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GUIDANCE NOTES
CONTENTS
1 Introduction
2 Design
3 Pool Water Quality
4 Filtration
S Water Circulation and Distribution
11 Managementand Operation
12 References
1. Introduction 2. Design
Good building services are essential for high quality indoor Swimming pools make serious demands in terms of the
swimming pools. Building services account for 35-50% of design, construction, operation and maintenance of the
the total cost of most modern pools - from the most basic building services. Design comes first, and is critical to a
pools serving a small local communityto major leisure successful facility
pools with manyseparatewaterareas and features.
The starting point for the design of any facility should be a
A safe, comfortable and attractive internal environment is comprehensiveassessment by the client body of the scale
essential in orderto attract and sustain high levels of use. of pool wanted, taking into account existing provision,
The challenge is substantial: a large internal volume
projected use, future plans, etc. This information can then
containing thousands of gallons of warm water which is be used to estimate the bathing load and pattern of use,
constantly being agitated and requires continual chemical which in turn establishesthe requirements that the
treatment to deal with pollution from large numbers of environmental service systems in general, and the pool
bathers demands high levels of environmental service to watertreatment system in particular, will need to satisfy.
maintain satifactory conditions. This means that these
elements need to be taken into account at the earliest
Design Brief
possible stage of the design.
A design brief should be produced by the client body that
The design, location, plant space and distribution of the
is responsiblefor the proposed pool. It should provide a
various building serviceselements should be importantfactors
broad description of requirements and set out the principal
in the general design and planning of the facility. Due to the
parameters of the design. It is important that the design
relative complexity of the installations it is also critical that
brief highlights the main factors that will govern the
operation, maintenance and energy are also given early detailed design of the various building services elements,
considerationwhen the managementand operational
including the pool watertreatment. These should include:
planning for the facility is done. Achieving the building
servicesthat meet the requirements of a particular facilityand • the size and type of pool(s) and waterfeatures to be
operational strategy will necessarilyinvolve some compromises, included;
and judgments based on priorities and assessment of critical
factors. This guidance note addressesthose issues. • the anticipated bathing load and patterns of use;
,., r_1
Fresh
Reaction Sand
vessel filter
Ozone injection
)vessel
Ozone gas
generator
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SWIMMING POOLS - BUILDING SERVICES
Monitoring sensor
Fresh air
suppiy
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SWIMMING rOOLS - BUILDING SERVICES
The main way of controlling pool water pollution is by levels. Disinfectants must be dosed carefully - preferably
effective pool hygiene, together with good circulation, automatically - and their levels monitored regularly. Dosing
disinfection and filtration. But there will still be a need to and monitoring can be automated.
dilutewith fresh make-up water at a rate of up to 30 litres There are many ways of of disinfecting swimming pool
per bather per day to maintain satisfactory water quality.
water; but the ones that are most often and reliably used
(Indeed, there are some contaminants which can only be are of four types - chlorine, chlorinated isocyanurates,
removedby dilution.)
bromine and ozone.
Pool Hygiene ChlorineThe action of sodium hypochlorite, calcium
In many European countries it is quite routine (and hypochlorite and chlorine gas in pool water is sufficiently
sometimescompulsory)to shower before swimming. In the similar for them all to be loosely referred to as chlorine.
UK, however, showers are more often used to wash off the Chlorine disinfection is the most widely used method in
pool water after a swim. In fact, the chemicals that public swimming pools.
swimmers wish to remove after leaving the pooi are there Sodium hypochlorite is a liquid, usuallysupplied in solution,
mainly to cope with the pollution introduced by but sometimes generated on site by electrolysis.
unshowered bathers
Calcium hypochlorite is a solid and can be supplied as powder,
In order to encourage proper pre-swim showering and granules ortablets -which are dissolved prior to dosing.
hygiene it is recommended that adequate showers and Chlorine gas is supplied in bottles, and is subject to
toilet facilities should be provided on the direct route from
the changing room to the pool - separate from post-swim stringent health and safety requirements.
showers. Pre-swim showers should operate with water at For all types of chlorine disinfection it is recommended that
pool water temperature (or up to 2 degrees C above). If the free chlorine residual in the pool water (the chlorine
this can be supplied from the pool water circulation system available for disinfection) should be maintainedat the
and run to waste, the shower waterwill be disinfected and lowest level that provides satisfactory water quality (as
pool waterdilutionwill be encouraged. assessed by microbiological and chemical monitoring). This
should be possible at 1mg per litre or less and should never
Disinfection need to be above 2mg per litre. The combined chlorine
In practical terms, swimming pool disinfection cannot residual (a measure of unwanted disinfectant byproducts)
entirely remove microorganisms- but should control them should always be less than the free chlorine - ideally less
and effectively reduce the risk of infection to minimum than half the free chlorine.
