Pocket Guide

www.columbusstainless.co.za

Pocket Guide

STAINLESS STEELS

CONTENTS
Introduction Chemical Composition Mechanical Properties Physical Properties Properties at Elevated Temperature Equivalent Specifications Welding Corrosion Typical Applications Theoretical Mass: Plate/Sheet Identification of Surface Finish Tolerances: Hot Rolled/Cold Rolled Conversion Factors Pipe Schedules Hardness Conversion Table 2 3 5 7 8 9 11 13 19 21 22 23 25 27 28

INTRODUCTION
Stainless steels are iron based (ferrous) materials, containing at least 11% chromium. Other alloy additions are also used such as nickel, molybdenum, titanium, niobium, vanadium and nitrogen. Stainless steels are classified according to their internal crystal (micro) structure which results from the various alloy contents. MARTENSITIC: Plain chromium alloys with relatively high carbon contents - identified by the AISI 400 Series - moderate corrosion resistance - high strength and hardness developed by heat treatment - very poor weldability - magnetic. FERRITIC: Plain chromium alloys of low carbon content - also identified by the AISI 400 Series - good corrosion resistance - good strength - cannot be hardened by heat treatment - fair weldability in thin gauges - magnetic. AUSTENITIC: Contain chromium and nickel with low to very low carbon contents - identified by the AISI 300 & 200 Series - excellent corrosion and high temperature oxidation resistance - good strength - strength and hardness can be increased by cold work - excellent weldability and formability - high hygiene factor - excellent cryogenic properties - non-magnetic. DUPLEX: Contain chromium, molybdenum, a small amount of nickel and very low carbon contents - not identified by the AISI Series - have a duplex (mixed) crystal structure of austenite/ferrite - excellent corrosion resistance, particularly to pitting, crevice corrosion and stress corrosion cracking very good strength - good weldability and formability - magnetic.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
TYPE C* Mn* P* 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.045 0.040 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.040 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.040 0.030 S* 0.020 0.030 0.030 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.030 0.030 0.015 0.015 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.020 Si* 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 1.00 1.00 Cr 10.5 to 11.7 11.5 to 13.5 10.5 to 12.5 10.5 to 12.5 12.5 to 14.5 14.0 to 15.0 16.0 to 18.0 17.0 to 19.0 17.5 to 18.5 16.0 to 17.5 16.0 to 18.0 17.5 to 19.5 18.0 to 20.0 17.5 to 19.5 17.0 to 19.0 21.0 to 22.0 16.0 to 18.0 16.0 to 18.0 16.0 to 18.0 17.5 to 19.5 22.0 to 23.0 Ni* 0.50 0.60 0.3 to 1.0 1.50 0.75 0.50 4.0 to 5.0 0.5 to 0.8 0.2 +4(C+N) to 1.1 0.1 to 0.6 0.3 + 3C 0.75 to 1.25 Mo Ti 6(C+N) to 0.5 4(C+N) to 0.6 0.1 to 0.2 0.030 1.0 0.10 to 0.25 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.1 to 0.8 0.20 to 0.25 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.035 0.14 to 0.20 Nb V Cu* N* 0.030 0.030 CS409 0.030 1.0 CS410S 0.080 1.0 3CR12L 0.030 1.5 3CR12 0.030 2.0 CS420 0.43 to 0.50 1.0 CS420MoV 0.45 to 0.55 1.0 CS430 0.120 1.0 CS439 0.030 1.0 CS441 0.030 1.0 CS201 0.030 6.4 to 7.5 CS434 0.120 1.0 CS304 0.070 2.0 CS304H 0.04 to 0.10 2.0 CS304L 0.030 2.0 CS321 0.080 2.0 CS2101 0.040 4.0 to 6.0 CS316 0.080 2.0 CS316L 0.030 2.0 CS316Ti 0.080 2.0 CS444 0.025 1.0 CS2205 0.030 2.0

8.0 to 10.5 8.0 to 10.5 8.0 to 12.0 9.0 to 12.0 5(C+N) to 0.7 1.35 to 1.75 0.1 to 0.8 10.0 to 14.0 2.0 to 3.0 10.0 to 14.0 2.0 to 3.0 10.0 to 14.0 2.0 to 3.0 5(C+N) to 0.7 1.00 1.75 to 2.50 0.2+4(C+N) to 0.8 4.5 to 6.5 3.0 to 3.5

**

CS309 CS309S CS310 CS310S

0.200 0.080 0.250 0.080

2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045

0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030

0.75 0.75 1.50 1.50

22.0 to 24.0 22.0 to 24.0 24.0 to 26.0 24.0 to 26.0

12.0 to 15.0 12.0 to 15.0 19.0 to 22.0 19.0 to 22.0

* Maximum, unless range is indicated. ** Niobium substitution of titanium stabilisation (% by mass) = Ti (% by mass)

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES / GENERAL INFORMATION (Properties in transverse direction) 5

TYPE 0,2% PROOF TENSILE STRENGTH (MPa) STRESS (MPa) ELONGATION (% in 50mm) BRINELL MAX 179 183 223 220 245 280 183 183 180 241 201 201 201 217 290 217 217 217 217 CLASSIFICATION stabilised ferritic utility ferritic utility ferritic utility ferritic martensitic martensitic ferritic stabilised ferritic stabilised ferritic CrNiMn austenitic Mo ferritic CrNi austenitic CrNi austenitic CrNi austenitic stabilised CrNi austenitic lean duplex CrNiMo austenitic CrNiMo austenitic stabilised CrNiMo austenitic Mo ferritic
GENERAL PITTING WELDING CORROSION CORROSION FORMABILITY PROPERTIES PROPERTIES PROPERTIES TOUGHNESS PROPERTIES

