February 5, 2006

CHAPTER 10

P.P.10.1

10 sin( 2 t )
10 0, = 2

jL = j4
1
0.2 F

= - j2.5
jC
Hence, the circuit in the frequency domain is as shown below.
2H

-j2.5

V1

V2

+
100 A

Vx

j4

3Vx

At node 1,

At node 2,

V1 V1 V2
+
2
- j2.5
100 = (5 + j4) V1 j4V2

(1)

V2 V1 V2 3Vx V2
where Vx = V1
=
+
j4
- j2.5
4
- j2.5V2 = j4 (V1 V2 ) + 2.5 (3V1 V2 )
0 = - (7.5 + j4) V1 + (2.5 + j1.5) V2

(2)

10 =

Put (1) and (2) in matrix form.

5 + j4
- j4 V1 100
- (7.5 + j4) 2.5 + j1.5 V = 0

2
where = (5 + j4)( 2.5 + j.15) (-j4)(-(7.5 + j4)) = 22.5 j12.5 = 25.74 - 29.05
j4
2.5 + j1.5

V1 7.5 + j4 5 + j4 100
V =
0
22.5 j12.5

2
2.5 + j1.5
2.91530.96
V1 =
(100) =
(100) = 11.32 60.01
22.5 j12.5
25.74 - 29.05
7.5 + j4
8.528.07
V2 =
(100) =
(100) = 33.02 57.12
22.5 j12.5
25.74 - 29.05

In the time domain,

v1 ( t ) = 11.32 sin(2t + 60.01) V
v 2 ( t ) = 33.02 sin(2t + 57.12) V
P.P.10.2

The only non-reference node is a supernode.

15 V1 V1 V2 V2
=
+
+
4
j4 - j
2
15 V1 = - j V1 + j4V2 + 2V2
15 = (1 j) V1 + (2 + j4) V2

(1)

The supernode gives the constraint of

V1 = V2 + 2060

(2)

Substituting (2) into (1) gives

15 = (1 j)(2060) + (3 + j3) V2
15 (1 j)(20 60) 14.327 210.72
V2 =
=
= 3.376 165.7
3 + j3
4.24345
V1 = V2 + 2060 = (-3.272 + j0.8327) + (10 + j17.32)
V1 = 6.728 + j18.154
Therefore,

V1 = 19.3669.67 V,

P.P.10.3

Consider the circuit below.

V2 = 3.376165.7 V

20 A

I3
-j2

For mesh 1,

I1

(8 j2 + j4) I1 j4 I 2 = 0
(8 + j2) I1 = j4 I 2

j4

I2

1030 V

(1)

For mesh 2,

(6 + j4) I 2 j4 I 1 6 I 3 + 1030 = 0

For mesh 3,

I 3 = -2

Thus, the equation for mesh 2 becomes

(6 + j4) I 2 j4 I1 = -12 1030
From (1),

I2 =

(2)

8 + j2
I = (0.5 j2) I 1
j4 1

(3)

Substituting (3) into (2),

(6 + j4) (0.5 j2) I 1 j4 I1 = -12 1030
(11 j14) I 1 = -(20.66 + j5)
- (20.66 + j5)
I1 =
11 j14
20.66 + j5 21.256 13.6
=
11 j14
17.8 - 51.84
I o = 1.19465.44 A

Hence,

I o = - I1 =

P.P.10.4

Meshes 2 and 3 form a supermesh as shown in the circuit below.

10
-j4

j8
I2

500 V

I1
I3
5

-j6

50 + (15 j4) I 1 ( j4) I 2 5 I 3 = 0

(15 j4) I 1 + j4 I 2 5 I 3 = 50

(1)

For the supermesh,

( j8 j4) I 2 + (5 j6) I 3 (5 j4) I 1 = 0

(2)

Also,

I3 = I2 + 2

(3)

For mesh 1,

Eliminating I 3 from (1) and (2)

(15 j4) I 1 + (-5 + j4) I 2 = 60

(-5 + j4) I1 + (5 j2) I 2 = -10 + j12

(4)
(5)

From (4) and (5),

15 j4 - 5 + j4 I 1 60
- 5 + j4 5 - j2 I = - 10 + j12

2
15 j4 - 5 + j4
= 58 j10 = 58.86 - 9.78
- 5 + j4 5 - j2

=
1 =

60
- 5 + j4
= 298 j20 = 298.67 - 3.84
- 10 + j12 5 - j2

1
= 5.0745.94 A

Thus,

I o = I1 =

P.P.10.5

Let I o = I 'o + I "o , where I 'o and I "o are due to the voltage source and

current source respectively. For I 'o consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
-j2

Io'
8

j4

I1

I2

1030 V

(a)
For mesh 1,

For mesh 2,

(8 + j2) I1 j4 I 2 = 0
I 2 = (0.5 j2) I1

(1)

(6 + j4) I 2 j4 I 1 1030 = 0

(2)

Substituting (1) into (2),

(6 + j4)(0.5 j2) I 1 j4 I 1 = 1030
1030
I 'o = I 1 =
= 0.08 + j0.556
11 j14

For I "o consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

20 A

-j2

Io"
8

j4

(b)
Let

j24
= 1.846 + j2.769
6 + j4
Z2
(2)(1.846 + j2.769)
I "o =
(2) =
= 0.4164 + j0.53
Z1 + Z 2
9.846 + j0.77

Z1 = 8 j2 ,

Therefore,

Z 2 = 6 || j4 =

I o = I 'o + I "o = 0.4961 + j1.086

I o = 1.193965.45 A
P.P.10.6

Let v o = v 'o + v "o , where v 'o is due to the voltage source and v "o is due to

the current source. For v 'o , we remove the current source.

