1

1.1

1.1-1 . ( ) f : [a, b] [c, d]

f f
.

f f

1. f : [a, b] [c, d]
f
2. f : [a, b] [c, d]
(a, b)

f () f () x0 x1
[a, b]
x0 < < x1

f (x0 ) f (x1 ) f ()

(7-1)

(7-1)
f
f (x0 ) < f (x1 ) < f ()
f : [a, b] [c, d]

?? (
??)
x2 [x0 , ] f (x2 ) = f (x1 )
f

1.1-1 (
1)

1.1-2 . ( ) f : [a, b] [c, d]

f 1 : [c, d] [a, b]

y0 [c, d]
x0 [a, b]
f (x0 ) = y0 > 0

f ?? (
??)
> 0



f (x0 , x0 + ) [a, b] (y0 , y0 + ) [c, d]

y [c, d] |y y0 | <
x [a, b] |x x0 | <

y = f (x)
|f 1 (y) f 1 (y0 )| = |x x0 | <
f 1

1.1-3 . f : (a, b) (c, d)

B = {y (c, d) | y = f (x), f (x) 6= 0}

B f 1
1.1-4 . ( ) f : (a, b) (c, d)

B f 1 y0 = f (x0 ) B f 1 y0

(f 1 ) (y0 ) =

f (x0 )

(x0 )
> 0

y = f (x)
f (x0 ) = limxx0 f (x)f
xx0


 f (x)f (x0 )

> 0
x [a, b]
|x x0 | <
 xx0 f (x0 ) <

1.1-2 (
2)
f 1

lim x = lim f 1 (y) = f 1 (y0 ) = x0

yy0

yy0

> 0
y [c, d]
|y y0 | <
|x x0 | <



 f (x) f (x0 )



f (x0 ) <

 x x0

7.1

(f 1 ) (y0 ) = limyy0
=

1
limyy0

f 1 (y)f 1 (y0 )
yy0

yy0
xx0

xx0
yy0

= limyy0
f (x)f (x0 )
xx0

limyy0

f (x0 )

1.1-5 . ( ) f : (a, b) (c, d) B

f 1 B = (c, d) f 1 : (c, d) (a, b)

x (a, b) (f 1 ) (f (x)) =

f (x)

1.1-6 . 1.1-5 ( 3)
1
(f 1 ) (f (x)) =
f (x)

?? ( ??)


x = f 1 f (x) x 1 = (f 1) (f (x))f (x)

(f 1 ) (f (x)) =

f (x)

1.1-7 . f (x) =


A = f 2 B = f
.

Rx

1 + cos2 tdt f : R R f 1
0

5
(f 1 ) (A) (f 1 ) (B) (f 1 ) (0)
6

f
Rx
x > 0 0 1 + cos2 tdt x

x<0

Rx
0

1 + cos2 tdt =

R0
x

1 + cos2 tdt x

limx f (x) = limx f (x) =

f : R R

f (x) = 1 + cos2 x > 0

f
1.1-1 (
1)
f f f 1 : R R

1.1-5 (
3)

(f 1 ) (A) = (f 1 ) f ( 2 ) =

1
f ( 2 )

(f 1 ) (B) = (f 1 ) f ( 5
) =
6

(f 1 ) (0) = (f 1 ) f (0) =

= 1

f ( 5
)
6
1

f (0)

= 1

1+ 34

2 7

1.1-8 . ( ) f : (a, b) (c, d)

f (a, b) f 1 (c, d)
f (a, b) f 1 (c, d)
.

f (a, b) x (a, b) f (x) 6= 0

f 1 (c, d)
?? (
??)

(f 1 ) (f (x)) =

1
f (x)

f (a, b) x (a, b)
f (x) > 0

(f 1 ) (f (x)) > 0
f 1 (c, d)
f (a, b) f 1 (c, d)

1.2

1.2-1 . xy 4
1. I I = {(x, y) | x > 0, y > 0}
2. II II = {(x, y) | x < 0, y > 0}
3. III III = {(x, y) | x < 0, y < 0}
4. IV IV = {(x, y) | x > 0, y < 0}

7.2

1.2-2 .

