Chapter 1, Chemical Reactions and Equations

Solutions of Science Textbook Exercise Questions

Q.1: Which of the statements about the reaction below are incorrect? 2PbO + C ---> 2Pb + CO2 (a) Lead is getting reduced. (b) Carbon dioxide is getting oxidized. (c) Carbon is getting oxidized. (d) Lead oxide is getting reduced. (i) a and b (ii) a and c (iii) a, b and c (iv) all. Ans: (i) a and b. Q.2: Fe2O3 + 2Al ---> Al2O3 + 2Fe The above reaction is an example of a (a) combination reaction (b) double displacement reaction (c) decomposition reaction (d) displacement reaction. Ans: (d) Q.3: What happens when dilute HCl is added to iron filings ? Tick the correct answer. (a) Hydrogen gas and iron chloride are produced. (b) Chlorine gas and iron hydroxide are produced. (c) No reaction takes place. (d) Iron salt and water are produced. Ans: (a) Q.4: What is a balanced chemical equation ? Why should chemical equation be balanced ? Ans: An equation having an equal number of atoms of each element on both the sides is called a balanced chemical equation. According to this law, mass can neither be created nor destroyed. In other words, the total mass of reactants should be equal to the total mass of the products in a chemical equation. Therefore, the total number atoms of each element participating in the reaction must be equal on both sides of the chemical equation i.e. before and after reaction. Hence, it is for the above reason that a chemical equation should be balanced. Q.5: Translate the following statements into balanced chemical equations. (a) Hydrogen gas combines with nitrogen to form ammonia. (b) Hydrogen sulphide burns in air to give water and sulphur dioxide. (c) Barium chloride reacts with aluminium sulphate to give aluminium chloride and a precipitate of barium sulphate. (d) Potassium metal reacts with water to give potassium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. Ans: (a) N2 + 3H2 ---> 2NH3 (b) 2H2S + 3O2 ---> 2H2O + 2SO2 (c) 3BaCl2 + Al2(SO4)3 ---> 3BaSO4 + 2AlCl3 (d) 2K + 2H2O ---> 2KOH + H2 Q.6: Balance the following chemical equations.

(a) HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 ---> Ca(NO3)2 + H2O (b) NaOH + H2SO4 ---> Na2SO4 + H2O (c) NaCl + AgNO3 ---> AgCl + NaNO3 (d) BaCl2 + H2SO4 ---> BaSO4 + HCl Ans: (a) 2HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 ---> Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O (b) 2NaOH + H2SO4 ---> Na2SO4 + 2H2O (c) NaCl + AgNO3 ---> AgCl + NaNO3 (d) BaCl2 + H2SO4 ---> BaSO4 + 2HCl Q.7: Write balanced chemical equations for the following reactions. (a) Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide ---> Calcium carbonate + Water (b) Zinc + Silver Nitrate ---> Zinc nitrate + Silver (c) Aluminium + Copper chloride ---> Aluminium chloride + Copper (d) Barium chloride + Potassium sulphate --->. Barium sulphate + Potassium chloride Ans: (a) Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ---> CaCO3 + H2O (b) Zn + 2AgNO3 ---> Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag (c) 2Al + 3CuCl2 ---> 2AlCl3 + 3Cu (d) BaCl2 + K2SO4 ---> BaSO4 + 2KCl Q.8: Write the balanced chemical equations for the following and identify the type of reaction in each case. (a) Potassium bromide + Barium iodide ---> Potassium iodide + Barium bromide (b) Zinc carbonate ---> Zinc oxide + Carbon dioxide (c) Hydrogen + Chlorine ---> Hydrogen chloride (d) Magnesium + Hydrochloric acid ---> Magnesium chloride + Hydrogen Ans: (a) 2KBr + BaI2 ---> 2KI + BaBr2 (b) ZnCO3 ---> ZnO + CO2 (c) H2 + Cl2 ---> 2HCl (d) Mg + 2HCl ---> MgCl2 + H2 Q.9: What does one mean by exothermic and endothermic reactions? Give examples. Ans: Exothermic reactions: Those reactions in which energy is released in the form of heat are called exothermic reactions. Examples (1) All combustion reactions e.g. CH4 + 2O2 ---> CO2 + 2H2O + Heat (2) Thermite reactions e.g. 2Al + Fe2O3 ---> 2Fe + Al2O3 + Heat Combinations are generally exothermic in nature. The decomposition of organic matters into compost is an example of exothermic reaction. Endothermic reactions: Those reactions in which energy is absorbed are called endothermic reactions. Examples -

also, the reaction of photosynthesis -

Q.10: Why is respiration considered an exothermic reaction? Explain. Ans: For the sustenance of life we require energy. We obtain this energy from our food. In the process of digestion, food molecules get converted into simpler substances such as, glucose. Then glucose combine with oxygen and provide energy to our body. The whole process is known as respiration. As because, energy is released during the process of respiration, so it is considered an exothermic reaction. For example, C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy Q.11: Why are decomposition reactions called the opposite of combination reactions? Write equations for these reactions. Ans: Decomposition reactions are those reactions in which a compound is broken into two or more new compounds.

