Electrical interconnection and transmission of offshore wind farms

Zhe Chen
Aalborg University Institute of Energy Technology zch@iet.aau.dk http://www.iet.aau.dk
1

Contents
Introduction Electrical systems within an offshore wind farm Electrical transmission system from an offshore wind farm to an onshore grid Optimal Design of Electrical Systems for offshore wind farms

Offshore Wind Power

Land sites in short supply in some countries Higher wind speed More stable wind Huge offshore wind resources Lower surface roughness: Lower turbulence little impact of noise.

Offshore Wind Power

Large investment and high maintenance cost Cost/Reliability plays an important role in wind farm planning

EWEA targets

Offshore Wind Farms in Denmark

name Vindeby Year 1991 turbines 11 Bonus 450 kW stall wind turbines 10 Vestas 500 kW pitch controlled Distance from shore 1.5 ~ 3 km North of the coast of the island of Lolland 3 km from the island of Tun, and 6 km off the coast of the Jutland peninsula. 2 km off shore east of Copenhagen notes The world's first offshore wind farm The world's second offshore wind farm

Tun Knob

1995

Middelgrun den

2000

20 Bonus 2 MW

the largest wind farm in the world based on cooperative ownership (2005) Owned by local people, the island is fully supplied by renewable energy The largest wind farm in Denmark in capacity (2005) The largest wind farm in Denmark in production (2005) 6

Sams

2003

10 Bonus 2,3 MW

3,5 km south of the island Sams 10 km south of the town of Nysted on Lolland 14-20 km off the coast of Jutland

Nysted

2003

72 Bonus 2,3 MW

Horns Rev

2002

80 Vestas 2MW

The Danish Plan 21

The Danish Governments' Action Plan for Energy, Energy 21: 4,000 MW of offshore and 1,500 MW of onshore wind power before year 2030. All together Denmark would then be able to cover more than 50 per cent of the total electricity consumption by wind energy and the wind turbines periodically will cover more than 100 per cent of Danish electricity demand.

Danish power system in 2025

No 1 2 3 4 5 6

Wind Farms Djursland Horns Rev Jammebugt Ringkbing Store Meddelgrund Kriegers Flak

Installed Capacities (MW) 2*200 5*200 4*200 5*200 200 4*200

Total Capacities (MW) 400 1000 800 1000 200 800

Large scale wind power penetration which corresponding to 50% of electricity consumption Largest part will be placed in the western area

Electrical System Overview

Wind Farm Shore

Collecting Transformer or Converter Point

Transmisson Solution

Transformer or Converter

PCC

Collector System

Offshore Transmission System

Schematic representation of an offshore wind farm. The collection point may be an offshore substation. PCC = Point of Common Coupling to the onshore grid line
9

The Offshore Collection System

Overview of electrical parameters for offshore wind farms built between 2000 and 2005
Country Utgrunden, Sweden Blyth, United Kingdom Middelgrunden, Denmark Yttre Stengrund, Sweden Horns Rev, Denmark Sams o, Denmark Start 2000 2000 2001 2001 2002 Turbines rotor/kW 7*Enron W ind 70/1500 2*Ves tas V 66/2.000 20*Bonus 76/2.000 5*NEG-Micon 72/2000 80*Ves tas V 80/2.000 10*82,4/2300 Bonus 72*Bonus 82/2300 Total Capacity 10,5 MW 4 MW 40 MW 10 MW 160 MW Dis tance to PCC [km] 8 2 4 6 19+33
2

Collector Voltage AC, 20 kV AC, 11 kV AC, 30 kV AC, 20 kV AC, 36 kV

OSS No No No No Yes

Trans mis s ion Voltage AC, 20 kV AC, 11 kV AC, 30 kV AC, 20 kV AC, 150 kV

2003

23 MW

AC, 30 kV

No

AC, 30 kV

Nys ted, LollandDenmark Arklow Bank, Iris h Sea-Ireland North Hoyle, UK Scroby Sands , Norfolk-UK Kentis h Flat, UK Barrow, UK