0
x
y xy 4 xy xz
yz xyz 8

1.2-3 . 0 x 2 x P (a, b)

sin cos
sin x =

= b cos x =
= a

1.2-3 (
5)
1.2-4 . x I II sin x > 0 x III IV sin x < 0

x I IV cos x > 0 x II III cos x < 0

1.2-5 . x1 R n Z x1 = 2n + x 0 x 2

sin x1 = sin x cos x1 = cos x

1.2-5 (
5) sin cos R

sin cos : R [1, 1]

sin S = {x = n | n Z}
cos


C = x = n + 2 | n Z

1.2-3 (
5)
1.2-5 (
5)

1.2-6 . x, y R
sin

x = cos x cos

x = sin x

sin ( x) = sin x cos ( x) = cos x

sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 sin(x y) = sin x cos y cos x sin y
cos(x y) = cos x cos y sin x sin y sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
cos 2x = cos2 x sin2 x = 2 cos2 x 1 = 1 2 sin2 x

h i
sin : ,
[1, 1] cos : [0, ] [1, 1]

2 2
sin1 cos1
sin

h i
cos1 : [1, 1] [0, ]

: [1, 1] ,
2 2

1.2-7 . |x| 1 sin1 x + cos1 x = 2

.

= sin1 x
= cos1 x
sin = x = cos = sin( 2 )

0
2

2 2 2
=

sin1 x + cos1 x = 2

7.2

1.2-8 . 0 x 2 x P (a, b)

tan x cot x sec x csc x

sin x
x
tan x = = ab = cos
cot x = = ab = cos
x
sin x

sec x = = a1 = cos1 x csc x = = 1b = sin1 x

1.2-8 (
7)
1.2-9 .
1. x I III tan x > 0 x II IV tan x < 0
2. x I III cot x > 0 x II IV cot x < 0
3. x I IV sec x > 0 x II III sec x < 0
4. x I II csc x > 0 x III IV csc x < 0
1.2-10 . x1 R n Z x1 = 2n + x 0 x 2

tan x1 = tan x cot x1 = cot x sec x1 = sec x csc x1 = csc x

1.2-10 (
7)
1.2-11 .
tan : R\C R cot : R\S R
sec : R\C R\(1, 1) csc : R\S R\(1, 1)

1.2-8 (
7)
1.2-10 (
7)

1.2-12 . x, y R
tan

sec

x = cot x cot

x = csc x csc

x = tan x

x = sec x

tan ( x) = tan x cot ( x) = cot x

sec ( x) = sec x csc ( x) = csc x
tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x cot2 x + 1 = csc2 x
tan(x + y) =

tan x+tan y
1tan x tan y

tan(x y) =

tan xtan y

1+tan x tan y

1.2-13 .

tan :

,
2 2

sec : (0, )\

R cot : (0, ) R


2

,
2 2

R\(1, 1) csc :

\{0} R\(1, 1)

1.2-14 .


tan1 : R
, 2 cot1 : R (0, )
2
sec1 : R\(1, 1) (0, )\

csc1 : R\(1, 1)

,
2 2

\{0}

7.2

1.2-15 . 6
sin : R [1, 1] cos : R [1, 1]
tan : R\C R cot : R\S R
sec : R\C R\(1, 1) csc : R\S R\(1, 1)

?? (
??) ?? (
??)

?? (
??)

1.2-16 . 6 6
sin : [ 2 , 2 ] [1, 1] cos : [0, ] [1, 1]
tan :

,
2 2

R cot : (0, ) R

sec : [0, 2 ) ( 2 , ] (, 1] [1, )

csc :


2


, 0 0, 2 (, 1] [1, )

sin1 : [1, 1] [ 2 , 2 ] cos1 : [1, 1] [0, ]

tan1 : R

,2
2

cot1 : R (0, )

sec1 : (, 1] [1, ) [0, 2 ) ( 2 , ]

csc1 : (, 1] [1, )
.