Combination reactions are those reactions in which two substances are combined to form a new substance. CaO + CO2 ---> CaCO3 + energy In above examples, both the reactions are same but show opposite directions, so decomposition reaction is called the opposite of combination reaction. Q.12: Write one equation each for decomposition reactions where energy is supplied in the form of heat, light or electricity. Ans: (a) Decomposition by heat or thermal energy

(b) Decomposition by light or photolysis 2AgCl ---> 2Ag + Cl2 (in presence of light) (c) Decomposition by electricity or electrolysis

Q.13: What is the difference between the displacement and double displacement reactions? Write equations for these reactions. Ans: In displacement reaction, one element from its salt is displaced by a more reactive element e.g. in following example, Cu is displaced by Zn from CuSO4 because Zn is more reactive. CuSO4 + Zn ---> ZnSO4 + Cu In double displacement reaction, exchange of ions takes place between two reactants to form new products. Na2SO4 + BaCl2 ---> BaSO4 + 2NaCl Q.14: In the refining of silver, the recovery of silver from silver nitrate solution involved displacement by copper metal. Write down the reaction involved. Ans: When copper is mixed in silver nitrate solution, it displaces the silver because copper is more reactive than silver. 2AgNO3 + Cu ---> Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag Q.15: What do you mean by a precipitation reaction? Explain by giving examples. Ans: The reactions in which a precipitate is formed are called precipitation reactions. Examples: 1. Na2SO4 + BaCl2 ---> BaSO4 + 2NaCl In this reaction, BaSO4 is obtained as precipitate. 2. Na2CO3 + CaCl2 ---> CaCO3 + 2NaCl Here calcium carbonate is obtained as precipitate. Q.16: Explain the following in terms of gain or loss of oxygen with two examples each. (a).Oxidation (b).Reduction Ans: (a) Oxidation: The reactions in which gain of oxygen takes place are called oxidation. Examples 1. 2Cu + O2 ---> 2CuO 2. 2H2 + O2 ---> 2H2O (b) Reduction: The reactions in which loss of oxygen takes place are called reduction. Examples 1. ZnO + C ---> Zn + CO 2. CuO + H2 ---> Cu + H2O Q.17: A shiny brown coloured element X on heating in air becomes black in colour. Name the element X and the black coloured compound formed. Ans: The shinny brown colored element X is copper. When it is heated in air, it becomes black due to the deposit of copper oxide.

Q.18: Why do we apply paint on iron articles ? Ans: We apply paint on iron articles to prevent them from corrosion. Paint prevents iron from coming in contact with air and moisture. Thus, painting prevents rusting of iron articles. Q.19: Oil and fat containing food items are flushed with nitrogen. Why ? Ans: Nitrogen being an inert gas does not react easily with the oil and fat present in the food substances. But oxygen reacts easily with the food substances and makes them rancid. It is because of this reason that food items containing oil and fat are flushed with nitrogen gas before their packing to remove oxygen present in the pack.

Q.20: Explain the following terms with an example each: (a) Corrosion (b) Rancidity Ans: (a) Corrosion: Corrosion is a process in which materials deteriorate as a result of a chemical reaction with moisture and other chemicals present in its surroundings. Generally, metals get corroded more easily. For example, iron in the presence of moisture, reacts with oxygen (air) to form hydrated iron oxide also called Rust. 4Fe + 3O2 +nH2O ---> 2Fe2O3.nH2O (b) Rancidity: It is a process of oxidation in which fats and oils present in food items are oxidized that can be easily noticed by the change in their taste and smell. Rancidity can be prevented by: 1. Storing food in refrigerators or in air-tight containers. 2. Flushing oil and fat containing food items with nitrogen before their packing. 3. By adding anti-oxidants.

