Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture 6
Foundation Studies
Foundation Studies
Alphanumeric, image, audio, and video Information: data organized in a form that human can interpret
Foundation Studies
Foundation Studies
Foundation Studies
Foundation Studies
Foundation Studies
10
Foundation Studies
11
Foundation Studies
A transaction occurs each time a sale is made, supplies are ordered, an interest payment is made. Usually these transactions create credit or debit entries in accounting ledgers. This kind of ISs were among the first to be automated by computers. The modern TPS use state-of-the-art technology, for instance, in the form of on-line TPS.
12
13
Foundation Studies
14
Foundation Studies
15
If-then-else rules or other knowledge representation forms describe the way a real expert would approach situations in a specific domain of problems. Typically, users communicate with an ES through an interactive dialogue. The ES asks questions (which an expert would ask) and the end user supplies the answers. Those answers are then used to determine which rules apply, and the ES provides a recommendation based on the rules.
16
17
Foundation Studies
18
Foundation Studies
Data Processing
Data processing: Any operation or set of operations performed upon data, whether or not by automatic means, such as collection, recording, organization, storage, adaptation or alteration to convert it into useful information.
19
Foundation Studies
20
It is the process through which collected data is transformed into a form that computer can understand. It is very important step because correct output result totally depends on the input data. In input step, following activities can be performed. i) Verification The collected data is verified to determine whether it is correct as required. For example, the collected data of all B.Sc. students that appeared in final examination of the university is verified. If errors occur in collected data, data is corrected or it is collected again. ii) Coding The verified data is coded or converted into machine readable form so that it can be processed through computer. iii) Storing The data is stored on the secondary storage into a file. The stored data on the storage media will be given to the program as input for processing.
21
Foundation Studies
22
Foundation Studies
23
Foundation Studies
24
Foundation Studies
25
Foundation Studies
26
Foundation Studies
27
Foundation Studies
(a) Input/Output operations A computer can accept data (input) from and supply processed data (output) to a wide range of input/output devices. These devices such as keyboards, display screens, and printers make human-machine communication possible.
28
Foundation Studies
29
Foundation Studies
31
Data Representation
off
32
Foundation Studies
Most computers are digital Recognize only two discrete states: on or off Computers are electronic devices powered by
Data Representation
What is the binary system?
Electronic Charge
Electronic State
33
Foundation Studies
A number system that has just two unique digits, 0 and 1 A single digit is called a bit (binary digit) A bit is the smallest unit of data the computer can represent By itself a bit is not very informative The two digits represent the two off and on states
Data Representation
34
Foundation Studies
What is a byte? Eight bits are grouped together to form a byte 0s and 1s in each byte are used to represent individual characters such as letters of the alphabet, numbers, and punctuation
Data Representation
What are two popular coding systems to represent data?
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) Sufficient for English and Western European languages
35
Foundation Studies
Data Representation
How is a character sent from the keyboard to the computer?
Step 1:
The user presses the letter T key on the keyboard An electronic signal for the letter T is sent to the system unit
Foundation Studies
Step 2:
Step 3:
The signal for the letter T is converted to its ASCII binary code (01010100) and is stored in memory for processing
Step 4:
After processing, the binary code for the letter T is converted to an image on the output device
36
Number Bases
Number System Binary Octal Base 2 8 Symbols 0, 1
Foundation Studies
0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Decimal
Hexadecimal
10
16
0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
37
38
Foundation Studies
39
Foundation Studies
40
Foundation Studies
41
Foundation Studies
The number 1FA.4C in base 16 means: 1FA.4C = (1 x 162) + (F x 161) + (A x 160) + (4 x 16-1) + (C x 16-2) = (1 x 162) + (15 x 161) + (10 x 160) + (4 x 16-1) + (12 x 16-2) = (1 x 162) + (15 x 161) + (10 x 160) + (4 x 16-1) + (12 x 16-2) = 1x256 + 15 x 16 + 10 x 1 + 4 x0.0625 + 12 x 0.00390625 = 256 + 240 + 10 + 0.25 + 0.046875 = 506.296875 in decimal
42
Foundation Studies