2


, 0 0, 2

1.2-15 (
9)

1.1-2 (
2)

10

1.2-17 . 6

d
dx

d
sin x = cos x dx
cos x = sin x

d
dx

d
tan x = sec2 x dx
cot x = csc2 x

d
dx

d
sec x = sec x tan x dx
csc x = csc x cot x

d
d
dx
sin x = cos x dx
tan x = sec2 x

1.
d
dx

x
sin x = limh0 sin(x+h)sin
h

= limh0 sin x cos h+cosh x sin hsin x

= sin x limh0

cos h1
h

+ cos x limh0 sinh h

= (sin x)0 + (cos x)1 = cos x

2.
d
d
tan x =
dx
dx

sin x
cos x

cos x cos x + sin x sin x

= sec2 x

2
cos x

sin1 : (1, 1) ( 2 , 2 ) cos1 : (1, 1) (0, )

tan1 : R

,
2 2

cot1 : R (0, )

sec1 : (, 1) (1, ) (0, 2 ) ( 2 , )

csc1 : (, 1) (1, )

,0
2

0, 2

11

7.2

1.2-18 . 6

d
(sin1
dx

x) =

1
|x|
1x2

<1

d
(cos1
dx

x) =

1 |x|
1x2

<1

d
(tan1
dx

x) =

1
x
1+x2

d
(cot1
dx

x) =

1
x
1+x2

d
(sec1
dx

x) =

1
|x|
|x| x2 1

>1

d
(csc1
dx

x) =

1
|x|
|x| x2 1

> 1

1.2-17 (
10)
6

d
1.1-5 (
3) 6 dx
(sin1 x) =
d
|x| < 1 dx
(sec1 x) =

1
|x|
|x| x2 1

1x2

> 1

dy
1. sin1 x = y
x = sin y
x 1 = cos y dx

d
dy
1
sin1 x =
=

dx
dx
cos y
sin1 : (1, 1) ( 2 , 2 )

< y < 2 cos y > 0

2
p

d
1
cos y = 1 sin2 y = 1 x2 dx
sin1 x = cos1 y = 1x
2

dy
2. sec1 x = y
x = sec y
x 1 = sec y tan y dx

d
dy
1
sec1 x =
=

dx
dx
sec y tan y

(a) sec1 : (, 1) (1, ) (0, 2 ) ( 2 , )

0 < y < 2 sec y = x > 0
tan y > 0

d
dx
sec1 x =

tan y =

sec2 y 1 = x2 1

1
sec y tan y

1
x x2 1

|x| x2 1

12

sec y = x < 0
tan y < 0

(b) 2 < y <

p

tan y = sec2 y 1 = x2 1

d
dx
sec1 x =

1
sec y tan y

1
x x2 1

|x| x2 1

1.2-19 . [c, d] y P (x, 0) x (x)

P (x, 0) [c, d] (x)

.

(x) = = tan1

(x) =

d
x2

1+

d2
x2

d
x

tan1 xc
c
x2

1+

c2
x2

(d c)(cd x2 )

(x2 + d2 )(x2 + c2 )

(x) > 0 cd > x2 cd > x2 cd >

x
(x)

( cd) = tan

d
c
tan1 = tan1
cd
cd

d
tan1
c

1.2-20 . 6 c R
R

cos xdx = sin x + c

sec2 xdx = tan x + c

sin xdx = cos x + c

R

csc2 xdx = cot x + c

sec x tan xdx = sec x + c

csc x cot xdx = csc x + c

13

7.3

1.2-17 (
10) ?? (
??)

1.2-21 . 6 c R
R 1
R 1
1

dx = sin1 x + c 1x
x + c
2 dx = cos
1x2
R
R
.

1
dx
1+x2

= tan1 x + c

1
dx
|x| x2 1

1
dx
1+x2

= sec1 x + c

= cot1 x + c

1
dx
|x| x2 1

= csc1 x + c

1.2-18 (
11) ?? (
??)

1.2-22 .