2003

165.6 MW

10

AC, 33 kV

Yes

AC, 132 kV

2003

7*GEW 104/3600 30*Ves tas V 80/2000 30*Ves tas V 80/2000 30*Vestas V90/3000 30*Vestas V90/3000

25 MW

10

AC, 38 kV

No

AC, 38 kV

2003

60 MW

10

AC, 33kV

No

AC, 33kV

2004

60 MW

AC, 33 kV

No

AC, 33 kV

2005 2005

90 MW 90 MW

9 27+33

AC, 33 kV AC, 33 kV

No Yes

AC, 33 kV AC, 132 KV

OSS = Offshore Substation; 2 19 km offshore, 33 km onshore. 3 27 km offshore, 3 km onshore. PCC = Point of Common Coupling

10

Collector System
Cable type: 1 2 2

XLPE Cable specification for 33 kV Type 1: 120 mm2 ; Maximum rating: 18 MVA Type 2: 185 mm2 ; Maximum rating: 26 MVA 2 Type 3: 130 mm ; Maximum rating: 33 MVA 2 Type 4: 500 mm ; Maximum rating: 40 MVA

Hub

To Shore

Example of possible cable rating for a radial network layout

11

Layout of the Collector System

Hub

Hub

To Shore

To Shore

Alternative A: Radial Network with Single Hub

Alternative B: Single Return with Single Hub

Hub

Hub

To Shore

To Shore

Alternative C: Single Sided Ring with Single Hub

Alternative D: Double Sided Ring with Single Hub

To Shore Hub To Shore Alternative E: Star Cluster with Single Hub Alternative F: Multi Hub Ring

Schematic overview of different layouts for offshore collector systems. (see also Ault et al., 2005).

12

DC Collection Systems
Wind Farm G~ = G~ = 15/150 kV DC/DC DC/AC Converter Onshore 150 kV DC

= =

PCC

G~ =
G~ =
G~ = 15 kV DC

= =

= =

= =

G~ =

DC wind farm design based on wind turbines with AC generators. Source: Ackermann (2005), based on Martander (2002)

13

DC Collection Systems
DC G DC G DC G DC/AC Converter Onshore 150 kV DC DC G DC G DC G

DC G

DC G

DC G

DC windfarm design based on wind turbines with DC generators (DCG). Source: Ackermann (2005), based on Lundberg (2003). /Wiley/
14

Offshore Substation

Horns Rev Offshore substation

Barrow Offshore substation

15

Offshore Substations
Overview of Offshore Substations
Name Wind farm Capacity 160 MW 165.5 MW Collector /Transmission Voltage/kV 36/150 33/132 Design of Foundation Weight of Substation/tonne 1200 670

Horns Rev (DK) Nysted (DK)

Tripod Monopile, similar to wind turbine monopile Monopile, similar to wind turbine monopile

Barrow (UK)

90 MW

33/132

480

16

High-voltage Transmission to Shore

Offshore Substation
150 kV

Shore Line Onshore Substation

150 KV, XLPE Cable Rating 200 MW
150 kV

Offshore Wind Farm

30 kV

Onshore Network

30 kV 30 kV

300 MVA 300 MVA

150 KV, XLPE Cable Rating 200 MW 150 KV, XLPE Cable Rating 200 MW

600 MVA 400 kV

30 kV

SVC SVC

Single-line diagram for basic configuration of a 600 MW windfarm with HVAC transmission to shore. Source: Ackermann (2005), based on Eriksson et al., 2003 and Husler and Owman, 2002.
17

HVAC Transmission Capacity

1000 900 800 Maximal transmitted power [MW] 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 220 KV 400 KV -- -- Onshore compensation only ---- Compensation at both cable ends

132 KV

50

100

150 200 250 Transmission distance [km]

300

350

400

Transmission capacity versus transmission distance for different HVAC transmission cables for three voltages, 132 kV, 220 kV, and 400 kV. Cable based on data provided in Table 3
18

