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V3
4Vdc
cos(3 30) and so on until V7 (all odd Attenuation (G) =
I1= 221.3/529 = 0.418A; I3 = 30.5/529 = f , corner
3 π
numbers) 0.057A; g.) P= I2R c.) 50%,
Total Vrms = (V1+v3+…v7) / √2 Power Electronics and Drives Tutorial 3
Unipolar PWM
2
Vorms 360 1 , where 30 ( rad) V o,ave = maVD ; Vo1,rms = (VD ma)/ √2 ; Vo,rms
6
Vrms 2 = VD/√2 ma /π
I Z R ( n 2 f L) PI R
Z
2 ma
ma
THD = Vo,rms 2 Vo1,rms 2 2
Q1. conventional inverter = 1Kw, car battery =
4
1
Vo1,rms 2 ma 2 ma
12Vdc. The battery has a nominal voltage of 2
13.8V but will vary from 10V (flat) to 15V (fully
2ma VD 2 ma 2 2 ma
charged). This converter varies its pulse width to Vo,rms 2 Vo1,rms 2 VD 2 VD m a
2 2
control the voltage. At 10Vdc input the inverter
produces a full square wave – 180° pulses. At
15V the pulse width will reduce to regulate the In this tutorial we will sketch the waveforms for
AC voltage. Bipolar and Unipolar PWM. For the full bridge
Assume we have an ideal transformer so that below the following data applies
the input output voltage is just controlled by the Vd = 100Vdc;
turns ratio. Load 1+1jΩ at 50Hz – Note : load power factor
(a) What turns ratio is required to produce angle is 45°.
230Vac from a 10V battery input? In this case Q1. Use the unpolar timing waveform
we will control the RMS value of the output Determine the ratio of the triangle frequency to
the sinewave frequency. (b) Draw the voltage TUTORIAL WEEK 6
waveform. (b) For part (a) what is the value of TUTORIAL WEEK 5
waveforms Va0; Vb0; Vab. Design Figures: Nominal rating 5kVA at 230Vac,
the 50Hz fundamental output voltage? Express A 1Ø 20KVA central PV inverter with a 360Vdc
(c) What is the switching frequency in each 50Hz single phase. Available stored energy
your answer in both peak and RMS. Is the result bus using unpolar modulation and a 10kHz
waveform. 20kWh. Coupling transformer – leakage
different from the normal domestic mains device switching rate (20kHz ripple).
Hint – count the up and down switching edges in reactance 5%; winding resistance 1.5%. Inverter
supply? Does this matter for your home Select a capacitor for a.) 2% peak to peak 100Hz
each cycle of the 50Hz waveform. (d) Draw the filter inductor impedance at 50Hz – 5%,
appliances you have taken on your camping ripple is required so that the PV does not move
gate drive logic signals for the four transistors resistance 0.5%. The filter reactor is split into
trip? (c) For part (a) what is the peak value of too fast from the maximum power point. b.) A
(1=on; 0=off). You will need patience and a two parts, L1 and L2, as shown in Figure 2. Filter
output voltage waveform? Is the result different 20 years life base on an equivalent of 6 hours
ruler. Erasable pencil may be a helpful choice. capacitor (C) current 5%. Inverter switching
from the normal domestic mains supply? Does days of full load and 55. c.) the life
(e) If the modulation index is 0.8, determine the frequency at the output terminals 20kHz uni-
this matter for your home appliances you have determination will be based on the easily
peak fundamental current. (f) If the load current polar. Battery voltage range 40Vdc to 60Vdc.
taken on your camping trip? (d) The battery calculated 100 Hz current. d.) Check life
has the magnitude calculated in part (c) and a Q1. We will ignore the effects of resistance and
voltage now increases to 15V. What should be implication if a 20kHz current equal to 100Hz
45° power factor angle and it is a pure sinusoid – filter capacitance. Power flow will be
the inverter pulse width to control the output current must be carried using the manufactures
i.e. ignore the current ripple due to switching – determined modelling the grid connection and
voltage to 230Vac in RMS terms. applette.
draw the current in Q1 and D1. the inverter as voltage sources connected by an
Solution: Solution :- inductor.
a.)This has an RMS value of 10V. 20KVA inverter peak power is 40kW and it is (a) The value of the inductor will be 10%. Why is
b.)This has RMS of 230V. equivalent to 111.1Adc. 100Hz = 55.56 / √2Arms this so?
