ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 104 FORMULA SHEET 1. DC CIRCUITS (Resistive) (i) Ohms Law: V = R.I or I = G.

.V (ii) Delta to Y Transformations (Ra, Rb, Rc) to (R1, R2, R3): 3. SWITCHED CIRCUITS (First and Second Order Transient Responses) (i) (ii) (iii) First Order DE: Solution:
d dt 1 y + T y = f (t ) where T = RC or T = L/R
t T

R1 =
(iii) (iv)

Rb Rc R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1 .. Ra = Ra + Rb + Rc R1
2 2

y (t ) = A + B.e
d2 dt 2

where A & B from boundary conditions

d dt 2 y + o y = f (t ) where

Power: P = V .I = V G = I Operational Amplifier Model:

Second Order DE:

y + 2

o = 1 / LC (natural freq) and is the damping factor

(iv) (v) (vi) Overdamped Solution: Critically Damped: Underdamped : Solution : 4.

y (t ) = ( A.e 1t + B.e 2t ) + forced Response

d

y (t ) = ( A.e .t + B.t.e .t ) + forced Response = K

2 s = j d = 2 + d tan 1

y (t ) = A.e .t cos( d .t ) + B.e .t sin( d .t ) + forced R

APPLICATIONS (frequency response, filters, 2-port networks) (i) (ii)

V out = H ( j ) H ( j ) V in The Magnitude Response can be expressed in dB = 20 log H ( j )

Transfer Function:

H ( j ) =

where Ri 2.

Ro 0

A
b a

(iii) (iv) (v)

AC CIRCUITS (Phasors and Impedances) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Complex Number:

a + jb = a 2 + b 2 tan 1 A + B cos( tan

2 2

The half-power bandwidth is defined between 2 frequencies at which the response drops down by -3dB (i.e. 0.707 of Maximum value). Band-pass Filters are characterised by the centre frequency () and the halfpower bandwidth ( ) . Quality factor, Q = o / . z-parameters are defined as: V1 = z11 I1 + z12 I2 and V2 = z21 I1 + z22 I2 Transmission parameters are defined as: V1 = a11 V2 - a12 I2 and I1 = a21 V2 - a22 I2 Hybrid parameters are defined as: V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2 and I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2 Conditions for Reciprocity: z12 = z21, (a11.a22 - a12.a21) = 1, h12 = -h21. Additional Conditions for Symmetry: z11 = z22, a11 = a22, (h11.h22 - h12.h21) = 1 Converting [Z] to [A]: a11

A cos + B sin = sin = cos( ) 2

1 B A

(vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x)

v(t ) = Vm cos( .t + ) V = Vm = Vm cos + jVm sin Z = R + jX , Y = G + jB , Z L = j .L , Z c = j 1C .

Mutual Inductance:

v1 = L

di1 1 dt

di2 dt

and

k = M / L1 L2

V1 = ( j .L1 ) I 1 ( j .M ) I 2
(vii) (viii) (ix)
2 2 Pav = Vrms I rms cos = I rms R = Vrms G where Vrms = Vm / 2

Complex Power:

S = V .I = Vrms I rms cos + jVrms I rms sin Wc = 1 CV 2 ; inductor, WL = 1 LI 2 . 2 2

(xi)

z z 1 = 11 , a12 = z , a 21 = , a 22 = 22 z 21 z 21 z 21 z 21 z z 1 Converting [Z] to [H]: h11 = z , h12 = 12 , h21 = 21 , h22 = z 22 z 22 z 22 z 22

Energy stored: capacitor,