1
4

1
dx
14x2

.
R1
4

1
dx
14x2

1
2

1
2

R1
4

1
d(2x)
1(2x)2

1
2

sin1 12 sin1 0 =

1.3
ln x

1.3-1 . x > 0 e
Z x
1
ln x = loge x =
dt
1 t

1
sin1 (2x)04

12

14

ln x
1.3-2 . 0 < x < 1 ln x < 0 ln 1 = 0 1 < x ln x > 0
.

ln x =
ln 1 =
ln x =

Rx

1
dt
1 t

R1

1
dt
1 t

Rx

1
dt
1 t

R1

1
dt
x t

< 0 0 < x < 1

=0
1 < x <

>0

ln x C (0, )
1.3-3 .
1. ln x C n N
dn
ln x = (1)n1 (n 1)!xn
dxn
2. ln x (0, )
3. f : R R x R f (x) 6= 0
d
dx

ln |f (x)| =

f (x)

f (x)

4. f : R R x R f (x) 6= 0
R (x)
dx = ln |f (x)| + c
c R ff (x)
.
d
1. ?? (
??)
dx
ln x = x1 n N

d2
dx2
dn
dxn

d
3
ln x = x2 dx

3 ln x = 2x

ln x = (1)n1 (n 1)!xn

ln x C

15

7.3

d
2. 1.
x > 0 dx
ln x = x1 > 0
ln x (0, )

3. ?? (
??)

(x)
d

dx
ln f (x) = ff (x)
d
ln |f (x)| =

dx
d ln(f (x)) = f (x) =
dx
f (x)
d
dx
ln |f (x)| =

f (x) > 0

f (x)
f (x)

f (x) < 0

f (x)

f (x)

4. 3. ?? (
??)

d
1.3-4 . dx
ln(| sin x|)

.
d
cos x
ln(| sin x|) =
= cot x

dx
sin x

d
1.3-5 . dx
ln x+1

x2

.
d
dx

=
ln x+1
x2
=

d
dx

ln(x + 1) ln

1
x+1

1
2

1
x2

x2

x5

2(x+1)(x2)

1.3-6 . f : (0, ) R f (x) = x2 ln x f

16

f (x) = 2x ln x + x = x(2 ln x + 1) = 0
x = e1/2

0 < x < e1/2 f (x) < 0

e1/2 < x
f (x) > 0
f
e1/2 f (e1/2 ) =

2e

1.3-7 . y = f (x) = ln 4 x2
.
1. 4 x2 > 0
(x 2)(x + 2) < 0
2 < x < 2
f
(2, 2)

2. x = 0
y = ln 4
y = 0 = ln 4 x2 x = 3

f (0, ln 4)
( 3, 0) ( 3, 0)
3. f x (2, 2) f (x) = f (x)

4. limx2+ ln 4 x2 = limx2 ln 4 x2 =

f x = 2 x = 2

5. f (x) =

2x
f
4x2

(2, 0) (0, 2)

f 0 ln 4

6.

2
4

x
(2) + 2x(2x)
8 2x2
f (x) =
=

2

2
4 x2
4 x2

f (2, 2)

f (x)
dx
f (x)

= ln |f (x)| + c

R
R
R
R
1.3-8 . tan xdx cot xdx sec xdx csc xdx
.

17

7.3

1. c R

Z
Z
Z
cos (x)
sin x
tan xdx =
dx =
dx = ln | cos x| + c

cos x
cos x
2. c R

Z
Z
Z
cos x
sin (x)
cot xdx =
dx =
dx = ln | sin x| + c

sin x
sin x
3. c R

R
R
sec xdx =

sec2 x+sec x tan x

dx
sec x+tan x

(sec x+tan x)
dx
sec x+tan x

= ln | sec x + tan x| + c

4. c R

R
R
csc xdx =

csc2 x+csc x cot x

dx
csc x+cot x

(csc x+cot x)
dx
csc x+cot x

= ln | csc x + cot x| + c

1.3-9 . f (x) = (x2 1)(x2 2)(x2 3)(x2 4) f (x)






