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=
Here and are the density and the dynamic viscosity, respectively
2.3. Size of Flow Domain and Boundary Conditions
Fig.3. Sketch of the flow configuration and definition of length scales for flow between parallel plates
Z
X
Y
1, 0,
0
u v
p
x
= =
c
=
c
0,
0
c
=
c
=
Outlet
u
x
v
0, 0,
0
= =
c
=
c
Bottomwall
u v
p
y
0, 0,
0
= =
c
=
c
Top wall
u v
p
y
H
C.A. Saleel et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No.10 October 2011 7718
Figure 3 depicts the geometry of the flow domain for flow between parallel plates with finite distance in
between the channel, which is small compared to its length and width. Hence the flow through this channel is
assumed to be two dimensional. Figure 4 depicts the two-dimensional channel with a forward-backward facing
step with finite distance in between the channel, which is small compared to its length and width. Hence the
flow through this channel is assumed to be two dimensional. The geometry consists of an upstream wall, a
forwardfacing step, a backward-facing step, and a downstream wall. In both the flow domains, the flow is
assumed as unsteady and laminar and buoyant forces are negligible compared with viscous and pressure forces.
The following boundary conditions are assumed for the computational simulation.
Inlet: In order to simulate a fully developed laminar channel flow, a uniform velocity profile with is prescribed
at the channel inlet for the present model. Cross stream velocity is equal to zero. The Neumann boundary
condition is assumed for pressure.
Outlet: Fully developed velocity profile is assumed at the outlet. Pressure boundary condition is not specified.
Walls: No slip condition (u=0 and v=0) for velocity and Neumann boundary condition for pressure.
Fig.4. Sketch of the flow configuration and definition of length scales for forward-backward facing step.
The time-integration method used to solve the above equations is based on a factional step method
where a pseudo-pressure is used to correct the velocity field so that the continuity equation is satisfied at each
computational time step. In this study, a second-order semi-implicit time advancement scheme (a third order
Runge-Kutta method for the convection terms and a second order Crank-Nicholson method for the diffusion
terms) is used. Eq. (1) and (2) are expanded as follows:
1 1
1 1 2
2
( ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) (4)
1
( ) (5)
2
k k k
k k k k k i i
k i k i k k i k i i
i
k k
k i
i i k i
u u p
L u L u N u N u f
t x
u
q
x x t x
o o o
|
o
c
= + +
A c
c c
=
c c A c
The velocity and pressure values are calculated using the following equations
2
1
2 (6)
(7)
Re
k
k k
i i k
i
k
k k k k
j j
u u t
x
t
p p
x x
|
o
o |
|
c
= A
c
A c
= +
c c
L(u
i
) and N(u
i
) appearing in Eq. (5) corresponds to
2
1
( ) (8)
Re
( ) (9)
i
i
j j
i j
i
j
u
L u
x x
u u
N u
x
c
=
c c
c
=
c
Where
i
u is the intermediate velocity, | is the pseudo-pressure, t A is the computational time step, k
the sub-step index, and
k
o ,
k
and
k
are the coefficients of RK3 (Third order Runge-Kutta) whose values are
H
Z
0,
0
c
=
c
=
Outlet
u
x
v
0, 0,
0
= =
c
=
c
Bottomwall
u v
p
y
0, 0,
0
= =
c
=
c
Top wall
u v
p
y
X
Y
1, 0,
0
u v
p
x
= =
c
=
c
C.A. Saleel et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No.10 October 2011 7719
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
4 8
, , 0 (10)
15 15
1 5 17
, , (11)
15 12 60
1 3 5
, , (12)
6 4 12
o
o
o
= = =
= = =
= = =
A discrete-time momentum forcing function,
i
f should be appended with the Navier-Stokes equations to
treat the immersed boundary (IB) as a kind of forcing so that it mimic the effect of IB. Here it is extracted from
the literature presented Yusof (1997). This forcing function is incorporated to satisfy the no-slip condition on the
immersed boundary (IB) and is applied only on the immersed boundary or inside the body. In the absence of IB,
i
f should be made equal to zero. The location of points, where the forcing function has to be introduced, is
determined in a similar fashion as that of the velocity components defined on a staggered grid. And a mass
source/sink term
q
is introduced for the cell containing the immersed boundary to satisfy the mass conservation.