20 CS409 380 170 CS410S 415 205 20(1.27), 22(>1.27) 18 3CR12L 455 275 3CR12 460 280(<3), 300(3) 18(4.5),20(>4.5) 12 CS420 780 max 18(4.5), 20(>4.5) 12 CS420Mov 850 max CS430 450 205 20(1.27), 22(>1.27) 22 CS439 415 205 18 CS441 430 250 45 CS201 655 310 22 CS434 450 240 40 CS304 515 205 40 CS304H 515 205 40 CS304L 485 170 40 CS321 515 205 30 CS2101 700(5), 650(>5) 530(5), 450(>5) 40 CS316 515 205 40 CS316L 485 170 40 CS316Ti 515 205 20 CS444 415 275

fair fair fair fair fair fair moderate moderate moderate good moderate good good good good good very good very good very good very good

fair fair fair fair fair fair moderate moderate moderate moderate good good good good good very good very good very good very good very good

good good fair fair poor poor good very good very good excellent good excellent excellent excellent very good moderate excellent excellent very good good

low fair good good low low low low low excellent low excellent excellent excellent excellent very good excellent excellent excellent low

restricted restricted good good poor poor restricted reasonable reasonable excellent restricted excellent excellent excellent excellent very good excellent excellent excellent restricted

CS2205 CS309 CS309S CS310 CS310S

655 515 515

450 205 205

25 40 40

293 217 217

duplex excellent excellent moderate very good very good heat resisting austenitic good oxidation resistance excellent heat resisting austenitic oxidation resistance good good good good good good

*Minimum, unless max is indicated

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (Properties at room temperature - unless otherwise stated)7

UNIT CS410S 3CR12L CS420 3CR12 CS420MoV CS430 CS439 CS441 CS201 CS434 CS304 CS304H CS304L CS321 CS316 CS2101 CS316L CS2205 CS316Ti CS444 CS309 CS310 CS309S CS310S

Density kg/m3 7 680 7 750 7 800 7 700 7 800 7 740 7 900 7 800 7 860 8 000 7 750 7 900 7 900 Modulus of Elasticity GPa 200 Tension 200 200 200 210 200 210 193 193 200 193 220 200 GPa 70 Torsion 77 70 65 65 86 86 70 65 70 500 Specific Heat Capacity J/kg K 478 460 460 460 500 460 460 500 500 430 500 470 Thermal Conductivity W/m K 14.2 100C 30.0 24.9 26.1 26.1 16.2 24.2 24.2 16.1 16.2 26.8 15.6 17.0 18.5 500C 40.0 26.3 26.3 21.5 26.3 30.6 22.2 21.5 27.1 18.7 21.1 1x10-8 m 67 78 Electric Resistivity 60 65 72 55 63 74 72 74 57 78 85 Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion m/m K 15.9 0-100C 11.1 10.4 10.4 17.2 10.3 10.2 16.2 16.6 15.9 10.8 15.9 13.0 16.2 0-300C 11.7 11.0 11.0 17.8 10.8 11.4 17.2 17.2 16.2 11.6 16.6 14.0 17.0 0-500C 12.3 11.4 11.4 18.4 11.7 11.6 18.6 18.6 17.5 12.0 17.2 14.5 1 430-1 510 1 420-1 510 1 425-1 510 1 390-1 460 1 400-1 450 1 480-1 530 1 400-1 450 1 390-1 430 1 410-1 460 1 390-1 430 1 405-1 495 1 400-1 450 1 400-1 450 Melting Range C No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes Magnetic

PROPERTIES AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES

Values given in these tables are typical of Columbus products and should not be used for design purposes. SHORT TIME ELEVATED TEMPERATURE STRENGTH: Tensile stress in MPa at indicated temperature.

MAXIMUM RECOMMENDED SERVICE TEMPERATURE: (In oxidising conditions)

MAX TEMPERATURE

TEMPERATURE (C) CS409 CS410S/3CR12L/3CR12 CS430 CS439 CS441 CS434 CS304/CS304H CS321 CS2101 CS316/CS316Ti CS444 CS2205 CS309 CS310S

100 380 545 490 420 460 500 530 540 590 540 500 630 580 600

300 350 415 450 360 400 470 480 510 510 500 440 560 525 530

500 280 330 330 250 350 400 400 420 450 380 470 475

700 110 100 30 200 130 240 260 320 160 300 315

900

70 100 130 125 135

CONTINUOUS (C) INTERMITTENT (C) 730 620 CS430 870 730 CS439 930 830 CS441/CS444 950 850 CS201 750 780 CS434 870 810 CS304/CS304H/CS304L/CS321 800 830 CS2101 880 880 CS316/CS316L/CS316Ti 870 920 CS2205 980 980 CS309/CS309S 980 1 100 CS310/CS310S 1 030 1 200
CS4090/CS410S/3CR12L/3CR12
CREEP STRENGTH: Stress in MPa required for a Creep Rate of 1% in 10 000 hr.

*(1) Do not exceed 800C as a phase transformation occurs. *(2) Do not use type CS430 in temperature range of 450C to 500C. *(3) Do not use type CS2205 and CS2101 in temperature range of 300C to 1 000C.

