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Circular motion Circular motion: When the particle moves on the circular path then the motion of particle is
known as circular motion. Type of circular motion 1. Uniform circular motion (U.C.M.) 2. Non uniform circular motion (N.U.C.M.) U.C.M. when the particle moves on the circular path with constant speed then the C.M. of particle is known as U.C.M. N.U.C.M. when the particle moves on the circular path with variable speed then the C.M. of particle is known as N.U.C.M.

Kinematics of circular motion

Angular velocity o Average angular velocity: It is defined as the change in angular position or angular displacement ( ) divided by the time intervals (

), in which the displacement occurs.

< >=

Take limiting value of both side when < > =

Instantaneous angular velocity: The instantaneous angular velocity at an instant is defined as the limit of the average angular velocity as the time interval ( ) becomes infinitesimally small. In other word limiting value of average angular velocity when is known as instantaneous angular velocity or angular velocity at time t. or time derivative of angular position is known as instantaneous angular velocity or angular velocity at time t.

Circular motion

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Angular acceleration o Average angular acceleration: It is defined as the change in angular velocity ( intervals ( ) divided by the time ), in which the change in angular velocity occurs.

< >=

Take limiting value of both side when

< >=

Instantaneous angular acceleration: The instantaneous angular acceleration at an instant is defined as the limit of the average angular acceleration as the time interval ( ) becomes infinitesimally small. In other word limiting value of average angular acceleration when is known as instantaneous angular acceleration or angular acceleration at time t. or time derivative of angular velocity is known as instantaneous angular acceleration or angular acceleration at time t. =

Circular motion

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Kinematical equation
Let the particle moves on a circular path with constant angular acceleration . At time particle have angular position and angular velocity are and respectively. Let angular position, angular velocity and angular acceleration at time t are respectively. From definition =

= =

= + (B)

= +

= +

+ (C)

= + + =

= =

= + (D) Angular displacement in second

=
= + (E) If particle starts at = with angular position = having angular velocity . then = + = + = + = +
Circular motion

(1) (2) (3) (4)

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Unit vector in circular motion

1. radial unit vector ( ) 2. tangential unit vector ( )

Radial unit vector ( ): unit vector which is directed along position vector in the
sense of increasing radius is known as radial unit vector. Let ( ) is polar co-ordinate of p with respect to O as pole and OX as initial line. Position vector = +

= +
Unit vector along position vector =

= +

Tangential unit vector ( ):

unit vector which is perpendicular to the position vector in the sense of increasing is known as tangential unit vector. We get tangential unit vector from radial unit vector by substitute + in place of . = + + + = +

Relation between radial unit vector ( ) and tangential unit vector ( ) We know = + (1)

= + (2) From (1) = + = + = (3)

From (2) = = +
= (4)

Circular motion

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Expression of velocity and acceleration in

Let a particle moves on a circular path of radius r and ( co-ordinate of particle at time t. Position vector of particle at time t Velocity of particle at time t =

) be the polar

= (1) = =

= in vector form = (2)

So velocity of particle in C.M. is always in tangential direction.

Acceleration of particle at time t = =

= + = + (3) =

(4)

So in C.M. direction of acceleration is always toward the concave side of path. In case of U.C.M. =

So from (3) = = = So, in U.C.M. acceleration have magnitude =

and direction along the centre

of circular path. This acceleration is known as CENTRIPETAL acceleration. = =

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Tangential acceleration: component of acceleration of particle along the tangent at curved

path is known as tangential acceleration. It is dented by , arise due to change in speed the particle and related with speed by the equation. = of

In C.M.

be the angular acceleration then

is related with tangential acceleration by the equation =

Tangential force:

Force required for producing tangential acceleration is known as tangential force, or component of force along the tangent at curved path. =

Normal acceleration: component of acceleration of particle along the centre of curvature of

curved path is known as normal acceleration. It is dented by , arise due to change in direction of velocity of the particle and related with speed and by the equation. = =

where =

In C.M. normal acceleration is known as centripetal acceleration = =

where =

Normal force:

Force required for producing normal acceleration is known as normal force, or component of force along the centre of curvature of curved path. = = =

Centripetal force:

Force required for producing centripetal acceleration is known as centripetal force, or component of force along the centre of circular path. = = =

Circular motion

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Equation of dynamics in C.M.

We know in C.M. acceleration () have two component and . = + (A) Multiply both sides by m = + = + (B)

Where = = =

= Centripetal force

= Component of force along the centre of circular path

= Force required for producing centripetal acceleration is known as centripetal force

And = = = Tangential force = Component of force along the tangent of circular path = Force required for producing centripetal acceleration is known as centripetal force

Type of problem
Uniform circular motion (U.C.M.) Let a particle of mass m moves on a circular path of radius R with a constant speed v. there is only one component of acceleration which is directed toward the centre of circular path. Equation of motion = = =

Motion of car on plane circular road

Let a car of mass m is moves on a circular road of radius R. the co-efficient of friction between the wheels and horizontal road surface is . Three forces act on the car. (i) The weight of the car, mg (ii) Normal reaction, R (iii) Frictional force, f As there is no acceleration in the vertical direction = The centripetal force required for circular motion is along the surface of the road, and is provided by the component of the contact force (friction force) between road and the car tyres along the surface. As there is no acceleration in the vertical direction =