The mass source/sink term is applied to the cell center on the immersed boundary or inside the body. The way of
finding the momentum forcing function,
i
f and the mass source/sink term
q
is explained as follows.
2.4. Momentum Forcing and Interpolation for the Velocity
To obtain
i
u , from Eq. (5), the momentum forcing
k
i
f must be determined in advance such that
i
u satisfies the
no-slip condition on the immersed boundary. When Eq. (1) is provisionally discretized explicitly in time (RK3
for the convection terms and forward Euler method for the diffusion terms) to derive the momentum forcing
value, we have
1 1
1 1 2
2 ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) (13)
K K K
K K K K i i
i i i i K K K K
i
u u p
L u N u N u f
t x
o o
c
= +
A c
Rearranging Eq. (14) results in the following equation for
k
i
f at a forcing point,
1 1
1 1 2
2 ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) (14)
K K K
K K K K i i
i i i i K K K k
i
U u p
f L u N u N u
t x
o o
c
= + + +
A c
Here
k
i
U is the velocity to be obtained at a forcing point by applying momentum forcing. In the following,
k
i
u (
k
i
u = in Eq. (5)) indicates the velocity at a grid point nearby the forcing point updated from Eq. (14) with
0
k
i
f = to determine
K
i
U using the linear interpolation.
In case of the no-slip wall,
k
i
U is zero as and when the forcing point coincides with the immersed boundary.
However, in general the forcing point exists not on the immersed boundary but inside the body, and thus an
interpolation procedure for the velocity
k
i
U is required. In the present study, second-order linear interpolations
are used, and Figure 6 shows the schematic diagrams for the calculation of interpolation velocity when the
backward facing step is considered as the IB.
K
B
u
K
C
u
K
A
u
1
K
U
A
y
B
y
h
h
K
A
v
K
C
v
1
K
V
1
h
1 A
y
1
K
v
1
K
u
2
K
u
2
K
v
x A
y A
Fig. 5 Stencil for the linear interpolation scheme in the vicinity of backward facing step (IB) which shows instantaneous velocity,
interpolation velocity, forcing points, etc.
C.A. Saleel et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No.10 October 2011 7720
To explain the interpolation scheme distinctively with respect to Fig.6, the following second-order linear
interpolation is considered
1
(15)
K K
C
U u =
For 0
A
h y < s ,
K
C
u is obtained from a linear interpolation between
K
A
u and the no-slip condition at the IB,
whereas for
A B
y h y < < ,
K
C
u is obtained from
K
A
u and
K
B
u . That is
( )
( )
1
1
0 16
( ) ( )
17
K K
A A
A
K K
K B A A B
A B
B A
h
U u for h y
y
y h u h y u
U for y h y
y y
= < s
+
= < <
The exact position of IB with respect to grids is determined and either Eq. (17) or Eq. (18) has to be used to
calculate the U-interpolation velocity. The same scheme is applied to the y-component velocity. In the case of v-
velocity, variant of Eq. (17) and Eq.(18) may be written as follows:
( )
( )
1
1 1 1
1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
0 18
( ) ( )
19
K K
A A
A
K K
K B A A B
A B
B A
h
V v for h y
y
y h v h y v
V for y h y
y y
= < s
+
= < <
The exact position of IB with respect to grids is determined and either Eq. (19) or Eq. (20) has to be used to
calculate the V-interpolation velocity.