TEMPERATURE (C) 400 CS410S/3CR12L/3CR12 270 CS430 272 CS304/CS304H CS321 CS316 CS309 CS310

500 56 92 233 141 145

600 13 31 108 131 147 72 84

700 3 4 50 51 63 29 36

800 0.6 0.7 23 20 29 8 9

EQUIVALENT SPECIFICATIONS
TYPE CS409 CS410S 3CR12L 3CR12 CS420 CS420MoV CS430 CS439 CS441 CS201 CS434 CS304 CS304H CS304L CS321 CS321 CS2101 CS316 CS316 UNS S40900 S41008 S41003 S42000 S43000 S43035 S43940 S20153 S43400 S30400 S30409 S30403 S32100 S32101 S31600 S31600 AISI 409 410S 420 430 439 434 304 304H 304L 321 316 316 EN Name X2CrTi12 X2CrNi12 X46Cr13 X50CrMoV15 X6Cr17 X3CrTi17 X2CrTiNb18 X6CrMo17-1 X5CrNi18-10 X5CrNi18-10 X2CrNi18-9 X6CrNiTi18-10 X6CrNiTi18-10 X5CrNiMo17-12-2 X3CrNiMo17-13-3 EN Number 1.4512 1.4003 1.4034 1.4116 1.4016 1.4510 1.4509 1.4113 1.4301 1.4301 1.4307 1.4541 1.4878 1.4401 1.4436

CS316L CS316L CS316Ti CS444 CS2205 CS309 CS309S CS310 CS310S

S31603 S31603 S31635 S44400 S32205 S30908 S31000 S31008

316L 316L 316Ti 444 2205 309S 310 310S

X2CrNiMo17-12-2 X2CrNiMo18-14-3 X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2 X2CrMoTi18-2 X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 X15CrNiSi20-12 X8CrNi25-21

1.4404 1.4435 1.4571 1.4521 1.4462 1.4828 1.4845

10

WELDING
The following is a brief outline of the significant welding parameters. Additional details are available on request. GENERAL WELDING REQUIREMENTS Ensure a clean and uncontaminated weld area - free of carbon (mild) steel, paint, oil, grease, crayons, etc. Tack correctly to ensure correct and consistent gap widths. Avoid positional welding if possible. Avoid arc strikes on the fabrication. Use a striker pad of scrap stainless steel. Use run-on and run-off tabs. Any temporary attachment must be of equivalent stainless steel and tacked in position with an electrode of equivalent grade. Such attachment must be carefully ground off. Maintain a short arc and adequate gas shielding. Take special care when welding in the open or under draughty conditions. Use stainless steel wire brushes to remove slag/scale. All grinding discs and abrasives must be iron free and used only on stainless steel. Restore passivity/corrosion resistance of the weld area. Remove scale either mechanically or chemically. Mechanically by use of dedicated abrasives/discs. Chemically by pickling with nitric/hydrofluric acid formulations. Do not use formulations of hydrochloric acid. POWER SUPPLY Direct Current (DC) recommended for the welding of stainless steel. MMA DC electrode positive TIG DC electrode negative MIG DC electrode positive SAW DC electrode positive Refer to manufacturers instructions for welding parameters. SHIELDING GASES For TIG welding use pure Argon. For MIG welding use Argon plus 1-2% Oxygen. AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS Weldability excellent for all welding processes. Welding processes most commonly used are MMA, MIG, TIG and SAW. Parent metal and consumable combinations are: CS201 use 308L CS304 use 308L CS309/CS309S use 309L CS316 use 316L, 318 CS316Ti use 316Nb CS2101 use 2209 CS304L use 308L, 347 CS310/CS310S use 310L CS316L use 316L, 316Nb CS321 use 347

11

 Wash thoroughly after pickling. Passivate with nitric acid formulation if weld is mechanically descaled or application is critical or marginal or general surface contamination of the fabrication by carbon (mild) steel has occurred. Wash thoroughly after passivation. Post weld heat treatment is generally not required. CONSUMABLES Electrodes must be kept and used in prime condition. Avoid exposure to dampness or contamination of the coating. Electrode coatings are specially formulated. Never use an electrode if the coating is damaged. Never strip an electrode of its coating and use it as a filler wire. Filler wires are specially produced to closely controlled compositions. Never use ordinary stainless steel wire nor sheet trimmings as filler material. Avoid contamination and mix-up of filler wires. Electrodes of basic, basic rutile, acid rutile, high efficiency and metal powder (synthetic) types are utilised. Basic type requires highest level of welder skill. Gives high integrity welds. Acid rutile type easiest to use, general purpose welding for less critical applications.

Nb (niobium) is used in consumables because Ti (titanium) suffers losses in the arc. Autogenous TIG can be used for welding thin gauges. Heat input: Limit the heat input and interpass temperatures. FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS Weldability poor. Welding generally limited to thin gauges only. Welding process most commonly used is TIG. Autogenous welding for thinner gauges. Filler wire is used for the thicker gauges. 309L is preferred. 3CR12 STAINLESS STEEL Weldability good. Welding processes most commonly applied are MMA, MIG and TIG. SAW is not recommended. Consumables: Fabricator experience has led to a preference for 309L. (308, 316L and 309LMo also used). Heat input and interpass temperature must be closesly controlled (0.5 to 1.5kJ/mm and 150C maximum respectively). Use stringer beads for multipass welding. Avoid weaving. Avoid positional welding as far as possible. Avoid cross-over and adjascent welds, where possible.

