Analog Communications Laboratory (10B17EC472)

Experiment: 2

Implement DSB-SC Modulator circuit using IC LF-398 and demodulate it using the same IC. Component/ Instruments required: 1. IC LF398 2. Capacitor: As required in BPF & LPF 3. Resistors: As required in BPF & LPF 4. IC 741 5. 3 Wire 15 Volts DC power supply 6. Function Generator (2) 7. Digital Oscilloscope (1) 8. Probes (3) 9. Connecting wires

Theory: Amplitude modulation (AM) continues to remain a popular form of broadcast communication. In this laboratory we have to implement the circuit for generation of the double-side band suppressed carrier (DSB-SC). In this laboratory generation of the DSB-SC is performed using the eight pin sample-and hold IC (LF 398) and the eight pin operational-amplifier (LM 741) along with a few resistors. The band pass and low pass filters required for modulation and demodulation can be realized again using Operational amplifiers together with resistors and capacitors. We can realize the two-channel analog switch using LF 398 a sample-and hold monolithic IC as shown in figure 2(a). This switch transmits A input for a high voltage level at pin 8, and transmits 'B input' for a low voltage level at pin 8. Now, if the 'A input' and the 'B input' of the two-channel switch of figure 2, is set to m(t) and -m(t) respectively, with the carrier c (t) being the select input at pin 8, then the output of the switch will be identical to v(t) given in equation (1). The inverted output -m(t), of the modulating signal m(t) can be realized using an operational amplifier. We have used LM 741. As in figure 2(b), the output given to a BPF, will give the DSB-SC waveform.

Figure : 1

Figure : 2 (a)

Figure : 2 (b)

The complete circuit used for generation of the DSB-SC waveform is given in figure 3. LF- 398 and LM -741 are each of 8-pins.

Figure: 3

Procedure: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 2 a 2. Apply the square wave carrier input at pin 8 having amplitude 5 volts peak to peak and 100 kHz frequency. 3 (a) Apply the sinusoidal modulating input at pin 3 (Input A) having amplitude 5 volts peak to peak and 5 kHz frequency. (b) Apply the inverted sinusoidal modulating input at pin 6 (Input B) through 47K. see figure 1 to generate inverted sinusoidal modulating input B. 4. Take the output from pin no 5 and pass it through BPF (see figure 2b ) .Trace it and calculate the modulation index. 5. Repeat the above for (i) Vm(pp)= 8 volts and frequency f m = 5 kHz (i) Vm(pp)= 10 volts and frequency f m = 5 kHz (i) Vm(pp)= 12 volts and frequency f m = 5 kHz

OBSERVATOIN TABLE: (MODULATION)

Demodulation: The coherent detection of DSB-SC can be accomplished using same analog inverter and switch combination as shown in figure 4. Using similar analysis, it can he seen that the output of the analog-switch W(t) is given by, w(t) = s(t)c(t) (1)

Using equation (1) for the carrier c(t), we have,

(2)

(3) Using equation (3) in equation (2), we have,

(4)

Figure: 4.(a) It is now evident that W (f) has the message spectrum M (f), scaled and frequency translated to even harmonics of the carrier frequency fc , including the term M (f ). Hence, with W (f ) applied to a low pass filter, with cut off frequency fm, Hz, the output of the filter is proportional to M (f ), the message spectrum, which in time domain is the desired signal m(t). Thus the demodulation of the DSB-SC signal can be achieved using the blocks of figure 3a.

Figure: 4.(b)

RESULT: DSB-SC modulation and demodulation has been studied and verified by the waveforms seen on Digital Storage Oscilloscope. PRECAUTIONS: 1. Place the components on breadboard carefully without damaging their leads. 2. The connections should be tight. 3. Proper supply voltage should be given.