Vent
Hand
fIll
q chlorine/Ph
sampler/controller
Heater
To
From Pool
pool sightglass
Pump
compressor
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SWIMMING POOLS - BUILDING SERVICES
Chlorinated isocyanuratesThese granules or tablets are this can usually be controlled at a lower level than chlorine
an alternative means of providing chlorine-based alone. Ozonation is comparativelyexpensive, but can deliver
disinfection Cyanuric acid is present in the pool water high quality poolwater.
alongside the residual chlorine. It is recommended that the
levels should t,e: free chlorine residual 2.5 to 5.0mg per pH Value
litre; cyanuric acid less than 200mg per litre (ideally 50 to The degree of acidity or alkalinity (basicity) of water is
100mg per litre) measured in terms of its pH value. A pH value of 7 is
Bromine There are number of disinfectant systems which neutral; values below 7 indicate increasing acidity, values
utilise bromine as the main disinfectant agent. higher than 7 increasing alkalinity. Disinfectant activity is
significantly affected by pH. All chlorine disinfectants,
Liquid bromine disinfects in a similar way to chlorine. It is ozone + chlorine, and BCDMH work best towards the
recommended that the total bromine residual should be bottom of the recommended range of pH 7.2-7.8. Bromine
maintained between 1.5 and 3.5mg per litre (ideally disinfectantsoperate best in the pH range 7.8 to 8.2
between 2.0 and 2.5mg per litre). The combined bromine
residual should be no more than half the free bromine. The control of pH is generally by the addition of acid or
alkali, depending on the type of disinfectant and the
A solid bromine donor- bromochlorodimethylhydantoin source water. Alkaline disinfectants (sodium and calcium
(BCDMH) - is available in tablet form. There has been hypochlorite) normally require an acid (generally sodium
considerable debate over the years about reports of skin bisulphate, carbon dioxide or hydrochloric acid) to control
irritation and rashes associated with this, so designers and pH. Acidic disinfectants (chlorine gas, liquid bromine,
operators should be vigilant, ensure that the recommended chlorinated isocyanurates) normally require the addition of
guidelines are adhered to, and provide adequate dilution an alkali (usually sodium carbonate).
with fresh water. The recommended level of total active
bromine residual with this system is between4 and 6mg per Some combinations of source water and disinfectant will
result in a poolwater not requiring any pH adjustment; it is
litre; dimethylhydantoinshould not exceed 200mg per litre.
always good practice to choose a disinfectantwith the
Anothersystem involvessodium bromide and hypochlorite. source water in mind, and to adjust pH only enough to
The recommended bromine residual levels are as for liquid bring it within the recommendedrange. Any further
bromine; a bromide reserve should be maintained between addition of chemicalsto control pH will be of no benefit
9 and 1 5mg per litre. and may be detrimental to waterquality.
Ozone This system is differentin that it purifies the water Balanced Water
as it passes throughthe plant room, but does not provide a
chemical residual in the pool water itself. So conventional A balanced water is technically one that is neither scale
treatment (usually with hypochlorite) is applied as well - but forming nor corrosive. For the majority of pools, however,
the water will generally be adequatelybalanced if the pH is It is recommended that a minimum of two filters are
maintainedwithin the recommended range. The other provided wherever possible, to increase flexibilityand to
main factors affecting water balance are alkalinity, provide some standby capacity during maintenance.
hardness and dissolved solids.
Filters in public poois are generally of the vertical,
Alkalinity The total alkalinity of pooi water is a measure of downward-flowtype, but both horizontal and dual-flow
the alkaline salts dissolved in it. The higher the alkalinity, (downward and upward flow) types have been used
the more resistant water is to changes in its pH value - successfully. Mild steel with a corrosion protection lining is
generally a good thing. The recommended range is 75 to the most common material for filter tanks, but stainless
250mg per litre. steel, glass fibre and concrete have all been used
Hardness The total hardnes of pooi water is a measure of successfully.
its calcium and magnesium salts. Calcium hardness is The addition of coagulants assists the removal of dissolved
particularly relevant to swimming pools: if it is below about and colloidal material by producing a flocculate which is
40mg per Iitre,the water may be corrosive. The more easilytrapped on a filter. Aluminium sulphate (alum),
recommended minimum value is 75mg per litre; although polyaluminiumchloride (PAC), sodium aluminate, iron
there is no theoretical upper limit, values over 500mg per chloridesand iron sulphates have all been successfullyused
litre are unlikely to be of any benefit. as coagulants in swimming pools.