2.5. Mass Source and Continuity Equation
The procedure of obtaining the mass source
K
ij
q
in Eq. (6) is explained in this section. Consider the star marked
two-dimensional cell shown in Fig. 6, where
1
K
v
is the velocity components inside the body and
1
K
u ,
2
K
u and
2
K
v are those outside the body. For the rectangular cell containing only fluid, the continuity reads
1 2 2
0 (20)
K K K
u y v x u y A A A =
Meanwhile, for the rectangular cell containing both the body and the fluid the continuity equation becomes
1 1 2 2
(21)
K K K K K
u y v x q x y u y v x A + A + A A = A + A
From Eq. (21) and Eq. (22), the mass source
K
ij
q is obtained as
2
K
K
v
q
y
=
A
. In general,
(22)
K
ij K
ij
v
q
y
=
A
Note that
2
K
v is unknown until equations (6) and (7) are solved and thus we use
2
K
v instead of
2
K
v and is updated
as and when
2
K
v is being found out. Therefore, in general the mass source
K
ij
q is defined as
(23)
K
ij K
ij
v
q
y
=
A
2.6. Solution Procedure
For the spatial discretization of Eq. (5) to (8) a finite volume approach on a staggered grid together with a
fractional step method was employed. Being a CFD method, the Finite Volume Method (FVM) describes mass,
momentum and energy conservation for solution of the set of differential equations considered. The FVM is
comparable to other approximated numerical methods such as Finite Difference Method (FDM) and Finite
Element Method (FEM). It is characterized by the partition of the spatial domain in a finite number of
elementary volumes for which are applied the balances of mass, momentum and energy. The approximated
equations for the method can be obtained by two approaches. The first consists in applying balances for the
elementary volumes (finite volumes), and the second consists in the integration spatial-temporal of the
conservation equations. In this work, the latter approach is followed.
The convection and diffusion terms were evaluated using a central differencing scheme of second-order
accuracy. Solution of non-dimensional u and v are made possible in Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI)
C.A. Saleel et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No.10 October 2011 7721
approximate factorization method clubbed with powerful and accurate Tri-Diagonal Matrix Algorithm (TDMA).
The pressure solver is based on Successive over Relaxation (SOR) method. The numerical code is developed
using Digital Visual FORTRAN (DVF) and a detailed flow chart is shown in Figure 7, based on which the
computer code is developed. To generate all results, the respective computer code is executed with an accuracy
of 10
-6
.
Fig. 6 Flow chart for the Immersed Boundary Method
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Numerical Simulation of Flow Between Parallel Plates
Firstly, the present numerical method is validated by investigating the flow bwteen parallel plates and
comparing the channel outlet streamwise velocity profile is compared with the theoretical solution of the same.
The results are generated for flow between parallel plates at Reynolds numbers 1, 2, 10, 20, 50,100. To have a
theoretical solution at the channel outlet (i.e., for the hydro-dynamically fully developed flow),
0 (24)
U
X
c
=
c
Hence, the axial (x-direction) momentum equation can be written as
START
Define Grid size, Define RK3 coefficients, Assign
initial values to velocity, pressure and pseudo-
pressure, Set iteration no=0.0, Set BCs
Iteration Number = Iteration Number+1
Determine mass source term (IB), Solve pseudo-
pressure using SOR
k (fractional step index) loop = 1 to 3
Determine momentum forcing (IB), Solve
intermediate u-velocity, Solve intermediate v-
velocity and Update intermediate velocity BCs
Converge?
Update the pseudo-pressure BCs, Determine the
final u, v, p with the converged pseudo-pressure
Converge?
END
If k>3
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
C.A. Saleel et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No.10 October 2011 7722
2
2
(25)
fd
fd
U
P
X Y
c
c
| |
=
|
c c \ .
The left-hand side of the above equation is function of Y only while its right-hand side is function of X only.
