SMART WATER SINGAPORE CASE STUDY

Puah Aik Num Deputy Director Technology and Water Quality Office PUB, Singapore
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What we were like in the Sixties

40 years ago

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Singapore River Singapore River

What we were like in the Sixties

40 years ago

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Singapore River Singapore River

1960s Water resources were scarce

Last water rationing in 1963

water rationing

1960s Public Health Concerns

Proper sanitary facilities were lacking
Squatters

Public Health Conditions were poor

Street hawkers

Outdoor Latrines

Night soil buckets 5

1960s Our rivers were polluted

Kallang River

Kallang River

Singapore River

1970s

Relocation of businesses & industries

New Industrial Estate

Dyke in Construction

Dredging & improvement works

Relocation from Street to Hawker Centres

Resettlement of squatters into proper public housing

New Housing Towns

Laying of new sewers

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80s and 90s

Clean Rivers

Singapore River

Singapore River

Singapore River 8

Pristine reservoirs

Before 1960s: Reservoirs in Protected Catchments

1970s: Estuarine Reservoirs

1980s: Reservoirs in Urbanised Catchments

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SINGAPORE WATER CHALLENGES

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Singapores Water Challenges

LandArea:~700km2 Population:5.18millionpeople WaterDemand:380MGD

Singapore

Rainfall:2.4m Lack of Storage Catchmentareas:66% Competing Land Use

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Challenges Ahead
Rising Energy Prices
Prices set to increase in the long run

Rise of Megacities

Population Growth

Stringent Regulations & Public Expectations

Climate Change

No Pristine Water Sources

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2011 water demand = 1,730,000 cubic metres per day 2060 water demand = 2 x 2011 demand
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Integrated Water Resource Management

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Closing the Water Loop

Natural Water Cycle: New drop stormwater management NEWater: 2nd drop treatment of used water

rain

sea

Desalination: New drop collection of rainfall in drains & reservoirs desalination

reclamation of used water collection of used water in sewers

treatment of raw to potable water

supply of water to the population & industries

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Managing The Complete Water Cycle

1. Increase Water Resources 2. Water Recycling 3. Improve efficiency

stormwater management

rain

sea reclamation of reclamation used water of used water

treatment of used water

collection collection of rainfall of rainfall in drains & in drains & reservoirs reservoirs

desalination desalination

collection of used water in sewers supply of water to the population & industries

treatment of raw to potable water

4. Improve Water Quality

5. Harden the Water Loop

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Integrated Water Resource Management

4 National Taps 3P Approach

Local catchment Imported water NEWater Desalinated water

Conserve Water Value Our Water Enjoy Our Waters

Water for All

Conserve, Value, Enjoy

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1st

Harvesting Every Drop

MacRitchie Reservoir

Protected Catchment Unprotected Catchment

Marina Reservoir

Punggol Urban Stormwater Collection System

Legend Unprotected Water Catchment Protected Water Catchment Proposed Water Catchment

Punggol Serangoon Reservoir

o Two third of Singapore is already water catchment o Further increased to 90% in the future with Variable
Salinity Plant

Bedok Storm Water Collection System

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2nd

Imported Water From Johor

TwowateragreementswithJohor,Malaysia 1961to2011(expired) 1962to2061

StateofJohor,Malaysia

PUBpipelines carryingwater fromJohor

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3rd

NEWater
Kranji (9 mgd/40mld, Jan 2003)

Seletar (5 mgd/22mld, 2004)

Kranji Expansion 12mgd 17mgd (54mld) (77mld)

By 2060 to triple current NEWater capacity to meet 50% of future water demand
Legend
NEWater pipeline NEWater Plant

Changi 5th NEWater completed in 2010

Bedok (6 mgd/27mld, Jan03)

Bedok Expansion 6mgd 18mgd (27mld) (81mld)

Ulu Pandan (32 mgd (145mld), Mar 2007)

Service Reservoir

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4th

Desalinated Water

Infinite resource Readily available Enable water self-sufficiency in Singapore

By 2060, desalinated water will contribute 30% of Singapores water demand, increase from 10% currently

BUT Energy consumption is high (about 3.5 kWh/m3 with RO)

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USED WATER RUNS DEEP

Ensures long term sustainability of Singapores water resources (i.e. NEWater & catchment water)

DEEP TUNNEL

Completed in Feb 2005

Progressive phasing out of used water Progressive phasing out of used water infrastructure with DTSS infrastructure with DTSS 3 WRPs and 45 pump stations will be 3 WRPs and 45 pump stations will be phased out, freeing 161 ha of land phased out, freeing 161 ha of land

completed in 2009

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Integrated Water Resource Management

4 National Taps 3P Approach

Local catchment Imported water NEWater Desalinated water

Conserve Water Value Our Water Enjoy Our Waters

Water for All

Conserve, Value, Enjoy

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Conserving our Waters

WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT

UFW Control via Integrated Network Management Water Conservation

Pricing
6 leaks per 100 Km
Reflect the strategic importance and scarcity value of water