Total dissolved solids (TDS) This is the sum weight of all
soluble material in the water and its measurementis useful
as a warning of potential overloading or lack of dilution in
a swimming pool. It should therefore be monitored and 5. Water Circulation and
maintained at a maximum of 1000mg per litre above that DiStr i bution
of the source waterwith an absolute maximum of 3000mg
per litre. In general TDS can only be controlled by dilution,
Water circulation and distribution are critically important in
usually via filter backwashingbut the fewer chemicals that
can be used,the better. poolwater quality.
Sand filters - rather than the cheaper cartridge and pre- 0.5-1 m deep, 0.5-1 hour;
coat or diatomaceous earth filters - are recommended for 1-1.5m deep, 1-1.5 hours;
all non-domestic swimming pools. Because filter efficiency
over 1 .5m deep, 2-2.5hours.
falls off rapidly at velocities of over 30m/h, medium rate
filters (1 1-30m/h) are recommended. High-rate filters (31- Circulation
5Dm/h) cannot handle colloids effectively; low-rate filters
(up to lOmIh) tend to harbour bacteria. It is very important that treated water is distributed to all
parts of the pooi and that polluted water is removed
Regular, effective backwashing(cleaning filters by reversing effectively, especially from areas most denselypopulated by
the flow of water through the filter bed and discharging bathers. Pool circulation systems which allow substantial
the water to waste) is essential if filters are to operate proportions of water to be taken from the surface can be
efficiently. It should be carried out strictly in accordance particularly efficient, as the pollution is generallygreatest at
with manufacturers' instructions,at leastonce a week. the watersurface.
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SWIMMING POOLS - BUILDING SERVICES
There are three main systems for removing surface water - Trends towards higher water temperatures can be linked
level-deck, overflow or scum channels, and skimmers. The to a numberof problems including higher energy costs,
most efficient of these is level-deck (able to handle up to increased water and air pollution, discomfort for staff,
100% of the circulation flow via surface removal) and the deterioration of the building fabric, etc and this has led
least efficient skimmers (typically handling 5-10% of total to the following recommendations for maximum pool
flow via the surface). In order to ensure that the water water temperatures.
remains at the correct level at all times, a balance tank,
27°C (80.5°F) competitive swimming and diving, fitness
together with an automatic make-up water supply tank, is
swimming, training
usually required.
Pool water inlets should be arranged to ensure that each 28°C (82.5°F) recreational, adult teaching, conventional
takes its required proportion of flow and that inlet main pools
velocities do not exceed 1 .5 to 2m/s. Outlets must be
29°C (84°F) children's teaching, leisure pools
arranged so that there is no risk of bathers being drawn
towards themor trapped. 30°C (86°F) babies, young children, disabled.
Sufficient pumping capacity must be provided to ensure Ventilation and Air Circulation
that the required pool turnover period is achieved when
filters are dirty and providing maximum resistance. The pool hall ventilation system is normally the primary (or
Sufficient standby pumping capacity should be provided to only) means of removing contaminants from the pool
allow full circulation to continue when one of the main atmosphereand controlling the pool hall air quality,
pumps is not running. The pumping system should be temperatureand humidity. It is generally recommended
capable of reduced flow rates when the pool is that air is well distributed over the whole area of the pool
unoccupied, and must be able to provide the requiredflow hall and that air movement within the occupied zone is
rate for backwashing. maintained within acceptable limits for bather comfort.
Extracting air at low level adjacent to sources of
contamination and evaporation may be beneficial.
Maintaining a satisfactory environment in the pool hall, Figure5: Typical Air Distribution
and all the other areas of the building, is essential for the
comfort of users. It also ensures a reasonably extended
working life for the pool building. Heating and ventilation
need to take into account a wide range of factors such as
bathingload, watertemperature and quality, materials and
insulation of the pool hall envelope, plant location,
integration with the building structure, and capital,
i1i
operating and life-cycle costs.
Temperatureand Humidity
The air temperature of the pool hall needs to be maintained
-
at a comfortable level primarily for bathers, although staff, A. High-levelextract
necessity, change with varying circumstances. An be some benefit in providing some warm air supply at low
effective, well distributed mechanical supply and extract level (or underfloor heating) in order to maintain a dry
ventilation system is, however, essential to maintain floor surface.
satisfactory internal environmental conditions under all
potential variations. Toilets should also be provided with a 100% fresh air
ventilation system providing a minimum of ten air changes
A recommended guideline figures of 10 litres of
per hour. Where toilets are part of a changing room area,
ventilation air per second per square metre of total pool
they should be maintained at or near changing room
hall area (water area plus all wet surrounds) has been
temperatures (24 or 25°C). But where they are separate
found to be satisfactory in a wide range of pools. This from the pool hall and changing area, this can be reduced
normally produces an overall total of about five air to around 20°C.
changes per hour, depending on the height of the pool
hall. These figures may need to be increased to about
nineair changes per hour for leisure poois with extensive
water features.
