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NPS041003
Approved for Public Release (Distribution Unlimited) 452-AS-3946.ppt 1
OPERATION DESERT STORM POINTED OUT AN ISR SHORTFALL THIS NEED TRANSLATED INTO DEVELOPING ISR SYSTEMS WHICH PROVIDE CONSIDERABLE: - REACH - PERSISTENCE AND - ELIMINATES DIRECT PERSONAL INTERACTION
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UAV Design
UAV Designs have the following attributes embedded: - AUTOMATION - PARTIAL AUTONOMY thus need for Ground Segment ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE IS TO EVOLVE TO FULL AUTONOMY THE CONSEQUENCES OF THIS DESIRE: - LIABILITY - CERTIFICATION - SAFETY - RELIABILITY - AFFORDABILITY
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CIVILIAN
COMMERCIAL Requirements moving towards same as Manned
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Risk Reduction
Develop from Experience Minimize Non-recurring Development Test early Design for future growth
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Risk Reduction
Never attempt to incorporate more than 2 major technological advances at one time Thus minimal engine development for this application was a must The major remaining risks were: Large scale system integration Software development Sensor / Comms development and integration
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Reliability Complexity # Flt Computers Example Availability 10 -09 $$ 10 -07 Triple 10 -05 10 -03 Quad Airliner (150M- 500M) Fighter (50M 150 M)
Moderate Dual / Triple Cost UAVs (10M 50 M) Single / Dual Reusable UAVs Expendables (300 K 10 M)
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Design to Cost
Lowest costs are achievable by: Simple but redundant systems Use of parts from existing designs Use of COTS hardware wherever possible Tailor requirements to avoid over-design Use of strategically placed sensors for system status Use of smart s/w to limit, control, and heal failures Cost considerations must be applied from part design through testing and onto system tests.
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Reliability Trade Methodology Optimize Reliability / Redundancy Consistent with Cost Constraint
Requirement: Desired Loss Rate of Less than 1 Per XXX Missions, ( Ps > (11 )) XXX
Ps> YYY
Is Redundancy Feasible ?
Stop
=< $ ZZ M
Ps > YYY
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Redundancy
Level of Redundancy Application dependent / Cost Mostly Similar / Some Dissimilar Flight Critical / Mission Critical
Flight Critical Nav Equipment Flt Computers Flt Control S/W Air Data Propulsion Electrical System Flt Control Actuators Altimeter Landing gear Nose wheel steering Brakes
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Mission Critical COMMs * Payloads ECS / Fuel Mgmt * Ground segment C2* * Could be Flt Critical
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Design Redundancy In
Redundancy is obtained by: Minimizing single paths Use automatic, s/w driven switching Validate fail-operate by testing and demonstration Bench (System Center) testing of s/w prior to vehicle tests Vehicle ground tests Flight Operations / experience
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Design Requirements
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50,000 Ft
200 NM
200 NM
1 Hr loiter at Sea Level Steady 20Kt Crosswind Component Steady 20Kt Crosswind Component 5000 Ft 5000 Ft
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System Selection
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XX YYYY
Notional examples
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Analysis Approach
Continuous coverage
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On Station at altitude
XXX
YYY
XXX
YYY
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YY
XX
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Its mission was to fly at 65,000 feet (mostly out of harms way), and remain aloft for 40 hours, carrying three high quality sensors, an EO, an IR camera as well as a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging sensor.
During the first phase of this competition each company team conducted their preliminary design and made a proposal to the DoDs Advanced Research Projects Agency, acting as agent for the Defense Airborne Reconnaissance Office.
