Semantic differential A technique devised by psychologists to find out the emotional reactions of speakers to lexical items, and thus

suggest the main affective dimensions in terms of which a languages concepts are organized. It is little used in linguistic semantics. Semantic feature In semantics, a minimal contrastive element of a words meaning; in some approaches, called a semantic component. Girl, for example, might be analysed into such features as young, female and human. In child language acquisition, the semantic feature hypothesis (SFH) claims that the order of appearance of a childs lexical items is governed by the type and complexity of the semantic features they contain. (c-selection) and semantic selection (s-selection) are distinguished. C-selection refers to the category required in a certain environment (e.g. the sister constituent of the verb depend must be a prepositional phrase); s-selection is forced by the semantics of the governing verb (e.g. John ate the ocean violates the sselectional requirements of eat). Semantic differential A technique devised by psychologists to find out the emotional reactions of speakers to lexical items, and thus suggest the main affective dimensions in terms of which a languages concepts are organized. It is little used in linguistic semantics. Semantic feature In semantics, a minimal contrastive element of a words meaning; in some approaches, called a semantic component. Girl, for example, might be analysed into such features as young, female and human. In child language acquisition, the semantic feature hypothesis (SFH) claims that the order of appearance of a childs lexical items is governed by the type and complexity of the semantic features they contain. Semanticity (n.) A very general defining property of language (and other semiotic systems): the ability of a system to convey meaning, by virtue of the associative ties which relate the systems signals to features of the external world. Semantic prosody A term sometimes used in corpus-based lexicology to describe a word which typically co-occurs with other words that belong to a particular semantic set. For example, utterly co-occurs regularly with words of negative evaluation (e.g. utterly appalling). Semantic role A term used in syntax and semantics to refer to the semantic relations that link a predicate to its arguments in the description of a situation. Thus in the sentence Roger milked the cow the entities are related by the action described by the verb: Roger as the volitional instigator is often termed the agent; and the cow as the affected entity, the patient. There is no general agreement on the number of participant roles available to speakers of languages, but others include: instrument, the means by which an action is performed or something comes about; theme, the entity which is moved by an action, or whose location is described; experiencer, the entity which is aware of the action described by the predicate but which is not in control; beneficiary, the entity for whose benefit the action was performed; location (locative), the place in which something is situated or takes place; goal, the entity or place towards which something moves; and source, the entity or place from which something moves. It has been suggested that these roles may be subsumed into two main types: the macro-roles of actor and undergoer, or, in an alternative terminology, the proto-roles of agent and patient. These roles have been important in the establishment of semantic classes of verbs. Other names for these roles include deep semantic cases, functional roles, participant roles, and, especially in Chomskyan linguistics, thematic (or theta, ) roles. Semantics (n.) A major branch of linguistics devoted to the study of meaning in language. The term is also used in philosophy and logic, but not with the same range of meaning or emphasis as in linguistics. Philosophical semantics examines the relations between linguistic expressions and the phenomena in the world to which they refer, and considers the conditions under which such expressions can be said to be true or false, and the factors which affect the interpretation of language as used. Its history of study, which reaches back to the writings of Plato and Aristotle, in the twentieth century includes the work of such philosophers and logicians as Charles Peirce (18391914), Rudolf Carnap (18911970) and Alfred Tarski (190283), particularly under the heading of semiotics and the philosophy of language. Logical or pure semantics (formal semantics) is the study of the meaning of expressions in terms of logical systems of analysis, or calculi, and is thus more akin to formal logic or mathematics than to linguistics. In linguistics, the emphasis is on the study of the semantic properties of natural languages (as opposed to logical languages), the term linguistic semantics often being employed to make the distinction clear