12

CORROSION
MEDIA Aldyhydes Acetic acid (10%) Acetic acid (glacial & anhydrous) Acetic anhydride Acetylene Acid fumes Alcohols Alphatic esters Alkyl chlorides Alum Ammonia Amyl acetate Aniline Antimony trichloride Aromatic solvents Atmospheric: Industrial Atmospheric: Marine Atmospheric: Rural Ascorbic acid
CS409/CS4105 3CR12L/3CR12 CS420/CS420MoV
CS430/CS439 CS441/CS201 CS434/CS304 CS304H/CS304L CS321/CS2101

13
CS316/CS316L CS316Ti/CS444 CS2205

20C 60C 100C 20C 60C 100C 20C 60C 100C 20C 60C 100C R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R R ND R R R R R R R R R ND ND ND R R NR R R R R R NR R2 NR ND R2 NR NR R R NR R R R R ND ND R R R R R R R R R NR NR NR R3 R3 R3 R3 R3 R3 R4 NR NR R R R R R R R R R R R R R ND ND R R R R R R R R R R5 ND ND R5 R5 R5 R5 R5 R5 R R R ND ND ND R R6 NR R R1 NR R R NR R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R NR NR NR R5 NR NR R5 R5 NR R R NR R R R R R R R R R R R R R7 ND ND R7 ND ND R ND ND R ND ND R7 ND ND R7 ND ND R ND ND R ND ND R7 ND ND R ND ND R ND ND R ND ND R1 ND ND R1 R1 R1 R R R R R R

Benzoic acid Boric acid Brines, saturated Bromide (gaseous) Bromide (aqueous) Butyl acetate Calcium chloride Carbon disulphide Carbonic acid Carbon tetrachloride Caustic soda & potash Cellulose paint Chlorates of Na, K, Ba Chlorine, dry Chrlorine, wet Chlorides of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Ni, NH4, Al, Sn, Zn Chlorosulphonic acid Chromic acid (80%) Citric acid Cresylic acids (50%) Detergents, synthetic Emulsifiers (all concentrations)
NR - The material is not recommended. ND - No data is available.

R R NR NR NR R NR R R R ND R ND ND NR R5 ND NR NR R R ND

R R NR NR NR R NR R R9 R R6 R ND ND NR NR ND NR NR R R ND

R R NR NR NR R NR R NR R R6 R ND ND NR NR ND NR NR R R ND

R R R8 R9 NR R NR R R R R R R1 R NR R10 NR NR R6 R R R

R R NR NR NR R NR R R R R R R1 R NR NR NR NR R6 R R R

R R NR NR NR R NR ND R R R6 R R1 R NR NR NR NR R6 R R R

R R R8 R9 NR R R8 R R R R R R1 R NR R9 R10 NR R R R R

R R NR R9 NR R NR R R R R R R1 R NR R11 NR NR R R R R

R R NR R9 NR R NR ND R R R6 R R1 R NR R11 NR NR R6 R R R

R R R R NR R R10 R R R R6 R R R NR R ND NR R R R R

R R R ND NR R R10 R R R R6 R R R NR R ND NR R R R R

R R R ND NR R R10 R R R ND R R ND NR ND ND NR R R R R

R - Indicates that the material is resistant to the named chemical up to the temperature shown, subject to limitations indicated by the footnotes on page 14.

14

CORROSION continued
CS409/CS4105 3CR12L/3CR12 CS420/CS420MoV
CS430/CS439 CS441/CS201 CS434/CS304 CS304H/CS304L CS321/CS2101

15
CS316/CS316L CS316Ti/CS444 CS2205

MEDIA Esters & ethers Fatty acids (> C6) Ferritic chloride Fluorinated refrigerants, aerosols, eg freon Fluorine, dry Formic acid Fruit juices Gelatine Glycols Hydrobromic acid (50%) Hydrochloric acid (10%) Hydrochloric acid (conc) Hydrocyanic acid Hydrofluoric acid Hydrogen peroxide (30%) Hydrogen sulphide Hypochlorite (Na 12-14%) Ketones Lactic acid (100%)

20C 60C 100C 20C 60C 100C 20C 60C 100C 20C 60C 100C R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR R5 R NR R5 R R R5 R R R R R ND ND ND R ND ND R ND ND R R ND NR NR NR R NR NR R R ND R R RND R12 NR NR R12 R R R R R R R R R1 R1 ND R1 R R R1 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R NR NR NR NR NR ND NR NR ND NR NR ND NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR ND NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR ND R ND ND R R ND R R ND R R ND NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR R R ND R R R R R R R R R R5 R5 R5 R5 R5 R5 R5 R5 R5 R5 R5 R5 R14 ND ND R14 NR NR R14 NR ND R14 ND ND R ND ND R R R R R R R R R NR NR NR R NR NR R R NR R R ND

Lead acetate Lead perchlorate Lime (CaO) Manganate, potassium (K) Meat juices Mercuric chloride Milk and milk products Molasses Monoethanolamine Naphthalene Nitrates of Na, K, NH3, Ag Nitric acid (< 25%) Nitric acid (50%) Nitric acid (90%) Nitric acid, fuming Oil, diesel, petroleum spirits Oils, essential Oil, lube with aromatic adds Oils, vegetable & animal Oxalic acid Perchloric acid Phenol
NR - The material is not recommended. ND - No data is available.