This implies that both sides should be a constant. Integrating the above equation and applying the non-slip
conditions at the wall (Y=0 and Y=1), one can obtain an expression for the fully developed velocity profile as
( )
2
1
( ) (26)
2
fd
fd
dP
U Y Y Y
dX
| |
=
|
\ .
Substituting for U from above equation into the following integral form of the continuity equation,
1
0
1 UdY =
}
,
one can evaluate the value of the fully developed pressure gradient. This fully developed pressure
gradient
fd
dP
dX
| |
|
\ .
, was found to be (-12). So, the analytical fully developed velocity profile can be given as
( )
2
( ) 6 (27)
fd
U Y Y Y =
The numerically obtained developing axial velocity profile should approach asymptotically this analytical fully
developed axial velocity profile. So, this analytical profile is used as a check for the validity of the numerical
code developed. Figure 7 shows the excellent agreement between the numerical and analytical streamwise
velocity. The numerical streamwise velocity profile at the exit of the channel is independent of Reynolds
numbers as shown in Eq. 27.
Fig.7. Excellent agreement between the analytical and numerical streamwise velocity profiles at the exit of the channell
Figure 8 shows the streamwise velocity contour for the flow between parallel plates for the above mentioned
Reynolds numbers. It is clearly seen that the hydrodynamic emtry length is gradually increasing with increase of
Reynolds numbers. Figure 9 depicts the variation of non-dimensional hydrodynamic entrance length with
respect to Reynolds numbers. The variation is almost in an exponential manner. Streamwise velocity contour
reveals the hydro dynamically developing region at the entrance of the channel and the hydro dynamically
developed region there after. Inspecting Figures 8, one can conclude that at the early stages downstream the
entrance, the fluid adjacent to the walls decelerates due to the formation of the two hydrodynamic boundary
layers. Consequently, as a result of continuity principle, fluid outside these two boundary-layers accelerates.
Due to this action, at the entrance region, a transverse velocity component is having an influencing value that
sends the fluid away from the two plates outside the two boundary-layers and towards the centre line between
the two walls. The development of the transverse velocity component show how big this velocity component is
at the early stage in the entrance region due to the formation of the two hydrodynamic-boundary-layers.
However, this action gradually decays with further increase in the axial distance downstream the entrance and
finally the value of transverse velocity vanishes to near zero when the flow becomes hydro-dynamically fully
developed.
C.A. Saleel et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No.10 October 2011 7723
Fig. 8 Streamwise velocity contours for the flow between parallel polates
Fig. 9 Variation of hydrodynamic entry length with respect to Re values
Energy Engineers are not only frequently concerned with the details of the fluid velocity but also with the
pressure drop. Pressure variations show the development of the pressure with non-dimensional channel length
(X) from the entrance till the fully developed conditions are achieved. When the flow becomes hydro-
dynamically fully developed (far away downstream the entrance) the pressure drop is due to the viscous shear
action only. At this stage the pressure drop can be obtained as explained. Under the assumption of the whole
channel fully developed flow right from the entrance, the linear variation of
fd
P with X can be calculated using
the analytically obtained value of
fd
dP
dX
| |
|
\ .
. For a developing flow in the entry region, the pressure drop is due to
both inertia and viscous actions. Consequently, the dimensionless pressure is a nonlinear function of X.
However, pressure P should finally (at large values of X) follow a linear relationship with X having the
analytically obtained slope, .
fd
dP
dX
| |
|
\ .
3.2. Computational Simulation ofFlow Over Forward-Backward Facing Step
Secondly, the flow over a forward-backward facing step is numerically simulated using the present method. This
configuration has prospective applications and appears frequently in engineering situations, particularly with
heat transfer applications. Also, it has applications in hydraulics, oceanography and dam analysis. The
obstructions are used as turbulence enhancers in order to generate the increased heat transfer coefficients and
also as eddy generators. Moreover such situation exists also in the oxygenator which is a medical device, which
is capable of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood of human patient in surgical procedures.