(though this is not a convention needed in this dictionary, where the term semantics is used without qualification to refer to its linguistic sense). Different linguists approaches to meaning none the less illustrate the influence of general philosophical or psychological positions. The behaviourist semantics of Leonard Bloomfield, for example, refers to the application of the techniques of the behaviourist movement in psychology, restricting the study of meaning to only observable and measurable behaviour. Partly because of the pessimism of this approach, which concluded that semantics was not yet capable of elucidation in behavioural terms, semantics came to be much neglected in post-Bloomfieldian linguistics, and has received proper attention only since the 1960s. Of particular importance here is the approach of structural semantics, which displays the application of the principles of structural linguistics to the study of meaning through the notion of semantic relations (sense or meaning relations such as synonymy and antonymy). Semantic meaning may here be used, in contradistinction to grammatical meaning. The linguistic structuring of semantic space is also a major concern of generative linguistics, where the term semantic is widely used in relation to the grammars organization (one section being referred to as the semantic component) and to the analysis of sentences (in terms of a semantic representation) and of lexical items (in terms of semantic features). However, the relation between syntax and semantics in this approach is a matter of controversy. Other terms used to distinguish features of meaning in this and other theories include semantic markers/ distinguishers/properties and (in an unrelated sense to the above) semantic components. Linguists have also built on results in logical and philosophical semantics to develop theories in which truth conditions, reference and the logical properties of natural language expressions play a entral role (truth-conditional semantics, model-theoretic semantics). A very different direction has been taken in cognitive semantics, drawing on psychology and focusing on the role of conceptualization in interpretation. The influence of mathematical and computational models is also evident: state-transition semantics, for example, is an analysis of natural language meanings in terms of a series of states and state transitions in a language user. Semantic field theory is an approach which developed in the 1930s; it took the view that the vocabulary of a language is not simply a listing of independent items (as the headwords in a dictionary would suggest), but is organized into areas, or fields, within which words interrelate and define each other in various ways. The words denoting colour are often cited as an example of a semantic field: the precise meaning of a colour word can be understood only by placing it in relation to the other terms which occur with it in demarcating the colour spectrum. Other areas of semantics include the diachronic study of word meanings (etymology), the synchronic analysis of word usage (lexicology), and the compilation of dictionaries (lexicography). An important current debate is the distinction between semantics and pragmatics, focusing in particular on the incursion of pragmatic theories into traditional semantic areas. Semantic triangle A particular model of meaning which claimed that meaning is essentially a threefold relationship between linguistic forms, concepts and referents. It was proposed by C. K. Ogden (18891957) and I. A. Richards (18931979) in the 1920s, in their book The Meaning of Meaning. semantic value A term used in semantic theory, especially in formal semantics, for any of various items associated by rule with a linguistic expression. Examples include the expressions extension or intension.

Interpretation of the language Relationship between meaning and form: house home Type of semantic Abstract - Concrete General Specific Locative Temporal Semantic Borrowing Calque: Structure borrowed from another language, words are native Lat. Via Lactea - Eng. Milky Way Semantic Loan: Meaning borrowed from another language, words are native. Meaning and use

Literary Poetic Archaic Obsolete Obsolescent Jargon Colloquial Slang

sounds like written prose sounds like poetry or song sounds old no longer used going out of use specialized use everyday conversation non-standard, informal use

E.g. The word "awful" originally meant "full of awe" instead of "frightful" or "very bad", so it also would have very different meanings depending on the context. Denotation of a word is its direct meaning Connotation is an indirect or implied meaning. E.g. "smell of baking apple pie" would directly refer to the smell of cinnamon and other spices, but it might indirectly refer to happy memories in Grandma's kitchen or the comfort of home. There are figures of speech that in their entirety do not mean what each word means literally. "Raining cats and dogs" does not mean cats and dogs are falling from clouds.