Power loss of Wind Power Conversion System

Contribution of each transmission component to total transmission losses for a 500 MW wind farm, 9 m/s of average wind speed, at 100 km transmission distance, threecore 132kV submarine cables. Source: Todorovic, 2004
19

HVDC Transmission with Line-Commutated Converter (LCC)

Shore Line Offshore Substation
145 kV, 50 Hz

Onshore Converter Station

380 kV, 50 Hz STATCOM1 F

Offshore Wind Farm

F HFF

Onshore Network

Integrated Return Cable

Single Phase three-winding converter transformer

500 MW 500 kV 1000 A

F F F 380 kV

Three Phase two-winding converter transformer

HFF

STATCOM can be replaced with diesel generator.

Basic configuration of a 500 MW wind farm using a Line Commutated Converter HVDC system with a STATCOM, based on Cartwright et al., 2004. For a configuration for a 1,100 MW wind farm using LCC HVDC system with diesel generators on the offshore substation, see Kirby et al., 2002. F = Filter, HFF = High Frequency Filter. Source: Ackermann (2005).

20

10

HVDC Systems
Udc

Monopolar Submarine Cable System

Idc HVDC Cable

Monopolar Submarine Cable System with Return Cable Udc HVDC Cable Wind Farm Converter Station / = Return Cable

Wind Farm

Converter Station / = Anode Electrode Cable Cathode

Converter Station =/ Electrode Cable

Onshore Network

I dc

Converter Station =/

Onshore Network

Ground + U dc

Bipolar Cable System HVDC Cable I dc

Wind Farm

Converter Station / = - U dc HVDC Cable

Converter Station =/

Onshore Network

21

Contribution of each DC transmission component to the total transmission losses

For a 500 MW and 1,000 MW wind farm, 9 m/s of average wind speed, at 100 km and 200 km transmission distance, 3 threecore 132 KV submarine cables. Source: 22 Todorovic, 2004. (CS = Converter Station)

11

VSC-HVDC main features

Voltage source converter (VSC) Employing turn off devices: such as IGBTs The connection can be done by transformers or by inductors Keep the voltage and frequency stable doesn't rely on the AC network VSC can be seen as a very fast synchronous generator Each converter can be controlled in four quadrants
23

HVDC transmission with Voltage Source Converter (VSC)

Offshore Substation
30 kV 150 kV 150 kV 300 MVA
Bipolar Cable Pair Rating: 600 MW +/-150 kV

Shore Line Onshore Converter Station

300 MVA 600 MVA

Offshore Wind Farm

300 MVA

Onshore Network

300 MVA

Bipolar Cable Pair Rating: 600 MW +/-150 kV

300 MVA

300 MVA

Single-line diagram for a 600 MW windfarm using two Voltage Source Converter HVDC system, each converter station has a 300 MW rating. Source: Ackermann (2005), based on Eriksson et al., 2003.
24

12

HVDC transmission with Voltage Source Converter (VSC)

Single-line diagram for a 500 MW windfarm using one Voltage Source Converter (VSC) HVDC system based on a converter station with a 500 MW rating. Source: Ackermann (2005) /Wiley/
25

VSC-HVDC projects

26

13

VSC- HVDC Features

VSC HVDC has black start capability and has improved stability and reactive power control at each end of the network compared with conventional HVDC technology. The use of VSC HVDC allows rapid control of both active and reactive power, keeping the voltage stable in the surrounding ac network. This ensures a high level of power quality in spite of the intermittent nature of renewable generation, such as wind power generation. VSC-based HVDC technology has high investment cost, compared with the ac option. In addition, for short distances, the losses of the HVDC technology are higher than those of the ac option, mainly due to the losses in the VSC converter.