30 sin(5t )
30 0, = 5
1
1
0 .2 F

=
= -j
jC j (5)(0.2)
1H

jL = j (5)(1) = j5

The circuit in the frequency domain is shown in Fig. (a).

8
+
300 V

-j

Vo'

(a)

j5

Note that

- j || j5 = -j1.25

By voltage division,
- j1.25
(30) = 4.631 - 81.12
8 j1.25
v 'o = 4.631 sin(5t 81.12)

Vo' =
Thus,

For v "o , we remove the voltage source.

2 cos(10 t )
2 0, = 10
1
1
0 .2 F

=
= - j0.5
jC j (10)(0.2)
1H

jL = j (10)(1) = j10

The corresponding circuit in the frequency domain is shown in Fig (b).

+
8

j10

Vo"

I
-j0.5

20

(b)
Let

Z1 = - j0.5 ,

Z 2 = 8 || j10 =

j80
= 4.878 + j3.9
8 + j10

By current division,

I=

Z2
(2)
Z1 + Z 2

Thus,

Z2
- j (4.877 + j3.9)
(2)(-j0.5) =
Z1 + Z 2
4.878 + j3.4
6.245 - 51.36
Vo" =
= 1.051 - 86.24
5.94 34.88
v "o = 1.051 cos(10 t 86.24)

Therefore,

v o = v 'o + v "o

Vo" = I (-j0.5) =

v o = 4.631 sin(5t 81.12) + 1.051 cos(10t 86.24) V

P.P.10.7
If we transform the current source to a voltage source, we obtain the
circuit shown in Fig. (a).

-j3

j
Io

VS

j5

-j2
(a)
Vs = I s Z s = ( j4)(4 j3) = 12 + j16
We transform the voltage source to a current source as shown in Fig. (b).
V 12 + j16
Let
Z = 4 j3 + 2 + j = 6 j2 . Then,
Is = s =
= 1.5 + j3 .
Z
6 j2

Io
6

j5

IS
-j2
(b)
Note that

Z || j5 =

(6 j2)( j5) 10
= (1 + j) .
6 + j3
3

By current division,

Io =

10
(1 + j)
3

(1.5 + j3)
10
(1 + j) + (1 j2)
3
20 + j40 44.72116.56
Io =
=
13 + j4
13.60217.1
I o = 3.28899.46 A

1
-j2

P.P.10.8

When the voltage source is set equal to zero,

Z th = 10 + (- j4) || (6 + j2)
(-j4)(6 + j2)
Z th = 10 +
6 - j2
Z th = 10 + 2.4 j3.2
Z th = 12.4 j3.2

By voltage division,

- j4
(- j4)(3020)
(3020) =
6 + j2 j4
6 j2
(4 - 90)(30 20)
Vth =
6.324 - 18.43
Vth = 18.97-51.57 V

Vth =

P.P.10.9

To find Vth , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

8 + j4

8 + j4

+ Vo

+ Vo

50
V2

V1
4 j2

0.2Vo

(a)

At node 1,

At node 2,

VS a

a
4 j2

V V2
0 V1
= 5+ 1
4 j2
8 + j4
- (2 + j)V1 = 50 + (1 j0.5)(V1 V2 )
50 = (1 j0.5)V2 (3 + j0.5)V1

5 + 0.2Vo +

V1 V2
= 0,
8 + j4

Hence, the equation for node 2 becomes

Is

0.2Vo

(b)

(1)
where Vo = V1 V2 .

10

5 + 0.2 (V1 V2 ) +

V1 = V2

V1 V2
=0
8 + j4

50
3 + j0.5

(2)

Substituting (2) into (1),

50 = (1 j0.5)V2 (3 + j0.5)V2 + (50)

3 + j0.5
3 j0.5

50
(35 + j12)
37
- 2.702 + j16.22
V2 =
= 7.3572.9
2+ j
Vth = V2 = 7.3572.9 V

0 = -50 (2 + j) V2 +

To find Z th , we remove the independent source and insert a 1-V voltage source between
terminals a-b, as shown in Fig. (b).
At node a,

But,
So,
and

I s = -0.2Vo +

Vs
8 + j4 + 4 j2

8 + j4
V
8 + j4 + 4 j2 s
1
8 + j4
2.6 + j0.8
I s = (0.2)
+
=
12 + j2 12 + j2
12 + j2
V
1
12 + j2
12.1669.46
=
=
Z th = s =
I s I s 2.6 + j0.8 2.7217.10
Z th = 4.4737.64
Vs = 1

and

Vo =

P.P.10.10

To find Z N , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

j2

j2

I3
8

-j3

-j3

a
ZN

200

(a)