4Vdc
The fundamental is sin ot =292.8 sin ωοt Q = (2/π)*5ms*55.56A=176.84mC; (b) Draw the following vector diagrams with the
π
ΔV=2% peak to peak = 7.2V; grid voltage as a reference at 1.00 pu and the
V1peak =292.8Vpeak, V1rms = (292.8/√2) =
CMW = 176.8mC/7.2V= 24560μf converter voltage represented by a phasor Vc
207.1Vrms
The total RMS voltage is higher than the δ. Your diagram needs to include the inductor
Q1. A single phase inverter interfaces a battery voltage and current. Hint: work out the required
fundamental voltage due to harmonics =>
storage to the grid. Your task is to specify a DC current vector, and then the resulting inductor
Vrms(total) = V(fundamental) +V(harmonics)
bus capacitor based on CDE Type 381EL voltage. The inverter voltage vector is the grid
If the appliance depends on the fundamental, it
capacitors. These are US designed capacitors so voltage minus the inductor voltage.
may be affected, such as an induction motor
some corrections will be needed for 50Hz i.) The storage provides 5kW of real power into
and it will has less torque.
operation. The design life is 25 years, with a 6 the grid at UPF
c.) the Vpeak is 230V whereas the sine wave
hours continuous duty each day. Assume an ii.) The storage takes 5kW from the grid at UPF
domestic supply is 230/√2. Switching power
average enclosure temperature of 65°C. iii.) The inverter runs as a STATCOM and
supplies may depend on peak voltage.
The inverter specification is 360Vdc input, appears to the grid as a 5kVA capacitive load
d.) 2 => 230 2
Vorms Vdc 1
345
1
230Vac 50Hz output, 20kVA. The switching iv.) The inverter runs as a STATCOM and
frequency is 20kHz, uni-polar modulation. appears to the grid as a 5kVA inductive load
= 0.66 => α = 0.872rad = 50º
(a) Estimate the ripple current multiplier to (c) In each case above state the per unit voltage
Inverter pulse is 80º in each half cycle.
achieve the required life time. (b) Select a required from the inverter. Convert this into a
Q2. I am designing a 250W inverter that will use
capacitor voltage such that the capacitor is peak voltage if the grid voltage is 230Vac.
a DC:DC converter to produce a high voltage DC
subject to no more than 80% of its rated (d)The mains will vary and your design must
bus. As that bus voltage will be controlled by the
Power Electronics and Drives Tutorial 4 voltage. (c) Estimate the 100Hz current operate at 265Vac.Find the case that requires
DC:DC converter my inverter can run at a fixed
Investigate filter design for Bipolar and Unipolar component assuming all of the 100Hz current is the highest inverter voltage and determine this
pulse width. The DC:DC does all of the voltage
PWM. in the capacitor and none in the battery. value. The inverter currents are reduced relative
regulation work.
Determine a weighting factor for this current to the 230Vac case.
I operate the inverter at a fixed pulse width of
and express it as an equivalent 120Hz current. (e) Find a transformer turns ratio.
135° and set the DC bus so that the inverter
following values – L=0.318mH (0.1pu); C=318uF (f) Calculate the physical values of L and C.
output voltage is 230Vac in a RMS sense. The
(0.1pu) (g) Calculate the inverter current.
Solution:
i.) Real power into the grid;
Vc δ = Vg – VL
= 10 – (0.190 x 1180)
= 1.004975.71º
ii.) Real power from the grid;
Vc = 1.00497-5.71º
iii.) Capacitance load;
Vc δ= 10 – (0.190 x 190)
= 1.10
iv.) Inductance load;
Vc δ= 10 – (0.190 x 1-90)
= 0.90
c.) i.) 1.005 x 230V x √2 = 327Vp
** do the same for all above
d.) Capacitance case 265Vrms/230
= 1.152Pv.
Ic reduces to 0.868Pv if we have the
same KVA
Vδ = 1.152 – (0.190 x 0.86890)
=1.238pV. So the inverter produces
1.152 x 230 = 285Vrms or 403Vpeak.
2 3
V1peak = Vdc ; Vrms = 2
Vdc => {L-L rms
3
V1 2 3 2 ;
Vdc 3 Vdc
peak π π
2 2
Vphase 1 2 1
Vdc 2 Vdc
= V1rms = 0.4714Vdc
3 3 3 3
rms
voltage VAB1rms = ma
3
Vdc = ma 0.6124Vdc
2 2
} L-L voltage