoir Management, 12-14 March 2001 (Makati City), 15-17 March 2001 (Cebu City), Philippines.

APPENDIX A Formulae Used A. Error Calculations 1. Standard Deviation of Raw Count (SDrc), SDrc = (rc / t)
1/2

where rc = raw count from lsc in count/min (cpm) t = time (in min.) of each count 2. Standard Deviation of Background Count (SDbc), SDbc = [bc /(n x t)]
1/2

where bc = average background count, n = number of background samples counted t = time (in min.) of each count 3. Standard Deviation of Corrected Count (SDcc), SDcc = [(SDrc) + (SDbc) ] B. Tracer Concentration 1. Activity at any sampling time t (at), at = (rc bc)/.75 where 0.75 represents the efficiency of the PNRI lsc established by prior testing using the formula: Efficiency = Standard sample (cpm) blank (cpm) Standard sample (cpm) 2. Corrected activity (a), a = at x f , where f is the decay factor f = exp.[ (ln 2 x T)/t1/2] where T = reference time (e.g., number of days from injection) 125 t1/2 = 60.1 days (half-life of I) 3. Tracer concentration in a sample (c), c = a/ (y x V) where y = yield of I recovered in sample (0<y<1) V = volume of each sample ( 2 li.) 4. Normalized concentration (C) C = c/A, where A is activity of tracer injected (1.56E+10 Becq) C. Constants 1 Becquerel (Bq) = 1 disintegration per second (dps); 1 cpm = 1Bq x 60 1 curie (Ci) = 3.70 x 10
10 2 2 1/2

Bq,