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A FIELD STUDY ON SUPER-TALL BUILDING/SUPER-LONG PILE/THICK RAFT INTERACTION IN SHANGHAI

QINGGUOFAN BIAOBINGDAI WENLONG DENG' Shanghai Construction Group, Shanghai 200120, China ZHIYONG AI XIHONG ZHAO

College of civil engineering. Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road , Shanghai 200092, China

It is the first time in China to carry out such a field experimental study to provide the information on the frame-shear wall structure/super-long pile/thick raft interaction in soft soils. Chang-feng Market is of 60-storey, 238m high, with 4.5m~6.25m thick raft and bored piles of <D850mm drilled into silty sand layer with medium and coarse sands (i.e. 9-2 soil layer in Shanghai) to a depth of 72.5 m. This building is composed of a 60-storey building and a 10-storey podium, Both have 4-storey basement. The depth of embedment is 18.95m. In order to obtain the more information on interaction, after completion of excavation engineering, on July 11, 2004 the following transducers for different purposes were installed in foundation with construction siage, respectively. 19 rebar stress gauges and 19 strain gauges on the top of piles and 36 earth pressure cells beneath the foundation base were installed to measure the pile load and foundation contact pressure. 28 rebar stress gauges were attached to the top and bottom reinforcing steel at 7 locations in the raft to measure the steel stresses. 5 piezometers were installed about 0.5-1.0m below the base of excavation to observe the lift and dissipation of excess pore water pressure and the effect of buoyancy on the bottom. To get the special information for checking the real load on the mega columns and corresponding contribution of every storey stiffness to foundation, 5 rebar stress gauges and 5 strain gauges were attached 5 typical columns. Meanwhile, for the same purpose, to record the settlements of the building with respect to time, 21 permanent reference points were established on columns and walls. Based on the change of settlement type it will provide an important evidence to analyze the contribution of every storey stiffness to foundation.Now the building is still under construction. However, some valuable data have obtained. For example, load-sharing between pile and raft is an objective fact even for super-long pile foundation. The main structure will be completed in the coming September. It is expected that the field experimental and analytical results will be satisfied.

1.

Introduction

Chang-feng market is a multi-function and comprehensive modern building, including shopping, dining, office, hotel, et al; which is located at Changning District in Shanghai, China, near Zhong-shan Park station of the second subway line, and cross-point of Chang-ning Road, Hui-chuang Road and Kai-xuan Road. The structure of the market has a main building of 60-storey frame-shear structure and a 10-storey podium. The main building is 238m high, with piled raft foundation. The prospective view and cross section of the main building and its podium are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, respectively. The total area of construction for Chang-feng market is 310000m2, in which the main building, 97000m2 and the podium, 125000m2. The main building and podium both have 4-storey basements. The levels of ground floor of the basement, the first floor of the basement, the second floor, the third floor and the forth floor are located at -0.10m, -5.30m, -

10.70m, -13.70m and -16.75m, respectively. The area of each storey basement is 22000m2. The bottom level of raft in the main building is designed at -20.75m for the thickness of 4m, -21.75m. for the thickness of 5m and 23.00m for the thickness of 6.25m, respectively. The bored piles of 3>850mm are driven into 9-2 soil layer to a depth of 72.5m. The valid length of the bored pile is48m and the total number of piles in main building is 416. The plan of the piles of the main building and podium is shown in Figure 3. The excavation depth of the foundation pit is 18.95m. The external wall of basement is adopted as the diaphragm wall of the 800mm thickness and 1000mm thickness (near the second subway line), respectively. The total area of the foundation pit is about 25890m2. The environment around the market is complex, and the foundation pit is close to the roads. South side of foundation pit is Changning Road, and near the Zhong-shan Park station of the second subway line, the hall of the station is 10m deep

251
and has 2 storey basements. The west side of foundation pit is next to Kai-xuan Road, which is new road and is full of lots of ground pipe lines. The tramway station of Pearl line is of 40m distance from the western external wall. The north and the east sides of the foundation pit is Hui-chuan Road, which is also full of ground pipe lines. A 6-storey residential building is of 40m distance from the northern external wall, and Guo-Mei market of 12storey frame structure is of 30m distance from the eastern external wall, and so on.