. |f (x)| = x2 1x2 2x2 3x2 4









ln |f (x)| = ln x2 1 + ln x2 2 + ln x2 3 + ln x2 4

f (x)
2x
2x
2x
2x
= 2
+ 2
+ 2
+ 2

f (x)
x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4

f (x) = f (x)

2x
x2 1

2x
x2 2

2x
x2 3

2x
x2 4

= x2 1 x2 2 x2 3 x2 4

2x

x2 1

2x
x2 2

2x
x2 3

2x
x2 4

18

1.3-10 . ( ) c > 0 d > 0 r R

ln(cd) = ln c + ln d ln

c
= ln c ln d ln(cr ) = r ln c
d

.
1. x > 0

d
c
1
d
1
ln(cx) =
= (ln c + ln x) =
dx
cx
x dx
x
t R
ln(cx) = ln c + ln x + t
x = 1 t = 0

ln(cx) = ln c + ln x
x = d ln(cd) = ln c + ln d

2.
3. x > 0

d
rxr1
r
d
r
ln(xr ) =
=

(r
ln
x)
=

dx
xr
x dx
x
t R
ln(xr ) = r ln x + t
x = 1 t = 0

ln(xr ) = r ln x
x = c ln(cr ) = r ln c

loga x

1.3-11 . a > 0 a 6= 1 loga x =

ln x

ln a

1.3-12 . a > 0 a 6= 1 c > 0 c 6= 1 b > 0

loga 1 = 0 loga a = 1 logc b =

loga b

loga c

19

7.3

loga 1 =
loga b
loga c

ln 1
ln a
ln b
ln a
ln c
ln a

= 0 loga a =
=

ln b
ln c

ln a
ln a

=1

= logc b

1.3-13 . a > 0 a 6= 1 n N
1. loga x C
dn
loga x = (1)n1 (n 1)!(ln a)1 xn
dxn
2. 0 < a < 1 loga x (0, )
3. a > 1 loga x (0, )
.
1. n N

d
dx

loga x = (ln a)1 x1

d2
dx2

d
1 3
loga x = (ln a)1 x2 dx
x
3 loga x = 2(ln a)

dn
dxn

loga x = (1)n1 (n 1)!(ln a)1 xn

loga x C
Ra
R1
2. 0 < a < 1
ln a = 1 1t dt = a 1t dt < 0
1.
d
loga x = (ln a)1 x1 < 0

dx

loga x (0, )
Ra
1.
3. a > 1
ln a = 1 1t dt > 0

d
loga x = (ln a)1 x1 > 0

dx

loga x (0, )

20

1.3-14 . x, y (0, ) x < y 1.3-13 ( 19)

1. 0 < a < 1 loga x > loga y
2. a > 1 loga x < loga y
1.3-15 . ( ) a > 0 a 6= 0 c > 0 d > 0 r R
1. loga (cd) = loga c + loga d
2. loga

c
d

= loga c loga d

3. loga (cr ) = r loga c

.
1. 1.3-10 (
18)

loga (cd) =

ln(cd)
ln c + ln d
=
= loga c + loga d

ln a
ln a

2.
3.
loga (cr ) =

ln(cr )
r ln c
=
= r loga c

ln a
ln a

1.3-16 . log10 2 = a log10 3 = b a b log10 5 log10 18

log2 5 log2 3
.
log10 5 = log10

10
2

= log10 10 log10 2 = 1 a

log10 18 = log10 2 32 = log10 2 + log10 32 = a + 2b

log2 5 =

log10 5
log10 2

1a
a

log2 3 =

log10 3
log10 2

= ab

21

7.4

1.4
ex

1.4-1 .
y = ex : R (0, )

x = ln y : (0, ) R y = ex
x = ln y

1.4-2 . y = f 1 (f (y)) = eln y x = f (f 1 x) = ln(ex )

1.4-3 .
.

Re

1
dt
1 t

= 1

e = e1 ln e = 1
ln e =

Re

1
dt
1 t

= 1

1.4-4 . c R
Z
d x
d
du
x
e =e
ex dx = ex + c eu = eu
dx
dx
dx
.
1. y = ex x = ln y
x 1 =

1 dy

y dx

d x dy
e =
= y = ex
dx
dx
2. 1. ?? (
??)