Q.1: Why should magnesium ribbon be cleaned before burning in air ? Q.2: Write the balanced equation for the following chemical reactions: (i) Hydrogen + Chlorine Hydrogen chloride (ii) Sodium + Water --> Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen Q.3: Write a balanced chemical equation with state symbols for the following chemical reactions: (i) Solution of barium chloride and sodium sulphate in water to give insoluble barium sulphate and the solution of sodium chloride. (ii) Sodium hydroxide solution (in water) react with hydrochloric acid solution (in water) to produce sodium chloride and water. (Page 10) Q.1: A reaction of a substance X is used for white washing. (i) Name the substance X and write its formula. (ii) Write the reaction of the substance X named in (i) above with water. Q.2: Why is the amount of gas collected in one of the test tubes in Activity 1.7, double of the amount collected in the other ? Name this gas. (Page 13) Q.1: Why does the colour of copper sulphate solution change when an iron nail is dipped in it ? Q.2: Give an example of the double displacement reaction other than the one given in Activity 1.10. Q.3: Identify the substances that are oxidized and the substances that are reduced in the following reactions: (i) 4Na(s) + O2(g) 2Na2O(s) (ii) CuO(s) + H2(g) Cu(s) + H2O(liq)

What is a Reaction? Reaction is a term used for depicting a change or transformation in which a substance decomposes, combines with other substances, or interchanges constituents with other substances. What is a Chemical Reaction?

A chemical change is always accompanied by a chemical reaction. a chemical change or reaction can be confirmed by any or all of the following observations: => change in state => change in colour => change in temperature => evolution of gas. What is a Chemical Equation? A Chemical Equation represents a chemical reaction. A complete chemical equation represents the reactants, products, and their physical states symbolically. A chemical equation also indicates a number of atoms of each element involved in a reaction. A chemical equation can be written as balanced or unbalanced. An unbalanced chemical equation is also known as Skeletal Chemical Equation for a reaction. An equation having an equal number of atoms of each element on both the sides is called a balanced chemical equation. Types of Chemical Reaction Chemical Reactions are primarily of five types as listed below: 1. Combination reaction 2. Decomposition reaction 3. Displacement reaction 4. Double displacement reactions 5. Oxidation and Reduction reactions What are Combination Reactions? When two or more substances (elements or compounds) combine to form a single product, the reactions are called Combination Reactions. Generally, Combination Reactions are exothermic in nature. The following are some examples of Combination Reactions: CaO (s) + H2O (l) -----> Ca(OH)2 (aq) C (s) + O2 (g) ------> CO2 (g) What are Decomposition Reactions? Decomposition reactions are opposite to combination reactions. In a Decomposition reaction, a single substance decomposes to give two or more substances. What are Displacement Reactions? When an element displaces another element from its compound, such reaction is called a displacement reaction e.g. Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq) -----> ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s) What are Double Displacement Reactions? A double displacement reaction is a bimolecular process in which parts of two compounds are exchanged to give two new compounds. The general equation used to represent double displacement reactions can be written as AB + CD -----> AD + BC Examples of double displacement reactions are Na2SO4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) -----> BaSO4 (s) + 2NaCl (aq) Double Displacement Reactions have two commoj features 1. Two compounds exchange their ions resulting in the formation of two new compounds. 2. One of the new compounds formed would be separated from the mixture in some way, commonly as a solid or gas. Double displacement reactions can be further classified as Precipitation, Gas formation, and Acid-base neutralization reactions.

Sample Hot Questions

Q.1: Which of the following is a Combination and which is a Displacement Reaction? (a) Cl2 + 2KI -----> 2KCl + I2 (b) 2K + Cl2 ------> 2KCl Ans: (a) Displacement reaction (b) Combination reaction Q.2: What is a catalytic decomposition? Ans: Those reactions in which a compound splits up into two or more simpler substances in the presence of catalyst are called catalytic reactions. For example, digestion of food in human body. Q.3: What is the term used for the symbolic representation of a reaction. Ans: Chemical equation. Q.4: Write two uses of decomposition reactions. Ans: Two uses of decomposition reactions (i) These reactions are used to extract several metals from their oxides and salts. When the oxide or salt is electrolyzed, metal is obtained as per the following equation: 2Al2O3 ------> 4Al + 3O2 (ii) Digestion of food in our body is also an example of decomposition reaction. The starch (carbohydrates) present in the body is decomposed to give simple substance (glucose) and the proteins are broken down into amino acids. Q.5: Explain the terms oxidizing agent and reducing agent. Ans: Oxidizing agent The substance, which oxidizes elements or compounds, is known as oxidizing agent e.g. 4Fe + 3O2 ------> 2Fe2O3 Hence, oxygen is an oxidizing agent. In this equation it oxidizes iron (Fe ) to ferric oxide (Fe2O3). Reducing agent The substance, which oxidizes elements or compounds, is known as oxidizing agent e.g. SnCl2 + 2FeCl3 -----> SnCl4 + 2FeCl2 Here stannous chloride is a reducing agent. It reduces ferric chloride to ferrous chloride.
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