Figure 1. Prospective view of Chang-feng market.

Figure 2. Cross section of Chang-feng market.

2.

Purpose and Content of Field Test

4. 5.

The purpose of Field test is to investigate the interaction between the super structure and the piled raft foundation in the main building of Chang-feng market, the emphases are to study the interaction between pile and raft foundation. The contents of the field test are listed as follows: 1. The relationship of settlement and loads on pile group; 2. The load distribution of pile group (i.e. the coefficient of distribution among the corner pile, edge pile, internal pile and central pile.); 3. Load-sharing between pile and raft;

6. 7.

8. 9.

Relations between stiffness of raft and floors of the building; Affects of the variation for floors and pore water pressures on settlement, the pile loads, load-sharing between pile and raft, stiffness of raft, stress in raft, load distribution of columns; Inner force variation in the raft; Relation between real load and designed load in typical edge columns and the columns next to the centre; Elevation and dissipation of pore water pressures; Relation between water level and soil pressures according to ground water level fluctuation;

252 In addition, the problem is how to make use of the settlement of the main building and its podium to the study on interaction. 3. Layout of Instruments

The layout of instruments is shown in Figure 4

Figure 3. Plan of piles of main building and podium.

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Z-l toZ-19 load transducers for pile.

G-l to G-7 rebar stress gauge.

C-l to C-5 column load transducers.

W-1 to W-2 thermometer.

p-1 to p-36 earth pressure cell.

F-l to F-4 pore water pressure gauge.

S-l to S-20 settlement reference point. Figure 4. Layout of instrumentation

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4.

Analysis of test results

The work of installing instrument started on 1 lth July, 2004 and finished on 5th August, 2004. The work of installing instrument lasted approximately one month. The transducers for P28, Z9, Z14 and Z15 were cancelled, because they were conflicted with the constructions of foundation, the other transducers were all successfully installed. The total number of the instruments is 113, in which 102 transducers are successful by the date of August 6th 2004. That is, the ratio of surviving instrument is 90.3%. Afterward, with developing of construction many wires from instruments had been destroyed by several accidents. Anyway, a lot of test data have been obtained. Due to limitation of time the analytical results of settlement, earth pressure and loads on pile group are presented only in this paper. 4.1 Settlement S-l-S-20 settlement reference points were embedded in

columns and walls at the ground floor with their locations, as shown in Figure 4 by triangle symbols. Unfortunately, the measurement of settlement for building started from 30th October, 2004, in that time the basements of four floors and fourth floor on the ground had been completed. The settlement versus number of floors curve for typical reference point S-5 is shown in Figure 5. Now the measured maximum settlement of S12 is 33mm (36* floor completed). In fact, the settlement caused by thick raft of 4m~6.25m, the basements of four floors and four floors on the ground should be taken into account. Based on engineering experience, the settlement is about lOfnm in that construction period. Thus, the real maximum settlement would reach to 43mm, namely average settlement is roughly lmm per floor. However, the normal rate of settlement for concrete structure is equal or less than lmm per floor in Shanghai.

Fl oors
4F 6F 8F 9F 10F 12F 16F 17F 18F 19F 20F 22F 24F 26F 28F 30F 33F 34F 36F

Figure 5. Settlement versus floor for S-5

4.2 Earth pressure In order to measure contact pressure beneath the bottom of raft, P1-P36 earth pressure cells were installed at different locations, as shown in Figure4 by x symbols. The earth pressure started to measure since the time the earth pressure cells were installed on August 2nd 2004. The typical earth pressure of P29 versus number of floors is shown in Figure 6, in which the average data is also listed. From the data shown in Figure 6 it can be seen that there are three characteristics at three construction stages as follows:

255 The first construction stage (B4~B0): In this construction period of B4 concrete of raft with 4m~6.25m thick had been poured. The earth pressure versus number of floors curve is just a straight line, the average earth pressure of 35kPa increases to 188.5kPa rapidly. The second construction stage (B0-F1O): This construction period of F10 can be considered as overburden pressure stage (self weight of whole excavation of 18.95m). The earth pressure increases with number of floors slowly, i.e. the average earth pressure of 188.5kPa increases to 213kPa. The third construction stage (F10-F39): This construction period between F10-F39 can be considered as net foundation pressure stage. The earth pressure basically keeps constant. The average earth pressure can be also taken as 213kPa. These characteristics can provide useful basis for evaluating the load carried by pile groups versus numbers of floors (see 4.3).