27

HVDC for Offshore Wind Power

For offshore wind farms, HVDC may be more expensive than a conventional AC solution. Nevertheless, HVDC may well be used for offshore wind, because: Restrictions in building new overhead power lines onshore may require underground cables onshore, which narrows the gap between AC and HVDC. HVDC allows the entire offshore wind farm to operate at a variable frequency. HVDC provides independent control of reactive power at the shore converter station, which could be of great benefit to the network operator.
28

14

Contribution of each HVDC VSC transmission component to the total transmission losses

For a 500 MW and 1,000 MW windfarm, 9 m/s of average wind speed, at 100 km and 200 km transmission distance. Source: Barberis (2005). (CS = Converter Station).
29

Summary of Transmission Technologies

HVAC Maximum available capacity per system Voltage Transmission capacity dependent on distance ? Total system losses 200 MW at 150 kV; 350 MW at 245 kV Up to 170 kV; (245 kV in the near future) Yes Distance dependent LCC HVDC ~ 1200 MW VSC HVDC 350 MW 550 MW and 1100 MW announced Up to 150 kV; 300 kV announced No 4 6 %

Up to 500 kV No 2 - 3 % (plus requirements for ancillary services offshore) No Less than HVAC; Limited No Dependent on capacity. Converter larger than for VSC.

Black-start capability Fault contribution? Technical capability for network support Offshore substations in operation? Space requirements offshore substation. Yes Limited Yes Small

Yes Less than HVAC; Large range of possibilities. Yes Dependent on capacity. Converter smaller than LCC, but larger than 30 HVAC substation.

15

Optimization of Electrical System for Offshore Wind Farm by a Genetic Algorithm Approach

Task 1 Task 2
31

Optimization variable example: Type of Wind Farm

Type of wind farm specifies both the type of wind turbines and the basic configuration of the wind farm
Type of wind turbines
SCIG without PE SCIG with B2B SCIG with IGBT AC/DC DFIG PMSG with B2B PMSG with IGBT AC/DC
String

Wind farm configuration

HV

Fixed speed system

String

Platform

Individual variable speed

PMSG with diode AC/DC WRSG with diode AC/DC

+
DC

Cluster-coupled VS

String

DC

Park-coupled VS

String

32

16

New features
Considered factors :
The control strategy of variable speed wind turbine systems The variable frequency in the power collection network. The power losses and control of converters. Model of DC-DC converters is integrated into N-R method by modifying Jacobian matrix. Applicable to different AC-DC mixed network.

33

Configuration of offshore wind farms

First Stage AC Network WT 1 P, Q V, (P) V (P), Q Second Stage AC Network

#1 AC Network

AC DC DC Network

DC AC AC Network

V, Grid PCC

WT n

#M AC Network

AC DC

DC AC

Wind farm type AC farm DC_AC farm + -

AC1 +

DC +

AC2

Possible WT WT1, WT2 WT4, WT5

Description Pure AC wind farm. DC wind turbine systems, DC collection and DC transmission or AC transmission. AC wind turbine systems, AC collection and DC transmission.

AC_DC_AC farm

WT1, WT3

34

17

Loss modeling
The losses in wind turbine system:
Loss of gearbox Mechanical losses Loss of generator and corresponding power electronic equipment. Fixed speed SCIG DFIG SCIG + Full size converter PMSG + Diode PMSG + Full size converter WRSG + Diode

The losses of converters:

Switching loss Conducting loss.

The losses of AC or DC cables. The losses of transformers

35

Computation Efficiency Improvement

Wind state sequence
From high to low wind speed

Selection sequence of failed components

From key component to the other components
M ain B us MV

HV C ab le

Failure of symmetrical components

Straightforward calculation.

Radial network
1st order failure ->2nd order failure state.
36

18

Cost modelling
Levelized production cost
LPC = [ C0 r (1 + r ) N 1 100 + OAM ] N (1 + r ) 1 ( Pmec Ploss )T 100 PR

where C0 the capital cost OAM the maintenance cost pr year N the life time of the wind farm r the coefficient obtained from bank interest and inflation rate. PR the profit (%)

37

Cost modelling
Component data Distribution of wind

Database

System configuration

Investment cost

Maintenance cost

Power loss model

Power production model

Average cost

Average power production

LPC

38

19

Optimization model
Minimize Obj = LPC + * LOGRP (LPC is the Levelized Production Cost) Subject to LOGRP<LOGRPmax Reliability within a threshold
U low U i U up