155 l/per

Water 147 l/per by 2020 Conservation Strategy

Voluntary
3P approach Promote ownership of water conservation

Mandatory
Cut down on excessive flow and wastage of water

~ 5%

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Conserve, Value and Enjoy

Conserve Water Value Our Water Enjoy Our Waters
NEWater Visitor Centre

Activities in Reservoirs and Canals Marina Barrage

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Conserve, Value, Enjoy - ABC Waters Programme

A. B. C. ACTIVE
New recreational spaces

BEAUTIFUL
Integration of waters with urban landscape

CLEAN
Improved water quality
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Turn Singapore into a city of gardens and water

Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, At ABC Waters Public Exhibition Opening (Feb 07) 28

The Blue Map of Singapore

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Existing
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Kallang River at Bishan Park

Proposed
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Floating island in Sengkang (Sg Punggol)

Ready for the Future

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Water for All - Drivers for PUBs R&D

PUBsstrategyforlongtermsustainabilityofourwatersupplyistocontinue leveragingontechnologicalinnovationtoovercomethewaterchallenges. Driver: AdequateWaterSupply: Rainfall:2.4m Landarea:700km2 Largedomesticandindustrialdemand Driver: GoodWaterQuality: Waterresourcescomingfrom unconventionalsources
ls ls ica ica em em Ch sage Ch sage U U

ObjectivesofR&D: 2.Protectwaterqualityand security 3.Reduceproductioncost

En erg y

1.Increasewaterresources

Key Drivers Waste Minimisation

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Water for All - PUBs Investment in R&D Innovation

PUBstarteditsR&Dprogrammein 2002. No.ofProjectstodate:294 AnnualR&DBudget: o S$5milfrom2004to2009 o IncreasedtoS$20milin2010 TotalProjectValue:S$160mil AverageannualR&Dinvestment: S$18mil
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Water for All - R&D Projects in the Water Loop

Rainfall Prediction Contaminants of Emerging Concerns Low Energy MBR Microbial Fuel Cells

stormwater management

rain
Biomimicry

sea DOHS

Backwash Electrochemical Desalting Biomimetic Membranes

Capacitive Deionisation

treatment of Integrated used water Anaerobic &

Aerobic Treatment Microbial Source Tracking

Reducing Evaporation

Membrane Distillation Forward Osmosis

reclamation of used water

Membrane Integrity Sensors

collection of rainfall in drains & reservoirs

Water Quality Modelling and Prediction

desalination
Variable Salinity Process

treatment of raw to potable water

Regenerative Photocatalysts

Robust Sensors

supply of water to the population & industries

collection of used water in sewers

Source Control Real-Time Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis 35

Journey to Low Energy Seawater Desalination

Current

3.5 kWh/m3

SWRO Variable Salinity Process : 1.7 kWh/m3 Memstill (with waste heat): 1.0 kWh/m3 Electrochemical Desalting: 1.5 kWh/m3

Short-term

< 1.5

kWh/m3

Breakthrough R&D
Long- term < 0.75 kWh/m3 Biomimetic Membranes / Biomimicry of Natural Desalination Processes
Aquaporins Mangrove

R&D Approach - Energy Self-Sufficiency for Used PUB Manages the Entire Water Loop Water Treatment
Energy-Self Sufficiency Nett Zero Energy 20 years?

80% Energy Reduction: <0.1 kWh/m3 nett energy

56 years

Current Status: Nett energy of 0.5 kWh/m3

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KEEPING WATCH ON CLIMATE CHANGE

Possible Impact: Rise in the mean sea level around Singapore by 24 to 65 cm by 2100 PUB adopts a four-pronged approach towards climate: Weather-resilient sources (NEWater and desalinated water) Continue investment in R&D to help develop capabilities and innovative solutions to further enhance our water resilience Working closely with its international government and industry partners to help bring water solutions to the region and the world Long-term approach to infrastructure planning e.g. reclaimed land to be constructed to a platform level of 125 cm above the highest tide level Image Source Page: http://www.our-energy.com/global_warming.html
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Reasons for Success

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Reasons for Success

Close coordination among government agencies
Urban Redevelopment Authority Housing Development Board National Environment Agency

Land use planning and catchment management

Anti-pollution design incorporated at planning stage of development Pollution control measures strict erosion control, street sweeping, drain maintenance etc. Phasing out undesirable activities (pig, chicken and duck farming)

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Reasons for Success

Separation of stormwater from sewage
Singapore does not have combined sewer and stormwater drainage systems

Integrated water and wastewater management

PUB manages the entire water loop, including rainwater and wastewater collection, drinking water and wastewater treatment, as well as NEWater production Policies in place to protect stormwater runoff quality

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THANK YOU

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Per Capita Domestic Water Consumption

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Unaccounted-for-water (1989 -2010)

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Annual Leakage per 100 km of Mains (1994-2010)

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