Pragmalinguistics (n.) A term sometimes used within the study of pragmatics, to refer to the study of language use from the viewpoint of a languages structural resources; it contrasts with those pragmatic studies which examine the conditions on language use which derive from the social situation (sometimes referred to as sociopragmatics). A pragmalinguistic approach might begin with the pronoun system of a language, and examine the way in which people choose different forms to express a range of attitudes and relationships (such as deference and intimacy). The latter approach might begin with the social backgrounds of the participants in an interaction, and examine the way in which different factors (such as age, sex, class) lead people to choose particular pronouns. Pragmatics (n.) A term traditionally used to label one of the three major divisions of semiotics (along with semantics and syntactics). In modern linguistics, it has come to be applied to the study of language from the point of view of the users, especially of the choices they make, the constraints they encounter in using language in social interaction, and the effects their use of language has on the other participants in an act of communication. The field focuses on an area between semantics, sociolinguistics and extralinguistic context; but the boundaries with these other domains are as yet incapable of precise definition. At present, no coherent pragmatic theory has been achieved, mainly because of the variety of topics it has to account for including aspects of deixis, conversational implicatures, presuppositions, speech acts and discourse structure. Partly as a consequence of the potentially vast scope of the subject, several conflicting definitions have arisen. In a narrow linguistic view, pragmatics deals only with those aspects of context which are formally encoded in the structure of a language; they would be part of a users pragmatic competence. At the opposite extreme, it has been defined as the study of those aspects of meaning not covered by a semantic theory. In this connection, some semanticists see the subject as contrasting with truth-conditional semantics: it is suggested that the difficulties which arise in relation to the latter (e.g. how to handle the notion of presupposition) are more readily explicable with reference to pragmatics. More inclusively, it has been characterized as the study of the principles and practice of conversational performance this including all aspects of language usage, understanding and appropriateness. Especial attention has been paid to the range of pragmatic particles which are found in speech (e.g. you know, I mean, sort of, tag questions) which play an important role in controlling the pragmatic nature of an interaction. Several derivative terms have been proposed in order to classify the wide range of subject-matter involved. Pragmalinguistics has been used by some to refer to the more linguistic end of pragmatics, wherein one studies these matters from the viewpoint of the structural resources available in a language. Sociopragmatics,by contrast, studies the way conditions on language use derive from the social situation. General pragmatics is the study of the principles governing the communicative use of language, especially as encountered in conversations principles which may be studied as putative universals, or restricted to the study of specific languages. Literary pragmatics applies pragmatic notions (especially to do with narrative) to the production and reception of literary texts. Applied pragmatics focuses on problems of interaction that arise in contexts where successful communication is critical, such as medical interviews, judicial settings, counselling and foreign-language teaching.

Subcampo de linguistica, con la cual se estudia el modo en el que el contexto influye en la interpretacin del significado del contexto. El contexto debe entenderse como una situacin, ya que puede incluir cualquier aspecto extralinguistico. Categories Ambigedad estructural Denotacion Ambigedad de agrupamiento Situacion Ambigedad funcional Text Coherencia Use of language Cohesion textual Sentido linguistico Contexto linguistico Connotacion

