Steel Structures

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Stress-strain curve

- Strain +

Steel Types: Light gauge steel Heavy steel Advantages: Can be recycled Ductile (absorbs seismic energy) Lighter than concrete and masonry (small seismic forces) No limitation of height or floor area

Challenges: Requires much energy to produce Higher cost than other material Hysteresis loop Requires fire proofing (test stress-strain curve) Requires accurate workmanship E = Energy absorbed by Limited availability in some countries ductility

1 Mild steel 2&3 High strength steel strand 4 Steel strand 5 Steel tendon (for pre-stressed concrete)
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Light-gauge steel (cold-rolled)

Channel stud 1. C-stud 2. I-stud 3. C-joist 4. I-joist (2 6) (2 6) (3 5/8 8) (6 12) (6 12)

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http://www.dietrichmetalframing.com/ultrasteel/menu.asp
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Steel structures

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Light-gauge steel curtain wall Attached to steel frame

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Heavy steel shapes

Profiles: 1. W-shape, light 2. W-shape, heavy 3. S-shape, Standard 4. W-shape, wide flange 5. C-shape, Channel 6. T-shape Cut from S-shape Cut from W-shape 7. Angle, unequal legs Double angle 8. Angle, equal legs Double angle 9. Pipe Standard Extra strong Double extra strong 10. Structural Tubing Square Rectangular
Steel structures Copyright Prof Schierle 2011

typical labels (W14x22) (W14x730) (S12x50) (W16x40) (C10x30) (ST6x25) (WT8x20) (L6x4x) (DL6x4x) (L4x4x) (DL3x3x) (P4) (XP4) (DXP4) (ST6x6x) (ST8x4x)
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Steel structures

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Steel structures

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Floor / roof framing

A B C D E F

Concrete slab on steel deck Steel Q-deck Truss joist Support bracket Alternate prefab concrete slab Wide-flange steel beam

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Steel joints 1 2 3 4 5 A B C D E F G Pin joint, transfers only beam shear to column Classic moment joint, transfers shear and bending moment Dog-bone moment joint, reduces seismic joint stress Joist to beam joint with top flange cut back Beam to beam joint with both flanges cut back Column Beam Connector angles, usually shop welded, field bolted Machine bolts, usually installed in field to connect beam Welded connection of beam flanges to column Stiffener plates resist bending stress from beam flanges Secondary beam / joist supported by primary beam / girder

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Dog-bone moment frame

Classic moment frame

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Dog-bone joints reduced flange reduces joint stress

Steel production
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19th Century Train Station (3-hinge arch)

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19th century hinge support

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Coalbrookdale bridge by Darby (first iron bridge, 1777-79)

30 m

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Gustav Eiffel 1884

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Fourth Bridge Edinburgh, 1890

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Truss floors X-braced towers provide lateral resistance

Joist / beam roof Optimal spacing: Joists ~ 10 Beams ~ 30 Posts ~ 30x30

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Stayed structures
Architect: Richard Rodgers

Imos factory Engineer: Antony Hunt

Patscenter Princeton Engineer: Ove Arup

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Currigan exhibit hall, Denver Architect: Muchow, Ream, and Larson The space truss is expressed inside and along the roof edge outside. Inverted truss pyramids support define the organization. The space truss has four modules of 240x680 combined length. The truss is two layers deep to reduce buckling length of web bars. Top and bottom grids, 10x10. are offset by half a module and joined by pyramidal web bars. Truss bars consist of twin-Ls, joined by gussets. The span/depth ratio is 6.5, DL = 13 psf.

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Festival Plaza, Expo 70, Osaka Architect: Kenzo Tange Engineer: Yoshitomi Suga Six towers support the 108x292 m space truss providing about equal span both ways Equal spans assure equal deflection (both spans equally efficient)

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Larkspur Ferry Terminal, San Francisco Architect: Jacques De Brer Engineer: Kaiser Engineers

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Olympic Arena Barcelona Architect: Arata Isozaki Engineer: Mamoru Kawaguchi The 1992 106x128 m Olympic Pentadome space truss consists of 5 units assembled at ground and lifted to final position. Assembly at ground Erection

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Javits Convention Center New York Architect: I M Pei Engineer: Weidlinger

SPACE TRUSS
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Tree structure

Airport terminal Stuttgart Architect: Von Gerkan / Marg Engineer: Weidleplan Features: 12 trees, each 80 x 80 Four pipe stems, 48 branches Skylights separate units

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Airport Terminal Stansted, UK Architect: Norman Foster Associates Engineer: Ove Arup and Partners Steel lattice domes are supported by 36x36 m trees that integrate mechanical services. Four strands secure each dome to trunks for lateral stability.

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Airport Terminal Hamburg Architect: Von Gerkan / Marg Engineer: Kockjoy, Schwarz, Weber Prismatic truss Airport Terminal, Chicago Architect: Helmut Jahn Folded truss

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Stadium Milan - truss span over 600

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Centre Pompidou, Paris Architect: Piano and Rodgers Engineer: Ove Arup The Centre Pompidou features six levels exhibit space 60 x 166 m Warren Trusses span the 60 m width

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CDG metro station 2 Paris Architect / Engineer: Paul Andrew

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IBM sports hall, UK Architect: Nicholas Grimshaw Prismatic truss frame

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Sainsbury Center, UK Architect: Norman Foster Engineer: Anthony Hunt Prismatic truss frame

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Braced frame
Office Building Architect: David Gray Engineer: Dimitry Vergun Location: Santa Monica, N/W of Colorado Blvd/ 7th street

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Steel moment frames (wood structure ocean front) Beam / column moment joints provide lateral resistance for wide ocean view

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Koenig Residence Steel moment frame

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Expressed steel
Hillside house Architect: Helmut Schulitz Braced frame

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Central access

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Point supported glass

Exhibit Hall Leipzig Architect: Von Gerkan Marg Engineer: IPP, Ian Ritchie glass support Point-supported glass with silicon joints

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Exhibit Hall Leipzig 244 x 79 x 28 m high vault - truss arches spaced 25 m

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Aluminum grid shell

HPR dome, Walla Walla, USA Architect: Environmental Concern, Inc. Engineer / builder: Temcor Geodesic aluminum dome 206 diameter 42 depth Span / depth ratio 4.9 Weighs less than 3 psf

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Steel is strong, durable and recyclable

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