R NR R R6 R7 NR R R R R R R R R ND R R R R NR NR R

R NR R ND NR NR NR R R R R R15 R15 NR ND R R R R NR NR R

R6 NR R ND NR NR NR R R R R NR NR NR ND R R R R NR NR R

R R1 R R R NR R R R R R R R R R R R R R R6 NR R

R R1 R R R NR R R R R R R R NR R2 R R R R NR NR R

R R1 R R ND NR R R R R R R R NR NR R R R R NR NR R

R R R R R NR R R R R R R R R R R R R R R6 NR R

R R1 R R R NR R R R R R R R NR R2 R R R R R16 NR R

R ND R R ND NR R R R R R R R NR NR R R R R NR NR R

R ND R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R NR R

R ND R ND R R R R R R R R R NR NR R R R R R NR R

R ND R ND R R R R R R R R R ND NR ND R R R R NR R

R - Indicates that the material is resistant to the named chemical up to the temperature shown, subject to limitations indicated by the footnotes on page 14.

16

CORROSION continued
CS409/CS410S 3CR12L/3CR12 CS420/CS420MoV
CS430/CS439 CS441/CS201 CS434/CS304 CS304H/CS304L CS321/CS2101

17
CS316/CS316L CS316Ti/CS444 CS2205

MEDIA Phosphoric acid (20%) Phosphoric acid (50%) Phosphoric acid (95%) Phosphorous pentoxide Pyridine Sea water Silicic acid Sodium peroxide Sodium silicate Sodium sulphide Starch Sugar, syrup, jam Sulphamic acid Sulphates (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, Fe) Sulphates Sulphur dioxide, dry Sulphur dioxide, wet Sulphur dioxide, ag, soln (96%) Sulphur trioxide

20C 60C 100C 20C 60C 100C 20C 60C 100C 20C 60C 100C NR NR NR R R R R R R R R R NR NR NR R R NR R R R R R R NR NR NR R R NR R R NR R17 R17 R17 ND ND ND R R R5 R R R5 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R NR NR NR R17 NR NR R9 NR NR R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R NR NR NR R16 NR NR R6 R16 R16 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R6 R6 NR R R NR R R NR R R NR R R R R R R R R R R R R R12 R12 R12 R12 R R R R R R R R NR NR NR R18 NR NR R R19 NR R R NR R R R R R R R R R R R R NR NR NR R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R NR NR NR R NR NR R R NR R R NR NR NR NR R NR NR R R R R R R NR NR NR NR NR NR R5 R5 R5 R5 R5 R5

Sulphuric acid (<50%) Sulphuric acid (70%) Sulphuric acid (95%) Sulphuric acid, fuming Tannic acid (10%) Tartaric acid Trichloroethylene Urea (30%) Water, pure Yeast
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

NR NR R15 R2 R NR R5 R R R

NR NR NR R2 R NR R5 R R R

NR NR NR NR NR NR R5 R R R

NR NR R R R R R5 R R R

NR NR NR R2 R R R5 R R R

NR NR NR NR R R R5 R R R

R16 NR R R R R R5 R R R

NR NR NR R R R R5 R R R

NR NR NR NR R R R5 R R R

R NR R R R R R5 R R R

R NR NR R R R R5 R R R

NR NR NR NR R R R5 R R R

not if chlorides are present. limited data. depends on the acid. dry acid fumes, attack may occur if moisture builds up. anhydrous. depends on concentration. may discolour with time. in strong solutions only when inhibited. pitting possible in stagnant conditions. possiblility of pitting. may cause stress corrosion cracking. when free of SO2. may cause contamination of product. dilute hypochlorites can be used to sterilise some stainless steels. general corrosion may become excessive. 10%. in the absence of impurities. dilute. some attack at high temperatures.

PITTING & CREVICE CORROSION RESISTANCE Exposure in chloride containing media can result in localised corrosion. In order of increasing resistance to localised corrosion: 3CR12 < 430 < 304L < 316L < 2205. CONDITIONS FOR AVOIDING PITTING & CREVICE CORROSION Design vessels for complete drainage - avoid sharp corners and stagnant areas. Close crevices and lap joints by continuous welding. Remove solids in suspension. Prevent sedimentation. Ensure continuous agitation and adequate flow rates. Use compressive non-absorbent gaskets or inert sealing compounds. Ensure non-impairment of passive surface. Repair / restore any affected areas.

NR - The material is not recommended. ND - No data is available.

R - Indicates that the material is resistant to the named chemical up to the temperature shown, subject to limitations indicated by the footnotes.

18

TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
TYPE CS409 CS410S 3CR12L 3CR12 CS420 CS420MoV CS430 CS439 CS441 CS201 CS434 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS Automotive exhaust pipes, silencers and catalytic converter. Coated electrification boxes. Ore cars, freight cars, bus chassis, bus frames, chutes, conveyor equipment and systems, tanks, x-grid in cooling towers, iso-containers. General materials handling equipment, particularly wet sliding abrasion conditions. Structural applications in corrosive industries, ladders, walkways, cable racks. Bayonets, blades, retaining rings for shafts, separating screens and strainers, springs and shear blades. Cutlery, knife blades, surgical & dental instruments, scissors, potato peeler blades, jigs and tools, sealing plugs, bearings, balls & needles for combs. Sinks, wash troughs, trim for domestic equipment, kitchen and cafeteria utensils and cutlery. Difficult to form components. Exhaust system components. Evaporator tube in the sugar industry. Domestic appliances & geysers & heat exchanger tubing. Catalytic converters for more arduous conditions than 409. Heat exchangers, tubes, geysers, burners. Evaporator tube in the sugar industry. Cookware, sinks, cutlery, catering equipment, abattoirs, strapping, clamps, cable racking. Automotive trim (resistant to de-icing chemicals), dishwashers, kitchenware & restaurant equipment, interior architectural applications, nitric acid plant equipment.