Contexto extralinguistico Idealism Theory ______ Practice Realism

Pragmatism The context, the identity of the speaker, and their intent

Pragmalingstica (n.) Un trmino usado a veces en el estudio de la pragmtica, al referirse al estudio del uso del lenguaje desde el punto de vista de los recursos estructurales de una lengua, sino que contrasta con los estudios pragmticos que estudien las condiciones de uso de la lengua que se derivan de la situacin social (a veces referido como socio-pragmtica). Un enfoque pragmalingstico podra comenzar con el sistema de pronombres de la lengua, y examinar la forma en que las personas eligen diferentes formas de expresar una serie de actitudes y relaciones (como el respeto y la intimidad). Este ltimo enfoque podra comenzar con los antecedentes sociales de los participantes en una interaccin, y examinar la forma en que distintos factores (como la edad, sexo, clase social) llevan a la gente para elegir los pronombres particulares. Pragmtica (n.) Un trmino usado tradicionalmente para marcar una de las tres divisiones principales de la semitica (junto con la semntica y sintctica). En la lingstica moderna, se ha llegado a ser aplicado al estudio del lenguaje desde el punto de vista de los usuarios, especialmente de las decisiones que toman, las limitaciones que encuentran el uso del lenguaje en la interaccin social y los efectos de su uso del lenguaje tiene a los dems participantes en un acto de comunicacin. El campo se centra en un "rea" entre la semntica, la sociolingstica y el contexto extralingstico, pero los lmites con los otros dominios son todava incapaces de definir con precisin. En la actualidad, ninguna teora pragmtica coherente que se ha logrado, principalmente debido a la variedad de temas que tiene que rendir cuentas - incluyendo los aspectos de la deixis, las implicaturas conversacionales, presupuestos, actos de habla y la estructura del discurso. En parte como consecuencia del alcance potencialmente mayora de la materia, varias definiciones conflictivas han surgido. En un punto de vista lingstico limitado, la pragmtica se ocupa solamente de los aspectos del contexto en el que estn formalmente codificados en la estructura de una lengua, sino que sera parte de la competencia pragmtica de un usuario. En el extremo opuesto, se ha definido como el estudio de aquellos aspectos del significado que no estn cubiertos por una teora semntica. En este sentido, algunos semnticos ver el tema como contraste con la verdad condicional-semntica: se sugiere que las dificultades que surgen en relacin con este ltimo (por ejemplo, cmo manejar la nocin de presuposicin) son ms fcilmente explicables con referencia a la pragmtica. Ms inclusive, se ha caracterizado como el estudio de los principios y prcticas del desempeo de conversacin: esta incluyendo todos los aspectos del uso del lenguaje, la comprensin y adecuacin. Especial atencin se ha prestado a la gama de partculas pragmticas que se encuentran en el habla (por ejemplo, ya sabes, quiero decir, ms o menos, las cuestiones de etiqueta), que juegan un papel importante en el control de la naturaleza pragmtica de la interaccin. Varios trminos derivados se han propuesto con el fin de clasificar la gran variedad de objeto en cuestin. Pragmalingstica ha sido utilizado por algunos para referirse a la ms lingstico 'final' de la pragmtica, en donde se estudian estos asuntos desde el punto de vista de los recursos estructurales disponibles en un idioma. Sociopragmatics, por el contrario, estudia la manera de las condiciones de uso del lenguaje se derivan de la situacin social. La pragmtica general es el estudio de los principios que rigen el uso comunicativo del lenguaje, especialmente en lo que se encuentran en conversaciones - los principios que pueden ser estudiados como universales putativo, o restringido al estudio de idiomas especficos.

Pragmtica literaria se aplica nociones pragmticas (sobre todo que ver con la narracin) a la produccin y recepcin de textos literarios. Aplicada la pragmtica se centra en los problemas de interaccin que surgen en contextos en los que la comunicacin exitosa es esencial, tales como entrevistas mdicas, los ajustes judiciales, el asesoramiento y la enseanza de lenguas extranjeras.