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Configuration Development
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Runway Considerations
Reference 1: UFC 3-260-01 Airfield and Heliport Planning and Design, AFJMAN 32-1076, and FAA Circular AC 15015345144F Reference 2: NATO Approved Criteria and Standards for Airfields. 1999, BI-MNCD 85-5 T A R U N W A y
Current GH 100 m 328 ft
X I W A y
Large Platform
Shown:
150
150 m 492 ft
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Runway remaining signs
NATO Runway; Std field 8000 x 150 Large Platform GH/U-2 MOB 12,000 x 300 Taxiway; Std 75 75
137 Span GH
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System Overview
INMARSAT C2 (Backup) Ku SATCOM
C2 & Sensor
UHF SATCOM
C2 & Sensor
C2
C2 C2
ATC Link
C2 LOS
Sensor
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System Elements
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Northrop Grumman-RQ-4A
(Tier II+ Air Vehicle)
Carbon wing, tail and engine nacelle UHF Satcom antenna RR Allison AE3007H turbofan engine Redundant electromechanical actuators Common Data Link (CDL) Air vehicle avionics Ground Control Panel Satcom Radome 5 psia and conditioned air for payload / avionics compartments Synthetic Aperture Radar EO / IR Sensor Wing and fuselage fuel tanks used for cooling
Aluminum airframe
Wing span - 116 feet Takeoff Wt - 25,600 lbs Payload - 2,000 lbs Endurance - 31.5 hrs
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ISS EO/IR
SAR
Wing Pods
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Design Performance
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Global Hawk
Good
2000
1000
Persistence and payload large drivers in assessing true mission performance / system capability. Speed - supports warfighters time to area of interest.
0 10 20 30 Endurance (hours) 40
Good
Speed (nm/hr)
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Drag Polar
Drag Polar at M ach=0.60 (AEDC-16T TF-910), M ach=0.60, RN/mac= 0.877x10^6
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
-0.20
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383.50
384.00
384.50
385.00
385.50
386.00
386.50
Center- Of Gravity, Ycg, Fus. Sta., (inches) 6.5 lbs gal 6.4 lbs/gal
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Redundancy Implementation
- Cross Channel Data Link
Outboard Spoilers
Inboard Spoilers
Inboard Ailerons
Outboard Ailerons
Outboard Ruddervators
Inboard Ruddervators
Dual FADECs* Dual Air Data Systems Dual Dissimilar Navigation Systems
FADEC - Full Authority Digital Engine Control
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Maintainability / Accessibility
Access Door Location / Identification
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EO Imagery: January 16, 2001 Edwards Air Force Base, CA Altitude: 60,000+ ft. Slant Range: 33 km.
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Daytime IR Imagery: March 26, 1999 NAS China Lake, CA Altitude: 61,000+ ft. Slant Range: 22.6 km.
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SAR Imagery: February 20, 1999 Lake Success Dam, CA Altitude: 62,000+ ft. Slant Range: 86.3 km.
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DGPS Corrections
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An MCE at Suffolk, VA
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An environment which exactly represents the vehicle baseline(s) and permits Test planning and procedural development for the air vehicle segment, the ground segment and any number of individual payload subsystems Hardware and software integration at the subsystem, segment and systems levels System software development, test and integration Mission planning and validation Flight control and monitoring Payload control and monitoring
version management
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CCO (pilot) Inputs in flight (from LRE or MCE) as allowed by guidance modes and control laws and logic. Pilots can;
Control vehicle heading (off mission plan) for ATC or sensor needs Set altitude levels, climb/descent rates for ATC or mission needs (within limits) Control onboard radios, IFF, re-task sensor collection type / locations Revise temporary routing for ATC or mission needs
Guidance Modes and Mode Transition Logic enforced throughout flight Flight Control Laws and Logic enforced throughout flight
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Pre-flight Checkout
Air start air IN
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Runway
Last Taxi WPt. This is only location vehicle Liftoff will accept takeoff cmd from LRE or MCE. Vehicle must be aligned with CL, hiked, and may auto abort if not within V1/D1 limits or CL Taxi WPt (Turn WPt). Vehicle steers along path to WPts, turns short to Last Taxi WPt. Stops. Aircraft is prepared for flight by the ground crew at the Mission Start WPt. Taxi command issued from LRE (local) or MCE (can be very distant via satellite). Tow from ramp/hangar A/V steers to Takeoff WPt and picks up the Navigation plan, gear is retracted, Ralt stdby and enters Climb mode for flight.