-j4

I1

IN

I2

(b)

Z N = (4 + j2) || (9 j3) =

(4 + j2)(9 j3)
13 j

Z N = 3.176 + j0.706
To find I N , short-circuit terminals a-b as shown in Fig. (b). Notice that meshes 1 and 2
form a supermesh.
For the supermesh,

- 20 + 8 I 1 + (1 j3) I 2 (9 j3) I 3 = 0

(1)

Also,

I1 = I 2 + j4

(2)

For mesh 3,

(13 j) I 3 8 I 1 (1 j3) I 2 = 0

(3)

Solving for I 2 , we obtain

50 j62 79.65 - 51.11

=
9 j3
9.487 - 18.43
I N = 8.396-32.68 A
IN = I2 =

Using the Norton equivalent, we can find I o as in Fig. (c).

Io
IN

ZN

(c)

10 j5

By current division,

ZN
3.176 + j0.706
IN =
(8.396 - 32.68)
Z N + 10 j5
13.176 j4.294
(3.254 12.53)(8.396 - 32.68)
Io =
13.858 - 18.05
I o = 1.971-2.10 A
Io =

P.P.10.11
1
1
=
= -j20 k
3
jC1 j (5 10 )(10 10 -9 )
1
1
=
= -j10 k
3
jC 2 j (5 10 )(20 10 -9 )

10 nF

20 nF

Consider the circuit in the frequency domain as shown below.

-j20 k
10 k

20 k

V1
20 V

V2

Io
Vo

-j10 k

As a voltage follower, V2 = Vo
At node 1,

At node 2,

2 V1 V1 Vo V1 Vo
=
+
10
- j20
20
4 = (3 + j)V1 (1 + j)Vo

(1)

V1 Vo Vo 0
=
20
- j10
V1 = (1 + j2)Vo

(2)

Substituting (2) into (1) gives

4 = j6Vo

or

Vo =

2
- 90
3

Hence,

v o ( t ) = 0.667 cos(5000t 90) V

v o ( t ) = 0.667 sin(5000t) V

Now,

Io =

But from (2)

Vo V1 = - j2Vo =

Io =

Vo V1
- j20k

-4
3

-4 3
= - j66.66 A
- j20k

Hence,

i o ( t ) = 66.67 cos(5000t 90) A

i o ( t ) = 66.67 sin(5000t) A

P.P.10.12

Let Z = R ||

1
R
=
jC 1 + jRC

Vs
R
=
Vo R + Z
The loop gain is
1/ G =

Vs
R
=
=
Vo R + Z

R
R+

R
1 + jRC

where RC = (1000)(10 10 3 )(1 10 -6 ) = 10

1 + j10 10.0584.29
=
2 + j10 10.278.69
G = 1.01475.6
1/ G =

1 + jRC
2 + jRC

P.P.10.13

The schematic is shown below.

Since = 2f = 3000 rad / s

f = 477.465 Hz . Setup/Analysis/AC Sweep as
Linear for 1 point starting and ending at a frequency of 447.465 Hz. When the schematic
is saved and run, the output file includes
Frequency
4.775E+02

IM(V_PRINT1)
5.440E-04

IP(V_PRINT1)
-5.512E+01

Frequency
4.775E+02

VM($N_0005)
2.683E-01

VP($N_0005)
-1.546E+02

From the output file, we obtain

Vo = 0.2682-154.6 V

and

I o = 0.544-55.12 mA

Therefore,
v o ( t ) = 0.2682 cos(3000t 154.6) V
i o ( t ) = 0.544 cos(3000t 55.12) mA

P.P.10.14

The schematic is shown below.

We select = 1 rad/s and f = 0.15915 Hz. We use this to obtain the values of
capacitances, where C = 1 X c , and inductances, where L = X L . Note that IAC does
not allow for an AC PHASE component; thus, we have used VAC in conjunction with G
to create an AC current source with a magnitude and a phase. To obtain the desired
output use Setup/Analysis/AC Sweep as Linear for 1 point starting and ending at a
frequency of 0.15915 Hz. When the schematic is saved and run, the output file includes
Frequency
1.592E-01

IM(V_PRINT1)
2.584E+00

IP(V_PRINT1)
1.580E+02

Frequency
1.592E-01

VM($N_0004)
9.842E+00

VP($N_0004)
4.478E+01

From the output file, we obtain

Vx = 9.84244.78 V

P.P.10.15

P.P.10.16

and

I x = 2.584158 A

R2
10 10 6
-9 )
C = 1 +
(
= 10 F
C eq = 1 +
3 10 10
R
10

10

C = C1 = C 2 = 1 nF
If R = R 1 = R 2 = 2.5 k
and
1
1
fo =
=
= 63.66 kHz
2RC (2)(2.5 10 3 )(1 10 -9 )