Pragmtica
Se entiende por Pragmtica la disciplina cuyo objeto de estudio es el uso del lenguaje en funcin de la relacin que se establece entre enunciado-contexto-interlocutores. Dicho de otro modo, la pragmtica se interesa por analizar cmo los hablantes producen e interpretan enunciados en contexto; de ah que tome en consideracin los factores extralingsticos que determinan el uso del lenguaje, a los que no puede hacer referencia un estudio puramente gramatical, tales como los interlocutores, la intencin comunicativa, el contexto o el conocimiento del mundo. De este modo, la pragmtica analiza por qu el destinatario de un enunciado como [ya le llamaremos] emitido por una empresa de seleccin de personal, puede interpretar tanto que ser seleccionado como lo contrario, segn sea el conocimiento del mundo de dicho destinatario as como, por ejemplo, la entonacin y la informacin no verbal transmitida por el emisor. En este sentido, se dice que los interlocutores poseen informacin pragmtica, entendiendo como tal el conjunto de conocimientos, creencias, supuestos, opiniones, etc. de un individuo en una interaccin oral concreta. Si bien est generalmente admitido que entre los precedentes ms remotos de la pragmtica se encuentran los antiguos retricos, la acuacin del trmino se debe a Charles W. Morris (1938), en los aos 30 del siglo XX. Con l, design la ciencia de los signos en relacin con sus intrpretes. Este autor clasifica la pragmtica como una disciplina lingstica, junto con la semntica y la sintaxis. Sin embargo, actualmente la pragmtica ha dejado de plantearse como un mdulo ms del anlisis lingstico para convertirse en una perspectiva diferente de acercarse a los fenmenos lingsticos de cualquier nivel siempre que se tengan en cuenta los factores contextuales. Una de las lneas de investigacin pragmtica ms importante dentro del pensamiento contemporneo es la iniciada por J. L. Austin. Este filsofo del lenguaje desarrolla la teora de los actos de habla, en la que se recoge esta concepcin de la lengua como una forma de actuar intencionada que es interpretada por el destinatario, segn el contexto. Asimismo, cabe destacar tambin la propuesta, en los aos 70, del filsofo H. P. Grice, cuya teora del principio de cooperacin es una explicacin de los principios que regulan la recuperacin de los significados implcitos. Los estudios de pragmtica suponen tambin una determinada concepcin de la lengua y la comunicacin, opuesta a la propugnada por el estructuralismo. En la didctica de las lenguas, dicha concepcin ha servido de base para las propuestas de enseanza comunicativa. Los programas nociofuncionales elaborados en esta metodologa se construyen sobre las nociones y las funciones, conceptos que se inspiran en una concepcin pragmtica de la lengua.

En la primera mitad del siglo XX, Charles W. Morris (1938) concibi el estudio de la Teora de los signos, a partir de tres disciplinas: la sintaxis, la semntica y la pragmtica. La sintaxis se ocupara de la relacin formal entre un signo y otro; la semntica, los vnculos entre los signos y los objetos a los que se refieren; y la pragmtica atendera la relacin entre los signos y sus intrpretes. A partir de la dcada de 1970, los lingistas que se han ocupado del estudio del uso de la lengua han procurado delimitar el objeto de la pragmtica buscando las bases tericas con las que dar cuenta de los problemas que se les presentan. En la actualidad buena parte de esos investigadores considera que la pragmtica no es un componente de la teora lingstica como puedan ser la fonologa, la morfologa, la sintaxis o la semntica, tampoco pertenece a las disciplinas que relacionan el lenguaje con la realidad extralingstica como la psicolingstica, la sociolingstica o la neurolingstica. La pragmtica constituye una perspectiva de estudio que puede ocuparse de cualquiera de estas disciplinas.

La Pragmtica y su objeto de estudio

La Pragmtica es el estudio del modo en que el contexto influye en la interpretacin del significado. El contexto debe entenderse como situacin, ya que puede incluir cualquier aspecto extralingstico. La Pragmtica tiene un carcter interdisciplinario: la filosofa, la lingstica, la sociologa, la antropologa y la psicologa hablan de ella. Pero para los lingistas, el trmino Pragmtica entra como uno de los componentes de la Semitica, junto con la Sintaxis y la Semntica, triple clasificacin que se remonta a Peirce. El trmino Semitica, sin embargo, lo divulg Morris, asumindolo ms tarde el filsofo y lgico Carnap. Segn estudios realizados, la Pragmtica, actualmente ya establecida y reconocida como una disciplina crecientemente emprica, incluye en sus anlisislos factores sociales, psicolgicos, culturales, literarios, que determina la estructura de la comunicacin verbal y sus consecuencias. En esta se relacionan la semntica y la sintaxis: la semntica hace abstraccin de los usuarios y la sintaxis expresa la relacin entre los signos sin tener en cuenta a los usuarios; sintetizando todo el proceso en el estudio del qu se dice y lo que literalmente se quiere decir.