250 200
C D

150 100 50

B4

B0

F5

F10 F15 Fl oors

F20

F30

F39

Figure 6. Earth pressure versus number of floors B4Fourth floor of basement (08.22.04); BOFirst floor on ground (10.03.04) F5Fifth floor on ground (11.02.04); F39Thirty ninth floor on ground (06.24.05).

4.3 Loads on pile group To study the load distribution on top of pile group Zl-Z-19 load transducers for pile were installed on the top of piles at different location, as shown in Figure 4 by M> symbols. It is well known that the load distribution on the top of pile groups is very complex. Now a lot of data is still being analyzed. In this case the load carried by pile groups can be expressed in the simple form as Ppile = Ptotal - Psoil Where Ppile = load carried by pile groups;

Ptotal = total load; Psoil = load carried by soil (raft). Then, load carried by pile groups versus number of floors is easily shown in Figure 7. Figure 7 can be expressed in other form as the ratio of load of pile group to total load, i.e. r\ versus number of floors, as shown in Figure 8. Evidently, from Figure 8 it can be seen that the ratio of pile load to total load, r| is about 67% during completion of 39th floor. It can be predicted that r| will be 75% roughly at the completion of this building.

1800 1600 Totel Load "Load car r i ed by soi I Load carri ed by pi I es

1400
1200 ^1000 o 800 600 400 200 0 B4

B0

F5

F10

F15 Fl oors

F20

F25

F30

F39

Figure 7. Load-sharing between piles and soil (raft) vs number of floors

100 80 60 40 20

B4

B O

F5

F10

F15 Fl oors

F20

F25

F30

F39

Figure 8. Ratio of load of pile group to total load vs number of floors

5.

Concluding Remarks

It is the first time in China to carry out such a field experimental study on the frame-shear wall structure/super-long pile/thick raft interaction in soft soils. Some valuable data have been obtained although

this building is still under construction and the field experiment is continuing. However, two preliminary results can be drawn as follows: 1. Based on the engineering experience for concrete structure of tall building in Shanghai, the settlement

257 rate is one of key points for checking the engineering quality. The settlement rate should be controlled within lmm per floor for safety, it can be said this building is in a good condition. 2. Based on the measured load carried by soil (raft), at the completion of this building the load carried by pile group will be about 75% of total load. In the design of this building the allowable bearing capacity of pile is taken as SOOOkN, at the completion of this building the total load will be about 2000000kN, then, the average load for single pile will be 4800kN. So, some valuable data obtained in this field experiment will help the designer improve the design level. For example, load-sharing between pile and raft should be taken into account in the design of piled raft foundation for tall building. References 1. Zhao, X. H. et al. Theory of Design of Piled Raft and Box Foundation for Tall Buildings in Shanghai (in Chinese, 1989; Enlarged edition in English, 1998). Tongji University Press. 2. Katzenbach, R et al. Soil-structure-interaction of the 300m high Commerzbank tower in Frankfurt am Main measurements and numerical studies. Proc. 14th ICSMFE, Hamburg, 1997, Vol.2:l081~1084. 3. Hu, C.L. et al. Field monitoring and comprehensive analysis of piled raft foundation for tall building under complex conditions. Rock and Soil Mechanics. [J] (in Chinese), 2003, 24(4):673-676. 4. Zhao, X. H., Gong, J. Load-sharing between pile and raft or box in field experiment, calculation and mechanism analysis. Rock and Soil Mechanics. [J] (in Chinese), 2005. 26(3):337~341.