LED LIGHTING FOR CHRISTMAS

A Mini Project Report submitted to the department of Electronics and Communication Engineering in accordance with the academic requirement for the award of the degree of bachelor of technology

Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering

SUBMITTED BY:

Under the Guidance of

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

JAGRUTI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad) Koheda Road, Chinthapalliguda (v), Ibrahimpatnam (M) Rangareddy (Dist) 501510 2012

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Mini Project entitled LED LIGHTING FOR CHRISTMAS that is being submitted by

in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Branch Electronics and Communication Engineering to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University is a record of bonafied work carried out by him/her under our guidance and supervision. The results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

SIGNATURE OF THE INTERNAL GUIDE NAME: .. DESIGNATION ..

SIGNATURE OF THE EXTERNAL GUIDE

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT Assistant Professor

CONTENTS
Page No Acknowledgement Table of context ` iii List of Figures List of Tables Abstract CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO BASICS ELEMENTS
1.1 Introduction 1.2 Resistor

i ii

iv v vi

1 2

1.3 Capacitor

1.3.1 Capacitance 1.4 Inductor 1.4.1 Types of the capacitors 1.5 Transistor 1.5.1Basic Transitor CHAPTER 2 2.1 Block diagram description 2.2 Circuit diagram CHAPTER 3 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION 3.1 Transistor ii 7

4 5 5 6 6

3.1.1 BC547 3.2 2N3904 3.3 Led emitting diode (LED) 3.4 Resistor 3.4.1 Conductor material 3.4.2 Temperature 3.4.3 Calculating resistor of conductor 3.5 Capacitors 3.6 Battery 3.7 Working of the astable multi-vibrator CHAPTER 4 4.1 Application of led lighting for Christmas 4.2 Advantage

10 11 12 14 15 15 16 16 17 18

19 20

4.3 Conclusion REFERENCES

21 22

iii LIST OF FIGURES

Following are the list of figures used in this project documentation at various location. Fig 1.1 Resistor Fig 1.2 Capacitor with battery Fig 1.3 Electrolytic capacitor Fig 1.4 Capacitor Fig 1.5 Capacitor symbol Fig 1.6 Basic Transistor Fig 1.7 NPN Transistor Fig 1.8 NPN Transistor circuit Fig 2.1Block diagram of led lighting for Christmas Fig 2.2 Led lighting for chiristmas circuit diagram Fig 3.1 Pin diagram BC547

Fig 3.2 Basic transistor Fig 3.3 Transistor 2N3904 Fig 3.4 Basic led Fig 3.5 Led circuit diagram Fig 3.6 Different types of leds Fig 3.7 22 ohm resistor Fig 3.8 1k resistor Fig 3.9 47k resistor Fig 3.10 47uf 25v capacitor Fig 3.11 Battery(3V-9V) Fig 3.12 Astablemultivibrator circuit

iv

LIST OF TABLES
Following are the list of Screens developed in the project at various stages. Table 1: Showing the color to identify resistor values Table 2: Showing the color coding for different capacitors Table 3: showing the pin of the Transistor

ABSTRACT
Using light effects for decoration on festive occasions is a normal practice. Designers are coming up with varieties of electronic circuits to fill the imagination of users. Here is an easyto-assemble circuit for christmas decoration . It comprises four transistors, eighteen LEDs, a few resistors and two capacitors. Transistors T1 and T2 are configured as an astable multivibrator, which means one of the two transistors is always conducting. Thus the combination produces clock pulses. The values of time-constants formed with resistor pairs have been selected to produce a low frequency clock that is visible to human eye. The collectors of transistors T1 and T2 are connected to driver transistors T3 and T4. These are used to light up two rows of LEDs connected in parallel with alternate clock pulses. The frequency at which LED1 through LED9, and LED10 through LED18, alternately light up is about 2 Hz. You can easily change this frequency by changing the values of two capacitors. Resistors are used to set the current through the LEDs. Red (LED1 through LED9) and green LEDs (LED10 through LED18) are used for simulating christmas decoration effects. Place the

control circuit at the centre of the PCB board, with LEDs mounted along the outer edge . Along this edge, there are three circular tracks. The middle one is the positive supply, which goes to the anodes of all LEDs. The outer track is connected to the cathodes of the red LEDs and the inner tracks are connected to the cathodes of the green LEDs. To obtain the best effect with the combination of red and green LEDs, mount them alternately on the PCB board.