La interaccin lingstica que se produce entre emisor y receptor resulta de una serie de actos de habla de diferentes interlocutores, segn las reglas convencionales, respetando el Principio de Cooperacin, lo que implica (implicaturas) y presupone (presuposiciones) toda una serie de informaciones no expresas, pero que se generan con las inferencias pragmticas. Entre emisor y receptor se dan toda una serie de procesos que explican cmo se comprenden, almacenan, reproducen y producen los enunciados o, mejor dicho, los textos (Van Dijk, 1983: 20-21 [1978]).

Trminos claves para un mejor estudio de la Pragmtica La intertextualidad permite observar que todo texto se construye como un mozaico de citas. Todo texto es absorcin y transformacin de otro texto. (Segn Julia Cristeva) La hipertextualidad supone la existencia de un texto y sobre su existencia se elabora otro texto. El hipotexto es el texto que sirve de base al hipertexto. La deixis es un tipo de expresin lingstica que se emplea para nombrar algn referente, y cuya interpretacin puede variar dependiendo de determinados factores que forman parte del contexto.

Ejemplos de decticos son los pronombres ella, nosotros, aqu, e incluso ciertos nombres personales como Pedro, Felicia, unidades lxicas que se refieren a diferentes entidades, dependiendo del contexto en que se encuentren. (Ella puede significar en un contexto "mi gata", y en otro "la muchacha de los ojos azules") Ciertos usos de la deixis pueden conllevar significados pragmticos adicionales, por ejemplo la relacin de cercana o distancia entre hablantes de una lengua, as como la cortesa o confianza que se expresan en el uso de t/vosotros y usted/ustedes en el espaol. El uso diferenciado de la deixis tambin puede utilizarse como medio para destacar o enfatizar la identidad o importancia de alguno de los participantes de una conversacin. La referencia es un acto realizado por un comunicante que enva un mensaje (ya sea hablado, escrito o mediante otros cdigos lingsticos) para identificar algo. Para este fin utiliza determinadas expresiones. Sin embargo, la inferencia es un acto que debe ser realizado por el receptor del mensaje (oyente, lector,...) para interpretar correctamente la referencia. Las palabras en s no refieren, sino que el que refiere es quien las emplea. El principio cooperativo, tambin conocido como Mximas de Grice fue redactado por el filsofo Paul Grice con el propsito de describir las reglas pragmticas que rigen la conversacin en lenguaje natural.

1.

Mxima de Cantidad. El emisor da tanta informacin como sea necesaria, ni ms ni menos. Mxima de Calidad. Veracidad: El comunicante da informacin que considera verdadera; no miente y fundamenta lo que dice. Mxima de Pertinencia (o relevancia). El emisor se cie al asunto sobre el cual se est comunicando. Contribuye con datosque aporten informacin para hacer avanzar el tema. Mxima de Manera (o modo) El emisor es claro y ordenado en sus expresiones. Evita ambigedades o expresiones que puedan ser ininteligibles. No obstante, con frecuencia estas mximas no se cumplen. De hecho, se suelen romper de forma intencionada para transmitir informacin de forma no literal (mediante la irona, por respeto, etc.) y para generar la produccin de sobreentendidos y persuposiciones (mecanismos de interpretacin que van ms all de lo manifestado en los enunciados). 2. Actos de habla.

El filsofo ingls J. L. Austin, elabor en los aos sesenta una teora que se conoce como Teora de los actos de habla, en ella propuso que hablar no es solamente "informar" sino tambin "realizar" algo. La propuesta fue conocida a travs de su libro (publicado por primera vez en 1962) How to do things with words. Su postura iba en contra de las aproximaciones ms tradicionales que vean al lenguaje en funcin de la mera transmisin de informacin. Se centr en el estudio de los que denomin verbos "performativos" como prometer, demandar, jurar, acusar, etc. Para Austin, el acto de habla tiene tres niveles, o se realiza a travs de tres actos conjuntos:

Acto locutivo consiste meramente en enunciar la frase en cuestin,

Acto ilocutivo consiste en llevar a cabo algo a travs de las palabras (prometer, amenazar, jurar, declarar) Acto perlocutivo consiste en provocar un cambio en el estado de cosas o una reaccin en el interlocutor.