19

CS304 CS304H CS304L CS321 CS2101 CS316 CS316L CS316Ti CS444 CS2205

Cookware, sinks, cutlery, catering equipment, hospitals, food & beverage, abattoirs, pharmaceutical, cryogenic, pipe work, tanks & process vessels for a large variety of corrosive liquids. Furnace components, equipment exposed to elevated temperature and/or aqueous cycles. Environments containing chlorides and in polluted marine environments. Process and storage tanks, ducting and structural applications. Pipe supports, guttering, walkways, cable racking, strapping, clamps, etc. in aggressive environments. Pipe work, tanks, process vessels for more aggressive corrosive liquids and conditions in chemical, petrochemical, pulp and paper, pollution control, hydrometallurgical and petroleum industries. Furnace components, equipment exposed to elevated temperature and/or aqueous cycles. Food processing, brewery and wine making equipment. Cladding, roofing, walkways, and cable racking in sulphur environments. Hand railing, ballustrading, walkways, outdoor furniture and cable racking in marine environments. Marine environments and the oil and gas extraction and processing industries, the chemical industry, the pulp and paper industry and the mining industry. Heat exchangers where chloride bearing water or brackish water is used as the cooling medium.

CS309/CS309S Furnace parts, high temperature containers, catalytic converters, exhaust systems, etc. CS310/CS310S Furnace parts, muffles, radiant tubes, ammonia converters, etc.

20

THEORETICAL MASS - SHEET

SHEET SIZE FERRITICS AUSTENITICS Gauge 1 000x 1 250x 1 500x 1 000x 1 250x 1 500x mm 2 000 2 500 3 000 2 000 2 500 3 000 0.3 4.8 7.4 10.7 4.8 7.6 10.9 0.4 6.3 9.9 14.3 6.5 10.1 14.5 0.5 7.9 12.4 17.8 8.1 12.6 18.2 0.6 9.5 14.9 21.4 9.7 15.1 21.8 0.7 11.1 17.3 24.9 11.3 17.7 25.4 0.8 12.7 19.8 28.5 12.9 20.2 29.1 0.9 14.3 22.3 32.1 14.5 22.7 32.7 1.0 15.8 24.8 35.6 16.1 25.2 36.3 1.2 19.0 29.7 42.8 19.4 30.3 43.6 1.5 23.8 37.1 53.5 24.2 37.8 54.5 1.6 25.3 39.6 57.0 25.8 40.4 58.1 1.8 28.5 44.6 64.2 29.1 45.4 65.4 2.0 31.7 49.5 71.3 32.3 50.4 72.6 2.5 39.6 61.9 89.1 40.4 63.0 90.8 3.0 47.5 74.3 106.9 48.4 75.7 108.9

THEORETICAL MASS - PLATE

PLATE SIZE FERRITICS AUSTENITICS Gauge 1 000x 1 250x 1 500x 1 000x 1 250x 1 500x mm 2 000 2 500 3 000 2 000 2 500 3 000 3.5 55 87 125 56 88 127 4.0 63 99 143 65 101 145 4.5 71 111 160 73 113 163 5.0 79 124 178 81 126 182 6.0 95 149 214 97 151 218 8.0 127 198 285 129 202 291 10.0 158 248 356 161 252 363 12.0 190 297 428 194 303 436 15.0 238 371 535 242 378 545 20.0 317 495 713 323 504 726 25.0 396 619 891 404 630 908 30.0 475 743 1 069 484 757 1 089 40.0 634 990 1 426 646 1 009 1 453 50.0 792 1 238 1 782 807 1 261 1 816 63.5 1 006 1 572 2 263 1 025 1 601 2 306

21

According to ASTM A480M (Ferritics = 7.92kg/m2/mm thickness, Austenitics = 8.07kg/m2/mm thickness.

IDENTIFICATION OF SURFACE FINISH

COLUMBUS HR HRA No. 1 No. 2B No. 2D No. 4 SB BA HOL ASTM/ASME Hot rolled Hot rolled No. 1 No. 2B No. 2D No. 4 No. 6 BA EN 1u 1c 1D 2B 2D 2G 2K 2R DIN a1 Ic IIa IIIc IIIb IV IV IIId DESCRIPTION Hot rolled (not annealed, not descaled). Generally used for re-rolling. Hot rolled and annealed (not descaled). Generally used in industrial heat-resisting and materials handling applications (scale impairs corrosion resistance). Hot rolled, annealed and descaled. Generally used when smoothness and uniformity of finish are not important. Cold rolled, bright finish for general applications. Cold rolled, dull finish. Generally used for forming applications. General purpose polished finish, one or both sides. Widely used for restaurant equipment, food processing equipment, elevators, etc. Soft satin polished finish, one or both sides, with a transverse Ra <0.5m. Bright cold rolled mirror finish, retained by final annealing in a controlled atmosphere furnace. Generally used for aesthetic applications. Columbus hollowware finish for improved drawability and polishabilty - bright cold rolled finish, retained by final annealing in a controlled atmosphere furnace. Generally used for deep drawing applications.