7. Electrical Services
A minimum of 12 litres per second of fresh air should
be provided for each occupant via the ventilation
system. As fresh air will be essential to control Particular care needs to be given to all aspects of the
contaminants and provide comfortable conditions, the electrical services associatedwith swimming pools,
supply ventilation should be designed to handle 100% due to the damp, warm, corrosive atmosphere that
fresh air when required. installations need to withstand. Safety needs to be a
prime consideration: all installations need to comply with
Recirculation of pool air produces a risk of increasedbuild- the latest edition of the Institutionof Electrical Engineers
up of contaminants in the pool environment and increases (lEE) Regulations which has a section devoted
the risk of deterioration of the equipment and fabric. So to swimming pools (section 602). Reference should
any recirculation consideredfor energy conservationshould also be made to Safety in Swimming Pools, published
be carefully controlled and used only when appropriate (eg
jointly by the Sports Council and the Health and
during periods of light bathing loads and when the pool is Safety Commission.
unoccupied and pool covers are in use). In any case, it
should generally be restricted to a maximum of 70% of the
Lighting
supply air volume (allowing a minimum of 30% fresh air at
all times the pool is in use). Artificial lighting should be in accordance with the
recommendations of the Chartered Institution of Building
Changing and Ancillary Areas -
Services Engineers (CIBSE) Lighting guide LG4 sports
The ancillaryareas associated with a swimming poolshould (recommended minimum maintained average iliuminance
generally be maintained at normal comfort temperature 200-300 lux). Minimising glare and reflectance from the
and humidity for dry facilities (about 20°C, 50% RH) and surface of the pool is important. All luminaires and fittings
well ventilated. There may be some benefit in maintaining need to be carefully selected as suitablefor swimming pool
areas adjacent to the pool hall at a slightly positive air environments and located so that maintenance operations
can be carried out easilyand safely.
Separate areas within the pool hall itself which are utilised
for eating, drinking, social and casual spectating can be
difficult to keep comfortable. Their particular requirements 8. Plumbing
should be assessed independently and wherever possible and Drainage
these areas should be physicallyseparated from the pool
hall in order that appropriate environmental conditions
can be provided. Mains water is needed for filling and topping up the pool
and supplying hot and cold water for domestic user use
The changing rooms are particularly important, being in
(including showers).This is normally a metered connection
a direct path between the entrance and the pool hall from a local mainswatersupply.
itself. The ideal temperature for these spaces is generally
about half way between that of the entrance and the pooi Drainage needs to be take account of the regular
hail. This will usually mean a temperature of 24 or 25°C. It backwashing load and the rare occasions when the pool
is very important that adequate ventilation is provided in needs to be completelyemptied. The quality of water
order to maintain comfortable conditions and control discharged into local waste water disposal systems may • '. •.—
humidity levels. A minimum ventilation rate of ten air have to be of particular standards,and water disposal may ,( '%'
changesan hour(all fresh air) is recommended. There may be monitored and charged for.
8 k
SWIMMING POOLS - BUILDING SERVICES
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SWIMMING POOLS - BUILDING SERVICES
Afull list of guidance notes and othersports council publications is available £3.00 ISBN: 1 872158 gg 4
from the Information centre:
TheSportscouncil
16 UpperWoburn Place
London WC1H OQP
Tel: 0171-388 1277 Fax: 0171-383 5740 Sc/387/3.SM/2/95
Sports Council GuidanceNotes Disclaimer time, including variations required to comply with
Governmentaldirections on the application of lottery
This guidance note is one of a series produced by the
funds. The Sports Council reserves the right to amend,
Sports Council. It is intended to provide helpful data
supplement and/or discontinue at its absolute discretion,
guidance which the reader can file for permanent for whatever reason, any or all of the guidelines set out in
reference.
this publication.
Applicants for Lottery funding are advised, however, that While everyeffort has been made to ensure the accuracy of
these guidance notes and the guidelines contained herein
the guidelines and other information contained within this
have been prepared as a basicguide only. Applicants, their
publication, the Sports Council, its servants or agents shall
representativesor advisers, should not view the guidelines not at any time, in any circumstances,be held responsible
as a substitute for obtaining comprehensive expert or or liable to any applicant or any other party in respect of
professional advice in relation to their applicationsfor
any loss, damage or costs of any nature arising directly or
Lottery funding.
indirectly from reliance placed on the guidelines within this
These guidelines and the Sports Council policies on lottery publication or any otherguidelines or policies issued by the
funding applications are subject to change from time to Sports Council.
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