Muchos investigadores han continuado trabajando con la teora de actos de habla. El ms destacado ha sido un discpulo de Austin, John Searle. Conclusiones. La pragmtica confronta a las significaciones elaboradas fuera de las realidades de las que surgen con esas mismas realidades que pretenden configurar, es decir, a las cuales dan sentido. Se expresa en forma de reglas o de hbitos interpretativos admitidos como verdaderos en el seno de una comunidad, en un perodo histricamente dado. Constituye entonces el momento del anlisis semitico en el que sintctica y semntica se unen. Por lo que se recomienda a todo estudioso de la Lingstica del texto que profundice en la Pragmtica como principal objetivo de estudio ya que en ella descubriremos elementos que a simple vista resultara imposible dificultando un mejor entendimiento del mensaje que nos quiere transmitir el emisor.

Pragmatics Pragmatic means the discipline which studies the use of language is based on the relationship established between utterance-context-partners. In other words, pragmatics is concerned with analyzing how speakers produce and interpret sentences in context, hence taking into account the extra-linguistic factors that determine the use of language, which can not reference a purely grammatical study, such as partners, communicative intent, context and world knowledge. Thus, the pragmatic analyzes why the recipient of a statement like [and we will call] issued by a recruitment company, can be interpreted both to be selected as the opposite, as the world's knowledge of the recipient and For example, intonation and nonverbal information transmitted by the sender. In this sense, is said to have pragmatic information partners, defined as the set of knowledge, beliefs, assumptions, opinions, etc.. of an individual in a specific oral interaction. If it is generally acknowledged that among the earliest record of pragmatics are the ancient rhetoricians, coining the term comes from Charles W. Morris (1938), in the 30's of XX century. With it, appointed the science of signs in relation to their interpreters. This author classifies linguistic pragmatics as a discipline, together with the semantics and syntax. However, currently no longer consider pragmatics as a module of linguistic analysis to become a different perspective to approach any level of linguistic phenomena always taking into account contextual factors.