22

23

TOLERANCES - HOT ROLLED

MIN GAUGE (mm) >2.50 >3.00 >3.50 >5.00 >6.00 >8.00 >10.0 >20.0 >25.0 >50.0 MAX GAUGE (mm) 3.00 3.50 5.00 6.00 8.00 10.0 20.0 25.0 50.0 75.0 + tol (mm) 0.25 0.30 0.47 0.51 0.75 1.15 1.40 1.55 1.80 3.20 - tol (mm) 0.25 0.30 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30

Tolerances are according to ASTM A480M. Please refer to the Product Guide for further details.

TOLERANCES - COLD ROLLED

MIN GAUGE (mm) >0.20 >0.30 >0.40 >0.50 >0.80 >1.00 >1.50 >2.50 >3.00 MAX GAUGE (mm) 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.80 1.00 1.50 2.50 3.00 6.00 + tol (mm) 0.030 0.040 0.045 0.050 0.055 0.080 0.100 0.130 0.170 - tol (mm) 0.030 0.040 0.045 0.050 0.055 0.080 0.100 0.130 0.170

Tolerances are according to ASTM A480M. Please refer to the Product Guide for further details.

24

CONVERSION FACTORS
SI UNITS Where SI units differ from technical metric units, the conversions are given for both. The following list details the main SI units and their symbols which are used throughout these tables. Length meter m Area square meter m2 Volume cubic meter m3 Mass kilogram kg Density kilograms per cubic metre kg/m3 Force newton N Pressure, stress pascal Pa (N/m2) Viscosity, dynamic pascal second Pa s Viscosity, kinematic square metre per second m2/s Energy joule J Power watt W(J/s) LENGTH 1km 0.621371 mile 1 mile 1.60934km 1m 1.09361 yd 1 yard 0.9144m 3.2898 ft 1 foot 0.3048m 1cm 0.393701 in 1 inch 25.4mm 1mm 0.03937 in 1 milli-inch (thou) 25.4m 1m 39.3701 in 1 in 0.0254m MASS 1 tonne 1 kg 1g 1 ton 1 cwt 1 lb 1 oz DENSITY 1kg/m3 1g/cm3 1 ton/yd3 1lb/yd3 1lb/ft3 lb/in3 FORCE 1N 1 000kg 0.89420ton 2204.62lb 0.01968cwt 2.20462lb 0.03527oz 1016.05kg 1.01605tonne 50.8023kg 0.45359kg 28.349g 1.686lb/yd3 0.6243lb/ft3 62.4280lb/ft3 1328.94kg/m3 0.593kg/m3 16.0185kg/m3 27.6799g/cm3 0.10197kgf 0.22481 lbf PRESSURE, STRESS 1Pa (N/m2) 0.01mbar 0.000145 lbf/in2 1kPa (kN/m2) 0.01kgf/cm2 10mbar 20.885 lbf/ft2 0.2953 in Hg 1 kgf/cm2 98.0665kPa 14.223 lbf/in2 1 bar 100kPa 14.5038 lbf/in2 1mbar 100kPa 2.0885 lbf/ft2 1atm 101.325kPa 14.6959 lbf/in2 1mm Hg (torr) 133.322Pa 0.01934 lb/in2 1mm H20 9.80665Pa 0.001422 lb/in2 1 lbf/in2 6.89476kPa 0.07031kgf/cm2 68.9476mbar 1 lbf/ft2 47.8803Pa 0.4788mbar

25

VOLUME, CAPACITY 1m3 1.30795 yd3 1dm3 (litre) 0.03531 ft3 0.21997 imp gal 1.7605 pint 0.2642 US gal 1cm3 (m) 0.06102 in3 0.0352 fl oz 1 litre (dm3) 0.21997 imp gal 1.7605 pint AREA 1km2 247.105 acres (100 hectares) 1 hectare (ha) 2.47105 acres 10 000m2 1m2 1.19599 yd2 1cm2 0.155 in2 1mm2 0.00155 in2 POWER 1hp 745.700 W (J/s) 1ft lbf/s 1.35582 W

1 kN 1ml (cm3) 1yd3 1ft3 1in3 1 imp gal 1 US gal 1 pint 1fl oz 1 mile2 1 acre (4840 yd2) 1yd2 1ft2 1in2 0.0352 fl oz 0.76455m3 28.3168dm3 16.3871cm3 4.54609dm3 3.78541dm3 0.56826dm3 28.4131cm3 2.58999km2 4046.86m2 0.404686ha 0.836127m2 0.092903m2 645.16mm2

101.971kgf 224.809 lbf 1 kgf (kilopond) 9.80665N 2.20462 lbf 1 dyne 105N 0.224809x 10-5 lbf 1 lbf 4.44822N 0.45359kgf 1 tonf 9.96402kN 1016.05kgf ENERGY 1MJ 0.277778kWh 1J 0.737562 fk kbf 1kgf m 9.80665J 7.23301 ft.lbf 1 therm 105.506MJ 1kWh 3.6MJ 1Btu (British thermal unit) 1.05506kJ TEMPERATURE F 1.8(C)+32 C (F-32)/1.8 K C+273.15

1 ton/ft2

107.252kPa 1.094kgf/cm2 1 in Hg 3.38639kPa 0.491 lbf/in2 1 ft H20 2.98907kPa 0.030kgf/cm2 22.3997mm Hg VISCOSITY, DYNAMIC 2) 0.0208854lbf/ft2 1Pa.s (Ns/m 1cP (centipoise) 2.09954 x 10-5 lbfs/ft2 1cP (centipoise) 2.08854 x 10-5 lbf s/ft2 0.001Pa.s 1lbf s/ft2 17.8803Pa.s 1 lb/ft s 1488.16cP 1.48816kg/ms VISCOSITY, KINEMATIC 2s 1m 10.7639ft2/s 1cSt 5.58001in2/s (centistokes) 1mm2/s 106m2/s 1ft2/h 0.092903m2/h 25.8064cSt 1in2/s 654.16mm2/s 645.16cSt