~ Surveyed WPts
(Differential GPS used to provide precision horizontal steering)
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Takeoff lift off point Normal TO, 65% fuel = 2300-3500 Hike failure, 65% fuel = 2800 - 4000 X X
1000
200
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Nominal Variable (50 min per turn for 90* turns at 4kts) Multiple taxi points optional as reqd, only one mandatory
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Speed Schedule
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Atmospheres
Aircraft Temperature Envelope
100
60
20
Temperature ~ Degrees F
-60 -20
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Altitude ~ Feet
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VN Diagram
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Exceedences Experienced
On-Station Operating Stress Is Benign Nz Exceedance for Worst-Case Turbulence Flight
10
8
10
Gust
Gust Exceedance (1000 hrs)
10
10
Exceedance
10
(1000 Hrs)
10
Unmanned Unmanned
10
Manned
Manned
10
10
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1
(g) NzNz~ gs
1.5
2.5
3.5
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H367-0245A
This HCI, the Air Vehicle Status screen (available from the Flight Control HCI, via the AVS button) is the pilots way of maintaining his continuous view of the vehicle health. Data is continuous down-linked to the ground stations with the status of each system. These Green, Yellow, Red, and Flashing Red buttons reflect the status of each system. Additional HCIs are available under each of these buttons for complete pictures of that specific systems status at any time for evaluation by the pilot. For example, the ECS status can be monitored when flight temperatures are extreme to predict vehicles potential for going Yellow, Red or Flashing Red and take preemptive actions as appropriate to continue the mission.
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Equatorial Flight
March 19, 2001
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Post-flight Checks
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Summary
1. UAVs will demonstrate lower operating costs and will satisfy or exceed user requirements 2. World Wide Operations (WWO) will require significant levels of reliability and redundancy 3. Reusable UAVs are part of a network centric system 4. Ground segment importance will diminish with increased autonomy on the UAV
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BACKUP
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PLOC+
B-777** F-22** UAV Quad VMS* F-16* UAV Dual VMS* 1E-9 1E-7 8E-6 5E-5 2E-4
% O c c u r e n c e
Dual Flight Computers INS/GPS Landing System Electrical Fuel/Transfer Single Engine Airdata Dual Actuators
* Includes Propulsion System Failures ** Failures Due to Redundant VMS Only + Probability of Loss of Control
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PLOC
B-777** F-22** UAV Quad VMS* F-16* UAV Dual VMS* 1E-9 1E-7 8E-6 5E-5 2E-4
% O c c u r e n c e
Single Engine Landing System Fuel/Transfer Dual Actuators Quad Flt Computers
Note - Systems with Very small Contributions were Deleted * Includes Propulsion System Failures ** Failures Due to Redundant VMS Only
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Design Requirements
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Temporary Hangars
Reference: BigTop Manufacturing Co 3255 N US 19, Perry FL 32347 Item = 150 x 80 x 36 x 10 Item = 166 x 80 x 36 x 10 Alternate supplier is Rubb Building Systems
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Mission Effectiveness
Affordability
UFP COTS Interchangeability Compatibility
Capability
Design Goals Design for Growth
Availability
Flexibility / Adaptability
Retrofitability Plug-n-Play Modularity
Reconfiguration
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Others
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Edinburgh RAAFB
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Altitude
Altitude
Ft
60500
61000
61500
62000
Altitude Rat e
Ft/Min
Altitude Rate
62000
Mach
Mach No.
60500
61000
61500
62000
Velocity Error
Kt cas
60500
61000
61500
62000
Load Factor
60500
61000
TIME Sec
61500
62000
85
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