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Why do we need substances to be pure?

Purification and Separation

1. Impuritiesindrugsandmedicinemust bedetectedastheymaycauseside effects. 2. Impurities in chemicals causes Impuritiesinchemicalscauses inaccuracyinresultswhencarryingout researchexperiments 3. Chemicals areoftenaddedtofoodand beverages.Itisimportanttoensurethat onlythepurechemicalsareadded.
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Effects of Impurities and Pressure

Effectof Impurities (Impure Substance) Melting point (Solids) Boilingpoint (Liquids) Changesto Pressure Effectof Pressureon boilingpoint High pressure Lower pressure Nofixedtemperature, Lower Nofixedtemperature, Higher Changesto Boilingpoint Fixedtemperature, increaseb.p. Fixedtemperature, decreaseb.p.
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Consolidation
UsingMagnets
Separatingsolids Somemetalsaremagnetic. Wecanusethispropertyto separatethesemetals(e.g. iron,nickel,cobalt,steel)from mixtures.

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Sublimation
Solid solidmixtureswhereoncansublime.

Chromatography liquidmixtures
Chromatographyisatechniqueof usingasolventtoseparateamixture intoitscomponents. Theratiobetweenthe_______ distance travelledbythesubstance travelled by the substance and the _____________________andthe __________________________isa distancetravelledbythesolvent constant. Rf value Thisratioiscalledthe________. Toanalyse colourless substances,we usea____________. locatingagent
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UsesofChromatography
Chromatographyisusedto:
separatethecomponentsinasample, identifythenumberofcomponentsinasample, identifythecomponentspresentinasample, determinethepurityofasample.

Crystallisation
Separatingsoluble solidfromliquid
1. Waterisremovedbyheatingthe solution. 2. Heatingisstoppedwhenahot saturatedsolutionisformed. saturated solution is formed. 3. Astheresultingsolutionis allowedtocooltoroom temperature,thedissolvedsolid willbeformedaspurecrystals.

Chromatographycannotbeusedto:
isolate/obtainthecomponents, reusecomponentsinasample.
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Crystallisation
Separatingsoluble solidfromliquid
1.

Video Crystallisation ofCuSO4

2. 3. 4. Addingimpurecopper sulphate untilnofurthercan bedissolved. Heatsolutiontofullydissolve allcoppersulphate crystals. Filtertoremoveexcess impurecoppersulphate. Pourthecopper(II)sulphate solutionintotheevaporating dishandheatuntilonethird ofthesolutionisleftinthe evaporatingdish. Allowthesolutiontocooland observethecrystalsform.

Howtotestforsaturation?
Dipacleanglassrodintothesolution andremove. Ifsmallcrystalsformontherodasthe solutioncools,thesolutionissaturated.

Asaturatedsolution isasolutionofasubstancethatcannotdissolve anymoreofthatsubstance.Addingadditionalamountsofitwillcausea precipitatetoappear.

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5.

Evaporation
Separatingsoluble solidfromliquid
Torecoversaltfromsaltsolution,weevaporatethesolutionto dryness. Sincesalt(1413C)hasamuchhigherb.p.thanwater(100C),only thewaterwillevaporateandthesaltwillbeleftbehind. saltsolution

SeparationFunnel
Video:

Oillayer Aqueous layer

evaporatingdish
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vcwfhDhLiQU
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Decanting
Separatingdense,insoluble solidfromliquid
e.g.washingofgoldore,makingofcheese

Filtration
Separatingfine,insoluble solidfromliquid
Uponfiltration,the solidthatremainson thefilterpaperis calledtheresidue.

Theliquidorsolution thatpassesthroughthe filterpaperiscalledthe filtrate.

Howdoesfiltrationwork?
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Simpledistillation
Usedformiscibleliquidliquidmixtures Cold running water enters from the bottom of the condenser and leaves from the top.

LimitationsofSimpleDistillation
Simpledistillationcanbeusedtoseparatemixturesofliquidswith differentboilingpoints. Limitedtoboilingpointdifferencesofmorethan20oC.

Boiling chips are used to smooth the boiling.

Condenser C d

Distillate

Whathappensifweneed toseparateliquidswith smalldifferencesinboilingpoints?

FractionalDistillation
http://www.footprintsscience.co.uk/flash/distillation.swf 16

FractionalDistillation
Filledwithglass beads,platesor spirals. Providesalarge surfaceareaforthe condensationofthe vapour.

Howdoesfractionaldistillationwork?
Fractional distillation of a mixture of ethanol (78oC) and water (100oC). 3. Ethanol distils over. In the condenser, ethanol vapour condenses. 2. Vapour of the liquid with higher boiling point condense along the fractionating column and re-enter l d the round-bottomed flask. 4. Ethanol is collected as the distillate.

1. In the distillation flask, the mixture of ethanol and water boils and both liquids may distil together.
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Completed Concept Map of all the Separation Techniques

Mixtures

Problemsolving
Solid Liquid Mixtures Liquid - Liquid Mixtures
To obtain

Mixture with components to be identified

Solid Solid Mixtures

To obtain

solid

liquid

soluble

insoluble

Boiling point difference > 20oC

Boiling point difference < 20oC

Do not decompose on heating

Decompose on heating

Myhousehasbeenransacked.Everythingisina My house has been ransacked Everything is in a mess,especiallyinmykitchen.Canyouhelpme separateamixtureofsand,copperwires,salt (sodiumchloride),ironfillings,iodineand cookingoilfromeachother?

Chromatography

- add suitable solvent, then filter - use magnets - sublimation

Evaporate to dryness

Crystallisation

- Filtration - Decanting

Simple Distillation

Fractional Distillation