Centripetal force
We know

= = =

= =

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Conical pendulum
Let an inextensible string of length , which is fixed at one end A, the other end is attached with a particle P of mass m. the particle move on circle of radius R with constant angular velocity . Component of T gives required centripetal force for C.M. = = Result (1) =

(1) and = (2)

< >

Required condition for conical pendulum (2) =

Bending of cyclist on a horizontal turn

Let a cyclist moves on a circular path of radius R with velocity v. if the mass of cyclist is m then required centripetal force ( cyclist. = = ) is obtained from friction force between road and

Circular motion

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Motion of a car on a banked road

We can reduce the contribution of friction to the circular motion of the car if the road is banked. Let a car of mass m moves with speed v on a circular banked road of radius R and banked at angle . Component of N gives required centripetal force for C.M. = =

(1) and = (2)

From (1)/ (2)

(3)

Let = = = = =

(4)

So the car can moves with speed = without any tendency to skid or slip and this speed is called design speed of the track. If > then insufficient to provide the required centripetal force, Thus the car will tend to slip outward (skid) from circular path and friction force will opposes this tendency. The centripetal force is provided by the horizontal components of N and f. + =

(1)

Since there is no acceleration along the vertical direction, the net force along this direction must be zero. = (2) From (1) and (2) =

+ and =

We know

If < then gives greater acceleration. In this case the car will tend to slip downward the banked track, and friction force will opposes this tendency. The centripetal force is provided by the horizontal components of N and f. =

(1)

Since there is no acceleration along the vertical direction, the net force along this direction must be zero. + = (2) From (1) and (2) =

+ and =

We know +
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Non uniform circular motion (N.U.C.M.) The velocity of particle p travelling on a circular path with variable speed is changing both in magnitude and direction. So the particle has two acceleration components. 1. Toward the centre of circle. Its magnitude at any instant is = = where . = . It is not constant because v and are variable. 2. In the direction of motion i.e. along the tangent to the circle. Its magnitude is

Motion on a vertical circle

Let us consider a small bead of mass threaded on to smooth wire in shape of a circle of radius R and centre O. The circle is fixed in a vertical plane. Bead has velocity u at lowest position A and v at position B. let OB makes angle with vertical. Force acting on bead 1. which is conservative. 2. Reaction force N which is perpendicular to motion. So work done by this force is zero.

Mechanical energy of bead is constant. i.e. =

+ = + = (1) For position H ( = ) Equation (1) becomes From newtons 2 law of motion Along the radius = =

nd

= (A) (2) (3) Equation (2) becomes + =

Along the tangential = =

(B)

(1) gives velocity at specific position. (2) and (1) gives N at that position. (3) gives tangential acceleration at that position. (1) If the particle attached to one end of a light rod, which is free to rotate about a smooth fixed axis through the other end of the road, then N is replaced by T. (2) If the particle rotating at the end of a light string whose other end is fixed. In this case R is replaced by T. (3) Equation (1), (2) and(3) are same if the particle rotating on the inside of smooth circular surface.
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Motion restricted to a circular path

When the bead threaded on the wire then there are two cases possible. 1. Bead passes through the highest point of the wire and go on to describe complete circle. From (A) =

For complete circle 2. Bead comes momentarily to rest. i.e. = < .

From (1) = = = Because the bead cannot leave the wire, the only condition necessary for it to describe complete circles is that, its velocity is greater than zero at the highest point. Situation is same if particle is attached to a light rod.

Motion not restricted to a circular path

Motion of a particle rotating at one end of a light string, fixed at other end. In this case particle moves on the three ways. 1. Pass through H while the string is still taut and go on to describe complete circle. 2. Oscillate below the level O, the string always being taut within this lower semicircle. 3. Cease to travel on the circle between C and H. when the string becomes slack then the particle moves as projectile. Equation of motion =

= (1)

(2) and =

(3)

For position H ( = ) = (A) + =

(B)

For complete circle the string the string must be taught in the highest position. i.e. From (B) = +

But from (A) =

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For oscillation the particle comes momentarily to rest at a point C or below the level O. i.e. = . From (1) = = = But

If u is the velocity at the lowest point, the ranges of u for which the string never goes slack and the particle therefore never leaves a circular path are =

Circular motion ceases at the instant when the string becomes slack. i.e. when From (2) =

= +

= =

But from (1)

= = =

This situation arises only if < < < > < < <

<

Motion of the particle on the outer surface of a smooth sphere

Let a small particle of mass m moves on the surface of sphere of radius R and centre O. particle has velocity u at highest position A and v at position B. let OB makes angle with vertical. Force acting on particle (1) which is conservative. (2)Reaction force N which is perpendicular to motion. So work done by this force is zero. Mechanical energy of bead is constant. i.e. = + = = + (1) From newtons 2nd law of motion Along the radius = = Along the tangential
Circular motion

(2)

= =

. (3)
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Motion of the particle on the inner surface of a smooth sphere

Circular motion

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