Bus voltage within its limits

Sline S max Branch power is below its power limits

Pw = f (v) Wind power generation is related to the wind speed
f (V , , P, Q) = 0

Power load equations

where is the weight factor

Methodology: Genetic Algorithm

39

Functional structure

40

20

Decoding of Binary Chromosomes

Genetic Algorithm Cost, Reliability Calculation Rule Check Network Model N=<V, F>

Binary String

Network Simplify

Component Parameter <Data_V, Data_F>

Decoding

Rule check: General value range check Correlation check

41

Description of the large wind farm (Farm B)

60 wind turbines, 4 wind turbine options (3 MW ~ 5 MW) Fixed geographic position 6 km to shore, 5.4 km onshore 25 years life time Wind speed distribution is given
21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101
9,000% 8,000% 7,000% 6,000% 5,000% 4,000% 3,000% 2,000% 1,000% 0,000% 0 -1,000% Wind Speed (m/s) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

111

121

131

141

151 162 172

22

32

42

52

62

72

82

92

102

112

122

132

142

152

23

33

43

53

63

73

83

93

103

113

123

133

143

153

163

173

44

54

64

74

84

94

104

114

124

134

144

154

164

174

42

21

Farm B Optimization results

Population convergence after 85 generations 4.8 hours to finish
(1.8 GHz computer)
Average or minimum fitness 0.6 0.55 0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.7 0.65 Average Fitness Minimum Fitness

10

20

30

40 50 Generation

60

70

80

90

43

Farm B Optimization results

Total power losses

Sensitivity of distance to shore

LPC 1,1200 LPC or Obj or Reliability (pu) 1,1000 1,0800 1,0600 1,0400 1,0200 1,0000 0,9800 0,9600 0 10 20 30 40 50 Offshore cable distance Obj Value Reliability

44

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References
1. 2. 3. 4. Wind Power in Power Systems, Thomas Ackermann (Editor) John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2005 Zhao, M., Chen, Z., Blaabjerg, F. Probabilistic Capacity of A Grid Connected Wind Farm Based on Optimization Method , Renewable Energy, 31 (2006), pp. 2171-2178. Zhao, M., Chen, Z., Blaabjerg, F. Generation Ratio Availability Assessment of Electrical Systems for Offshore Wind Farms, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 22, Issue: 3, Sept. 2007, pp. 755-763. Zhao, M., Chen, Z., Blaabjerg, F. Optimisation of Electrical System for a Large DC Offshore Wind Farm by Genetic Algorithm, 4th Nordic Workshop on Power and Industrial Electronics, 14-16 June 2004, Trondheim, Norway. Zhao, M., Chen, Z., Blaabjerg, F. AC-DC integrated load flow calculation for variable speed offshore wind farms, International Conference on Power Electronics and Intelligent Control for Energy Conservation (PELINCEC) 2005. Zhao, M., Chen, Z., Blaabjerg, F. Probabilistic Capacity of a Grid connected Wind Farm, Proc. of the 31st Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, IECON 2005, pp. 774-779. Zhao, M., Chen, Z., Blaabjerg, F. Reliability evaluation for offshore wind farms, 5th IASTED on PES, euroPES05, Spain.2006 Zhao, M., Chen, Z., Blaabjerg, F,: Modelling of DC/DC Converter for DC Load Flow Calculation, Proc. of EPE-PEMC 2006. Zhao, M., Chen, Z., Hjerrild, J.: Analysis of the Behavior of Genetic Algorithm Applied in Optimization of Electrical System Design for Offshore Wind Farms, Proc. of the 32st Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, IECON 2006, pp.2335-2340. Zhao, M., Chen, Z., Blaabjerg, F,: Loss of Generation Ratio Analysis for Offshore Wind Farms, Proc. of the 32st Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, IECON 2006, pp.2844-2849. 45

5.

6. 7. 8. 9.

10.

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