One of the research pragmatically important in contemporary thought is initiated by J. L. Austin. This philosopher of language develops the theory of speech acts, which set out this conception of language as a form of intentional act that is interpreted by the recipient, depending on context. Also noteworthy also proposed in the 70's, the philosopher H. P. Grice, whose theory of the principle of cooperation is an explanation of the principles governing the recovery of implicit meanings. Pragmatic studies also imply a certain conception of language and communication, as opposed to the one advocated by structuralism.In the teaching of language, this concept was the basis for communicative teaching approach. Nociofuncionales programs developed in this methodology is built on the notions and functions, concepts that are based on a pragmatic conception of language. In the first half of the twentieth century, Charles W. Morris (1938) conceived the study of the theory of signs from three disciplines: syntax, semantics and pragmatics. The syntax would look into the formal relationship between a sign and another, the semantic links between signs and objects to which they refer, and pragmatics would address the relationship between signs and their interpreters. Since the 1970s, linguists have been concerned with the study of language use have sought to define the purpose of seeking pragmatic theoretical basis with which to realize the problems they face. Today many of these researchers found that pragmatics is not a component of linguistic theory as can be the phonology, morphology, syntax or semantics, does not belong to the disciplines that relate language with extralinguistic reality as psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics or neurolinguistics. Pragmatics is a research perspective that can address any of these disciplines. The Pragmatic and its object of study Pragmatics is the study of how the context influences the interpretation of meaning. The context must be understood as a situation, as it may include any aspect extralinguistic. Pragmatics is an interdisciplinary: the philosophy, linguistics, sociology, anthropology and psychology speak of it. But for linguists, the term pragmatics enters as a component of semiotics, along with the Syntax and Semantics, triple classification goes back to Peirce. The term semiotics, however, Morris reported it, assuming it later philosopher and logician Carnap. According to studies, pragmatics, now already established and increasingly recognized as an empirical discipline, includes in its anlisislos social, psychological, cultural, literary, that determines the structure of verbal communication and its consequences. In this relate the semantics and syntax: semantics abstracts from users and syntax expresses the relationship between signs regardless of the users, synthesizing the whole process in the study of what is said and what is literally means. Linguistic interaction that occurs between sender and receiver is a series of speech acts of different partners, as conventional rules, respecting the principle of cooperation, which implies (implicatures) and assumed (assumptions) a range of information not express, but which are generated by pragmatic inferences. Between sender and receiver are given a series of processes that explain how to understand, store, reproduce and produce statements or, rather, the text (Van Dijk, 1983: 20-21 [1978]). 1. Key terms for a better study of the Pragmatic Intertextuality can observe that every text is constructed as a mozaico dating. All text is absorption and transformation of another text. (According to Julia Cristeva). The hypertext implies the existence of a text and its existence is made other text. The hypotext is the text that underlies the hypertext. Deixis is a kind of linguistic expression that is used to name some respect, and whose interpretation may vary depending on certain factors that are part of the context. Examples of deictic pronouns are she, we, here, and even some personal names like Peter, Felicia, lexical items that refer to different entities, depending on the context in which they are. (She will be in a context "my cat" and other "blue-eyed girl"). Certain uses of deixis may incur additional pragmatic meanings, for example the relationship of closeness or distance between speakers of a language, and the courtesy and expressed confidence in the use of you / you and you / you in Spanish. The differential use of deixis can also be used as a means to highlight or emphasize the importance of identity or any of the participants of a conversation.

The reference is an act by a caller sends a message (whether spoken, written or by other language codes) to identify something.For this purpose uses certain expressions. However, the inference is an act to be performed by the receiver of the message (listener, reader, ...) to interpret correctly the reference. The words themselves do not refer, but which he refers is the hire. The cooperative principle, also known as Grice Maxims was written by the philosopher Paul Grice in order to describe the pragmatic rules that govern the natural language conversation. 2. Maximum Amount. The issuer provides as much information as is necessary, neither more nor less. High Quality. Truth: The caller gives information believed to be true, does not lie and founded what he says. Maximum Relevance (or relevance): The issuer adheres to the matter on which it is communicating. Contributes data to provide information to advance the issue. Maximum Mode (or mode): The issuer is clear and orderly in their expressions. Avoid ambiguities or expressions that might be unintelligible. However, often these maxims are not met. In fact, they usually break intentionally to convey information in a non-literal (by irony, of respect, etc..) And to generate the production of over-understood and presuppositions (interpretation mechanisms that go beyond what is stated in statements). 3. Speech acts. The English philosopher J. L. Austin, in the sixties developed a theory known as Theory of speech acts, it is proposed that speak not only "report" but also "do" something. The proposal was known through his book (first published in 1962) How to do things with words. His stance was against more traditional approaches to language were based on the mere transmission of information. It focused on the study of those verbs called "performative" as promising, demanding, swearing, accusing, etc. For Austin, the speech act has three levels, or is done through three joint events: locutionary Act is merely stating the phrase in question, illocutionary act is doing something through words (promise, threaten, swear, testify) perlocutionary act is to cause a change in the status quo or a reaction in the party. Many researchers have continued to work with the theory of speech acts. Foremost has been a disciple of Austin, John Searle. Conclusions. Confronts the pragmatic meanings made out of the realities that come with the same realities that seek to set up, that is, which make sense. It is expressed in the form of rules or interpretive habits admitted as true within a community, in a given historical period. It is then the moment of semiotic analysis in which syntactic and semantic join. It is recommended to any student of linguistics of the text to flesh out the Pragmatic main objective of the study and discover elements in it that at first sight impossible hampering a better understanding of the message that the sender wants to transmit.