22

3. ?? (
??)

du
d u deu du
e =
= eu
dx
du dx
dx

ex

1.4-5 . f : R R f (0) = 1 x R

f (x) = f (x) x R f (x) = ex

.

Rx

f (t)
dt
0 f (t)

Rx
0

dt
1.3-3 (
14)

ln |f (x)| ln |f (0)| = x

|f (x)| = ex x R
f (x) 6= 0
f
f (0) = 1
x R
f (x) > 0
x R

f (x) = ex

1.4-6 . y = ex R C
.

d x
1.4-4 (
21)
dx
e = ex > 0
n N

dn x
e = ex
dxn
y = ex R C

1.4-7 . 1.4-6 ( 22) x1 < x2 ex1 < ex2

23

7.4

1.4-8 . ( )
ex+y = ex ey ex =

1
(ex )y = exy
ex

.
1. ln(ex+y ) = x + y ln(ex ey ) = ln ex + ln ey = x + y

ln(ex+y ) = ln(ex ey )

ln z ex+y = ex ey
2. 1. ex ex = exx = e0 = 1
ex =
3.
x y

ln (e )

ex

logex (ex )y
y
=
= ln e = xy ln(exy ) = xy

logex e
ln ex

ln (ex )y = ln(exy )
(ex )y = exy

x = eln x
1.4-9 .
eh 1
= 1
h0
h

lim (1 + h) h = e lim

h0

.
1.
limh0 (1 + h)

1
h

ln (1+h) h

= limh0 e
=e

2.

d ln x
dx x=1

= elimh0

ln(1+h)ln 1
h

= e x |x=1 = e


eh 1
eh e0
d x 
lim
= lim
=
e 
= e0 = 1

h0
h0
h
h
dx x=0

24

1.4-10 . x > 0 f (x) = xx f (x)

.

f (x) = xx = ex ln x x
f (x) =

d x ln x
e
= (ln x + 1)ex ln x = xx (ln x + 1)

dx

ax

1.4-11 . a > 0 a 6= 1 y = ax : R (0, )

x = loga y : (0, ) R y = ax x = loga y

1.4-12 .
y = f 1 (f (y)) = aloga y x = f (f 1 x) = loga (ax )
1.4-13 .
1. y = ax C (R)

2. 0 < a < 1 y = ax R a > 1

y = ax R
.
1. y = ax x = loga y =

ln y
x
ln a

1=
d x
dx
a =

dy
dx
n

1 dy

(ln a)y dx

= (ln a)y = (ln a)ax n N

d
x
n x
x

x R
dx
(R)
n a = (ln a) a y = a C

25

7.4

2. 0 < a < 1
ln a < 0
a > 1
ln a > 0

d x
a = (ln a)ax < 0

1.3-2 (
14)
0 < a < 1
dx
d x
y = ax R a > 1
dx
a = (ln a)ax > 0

y = ax R

1.4-14 . 1.4-13 ( 24)

1. 0 < a < 1 x1 < x2 ax1 > ax2
2. 1 < a x1 < x2 ax1 < ax2
1.4-15 . ( ) a > 0 a 6= 1
ax+y = ax ay ax =

1
(ax )y = axy
ax

.
1.
loga (ax+y ) = x + y

loga (ax ay ) = loga ax + loga ay = x + y

loga (ax+y ) = loga (ax ay )

loga z
ax+y = ax ay
2. 1. ax ax = axx = a0 = 1
ax =

ax

3.
x y

loga (a )

logax (ax )y
=
=
logax a

y
loga a
loga ax

= xy loga (axy ) = xy

loga (ax )y = loga (axy )
(ax )y = axy

26

196 7 185 236165231198

1.4-16 . t > 0 x R log3 t = 1 cos x |t 1| + |t 9|

.

log3 t = 1 cos x
t = 31cos x 0 1 cos x 2

1 t 9
|t 1| + |t 9| = t 1 t + 9 = 8