26

PIPE SCHEDULES
NOM PIPE SIZE mm 3 6 10 15 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 90 100 125 150 200 250 300 OD mm 10.29 13.72 17.14 21.34 26.67 33.40 42.16 48.26 60.32 73.02 88.90 101.60 114.30 141.30 168.27 219.07 273.05 323.85 SCHEDULE 10S mm 1.25 1.65 1.65 2.11 2.11 2.77 2.77 2.77 2.77 3.05 3.05 3.05 3.05 3.40 3.40 3.76 4.19 4.57 kg/mm 0.28 0.50 0.64 1.02 1.30 2.11 2.73 3.16 4.00 5.33 6.54 7.51 8.48 11.73 14.04 20.24 28.17 36.51 WALL THICKNESS AND MASS PER METRE SCHEDULE 40S SCHEDULE 80S mm 1.73 2.24 2.31 2.77 2.87 3.28 3.56 3.68 3.91 5.16 5.49 5.75 6.02 6.55 7.11 8.18 9.27 9.52 kg/mm 0.38 0.64 0.86 1.29 1.71 2.53 3.48 4.11 5.51 8.75 11.45 13.76 16.30 22.09 28.65 43.13 61.14 74.85 mm 2.41 3.02 3.20 3.73 3.91 4.55 4.85 5.08 5.54 7.01 7.62 8.08 8.56 9.52 10.97 12.70 12.70 12.70 kg/mm 0.47 0.81 1.12 1.64 2.22 3.28 4.54 5.48 7.58 11.57 15.48 18.90 22.62 31.38 43.16 65.54 82.68 98.82 SCHEDULE 160S mm kg/mm

27

4.76 5.56 6.35 6.35 7.14 8.73 9.52 11.13 13.49 15.87 18.26 23.02 28.57 33.34

1.98 2.93 4.29 5.68 7.34 11.27 15.12 21.62 34.01 49.79 68.48 112.85 174.69 242.1

HARDNESS CONVERSION TABLE

VICKERS Hardness no 740 720 700 680 660 640 620 600 580 560 540 520 500 480 460 440 420 ROCKWELL C B 150kg load 100kg load Hardness no 120 diamond 1/16in steel cone ball 61.8 61.0 60.1 59.2 58.3 57.3 56.3 55.2 54.1 53.0 (496) 51.7 (480) 50.5 (465) 49.1 (448) 47.7 433 46.1 415 44.5 397 42.7 BRINELL VICKERS Hardness no 400 380 360 340 320 300 280 260 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 ROCKWELL C B 150kg load 100kg load Hardness no 120 diamond 1/16in steel cone ball 379 40.8 360 38.8 (110.0) 341 36.6 (109.0) 322 34.4 (108.0) 303 32.2 (107.0) 284 29.8 (105.0) 265 27.1 (103.5) 247 24.0 (101.0) 228 20.3 98.1 209 (15.7) 95.0 190 (11.0) 91.5 171 (6.0) 87.1 152 (0.0) 81.7 133 75.0 114 66.7 95 56.2 BRINELL

Note: * Brinell hardness tests should not be carried out on materials harder than 400 BHN, as the hardened ball indentor would itself tend to suffer distortion.

28

Disclaimer
The material contained in this manual has been designed as a guide for customers of Columbus Stainless (Pty) Ltd. However, the material contained herein is not intended as a substitute for any persons procedures and should not be used or relied upon for any specific or general application without first obtaining competent advice. Furthermore, Columbus Stainless (Pty) Ltd disclaims any responsibility for the suitability of the steel in question for any particular purpose or for the performance or selection of the steel, unless Columbus Stainless (Pty) Ltd specifically and expressly authorises the purpose or selection. The material contained in this manual does not purport to be a comprehensive or exhaustive statement of all relevant material applicable to special and general steel products and no representation, condition or warranty, express or implied, is given by Columbus Stainless (Pty) Ltd as to the accuracy or completeness of this manual and, so far as is permitted by law, Columbus Stainless (Pty) Ltd, its members, staff and consultants disclaim any duty of care in relation to the preparation of this manual and the information that it contains and shall not be liable for any direct, indirect or consequential loss, damage or injury suffered by any person, howsoever caused as a result of relying on any statement in or omission to this manual and any such liability is expressly disclaimed. [Columbus Stainless (Pty) Ltd shall not be liable in the event of a breakdown, malfunction or failure occurring due to faulty design, material or workmanship of the steel, whether based on the information contained herein or not, and shall not, under any circumstances, be liable for any damages, either direct or indirect, particularly consequential damages, including but not limited to damages for loss of profits.]

For further information please contact: TECHNICAL CUSTOMER SERVICES Columbus Stainless (Pty) Ltd PO Box 133 Middelburg 1050 South Africa Tel: +27 (13) 247 3343 Fax: +27 (13) 247 2289 e-mail: technical-help@columbus.co.za COMMERCIAL Columbus Stainless (Pty) Ltd PO Box 133 Middelburg 1050 South Africa Tel: +27 (13) 247 2020 Fax: +27 (13) 247 2771 e-mail: commercial-help@columbus.co.za

Date of Issue: June 2007