Re=1 Re=2 Re=10
Re=20 Re=50 Re=100
C.A. Saleel et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No.10 October 2011 7724
Rectangular obstacles excite secondary flows in micro-channels thereby greatly enhance the mixing of two
liquids flowing in a layered fashion through these micro-channels. In addition to Reynolds numbers, the most
dominant parameters that manipulate the flow phenomena are the shapes and sizes of obstruction geometry and
the gap between the obstruction and the top wall of the test channel. Authority of these flow parameters is
investigated using velocity contours and stream lines plotted for various cases. The velocity contours and the
stream line plots provide the quantitative and qualitative information regarding the flow features. Keeping this
in mind, three geometrically different step configurations are considered arbitrarily. They are height and length
of the step, which are normalized with channel height.
3.2.1. Forward-backward facing step (height =0.25)
Flow over forward-backward facing step of non-dimensional height = 0.25 is investigated first numerically for
the Reynolds number value of 1, 10, and 50. Figure 10 describes the stream wise velocity contours of the flow
over forward-backward facing step through the channel in the same order of the aforesaid Reynolds number
values. The contour unveils that maximum stream wise velocity is exactly above the step. As the numerical
experimentation is on the way two recirculation eddies are seen for some cases and to differentiate one from
another, recirculation eddies nearer to the obstruction is named as primary recirculation eddies and the
recirculation eddies nearer to the top wall is named as secondary recirculation eddies. For the present
configuration, the primary recirculation eddies are negligibly absent when Re=1 and Re=10 and are
predominant in the down stream side of the step when Re=10 and 50. Size of the recirculation eddies are
linearly increasing with the value of the Reynolds number.
Fig.10. streamwise velocity contours for the flow over a forward-backward facing step (height=0.25) at Re=1, 10, and 50.
Figure 11 shows the streamline plots for the same geometry as in same ordinal status of Reynolds numbers. It is
found that primary recirculation eddies being formed for Re=1,10 and 50. The size of the recirculation eddies or
vortex in the downstream side is larger for Re=50. It can be seen from the numerically predicted velocity
contours and stream lines for different Reynolds numbers that the shear layers separating from the edges of the
step reattached on the bottom wall of the test channel at different positions. The reattachment length increases
linearly with Reynolds numbers. The values of reattachment length are more clearly noticed from the stream
line plots (as shown in Figure 12). It can also be seen that a low pressure zone is formed at the vicinity
immediately after the step in the channel which triggers the flow to generate recirculation eddies at Re = 10 and
50. Continuity is satisfied by adjusting the values of transverse velocity wherever required.
Fig.11. streamlines in the vicinity of forward-backward facing step (height=0.25) at Re=1, 10, and 50.
Non-Dimensional Channel Length
N
o
n
-
D
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
a
l
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
H
e
i
g
h
t
0 1 2 3 4 5
0
1
2
3
4
Non-Dimensional Channel Length
N
o
n
-
D
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
a
l
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
H
e
i
g
h
t
0 1 2 3 4 5
0
1
2
3
4
Non-Dimensional Channel Length
N
o
n
-
D
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
a
l
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
H
e
i
g
h
t
2 3
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Non-Dimensional Channel Length
N
o
n
-
D
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
a
l
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
H
e
i
g
h
t
1 2 3
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Non-Dimensional Channel Length
N
o
n
-
D
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
a
l
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
H
e
i
g
h
t
2 3
-0.5
0
0.5
1
C.A. Saleel et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No.10 October 2011 7725
3.2.2. Forward-backward facing step(height =0.5)
Flow over forward-backward facing step of non-dimensional height = 0.5 is experimented numerically next for
the Reynolds number value of 1, 10, and 50. Figure 12 describes the stream wise velocity contours of the flow
over forward-backward facing step through the channel in the same order of the aforesaid Reynolds number
values. The contour unveils that maximum stream wise velocity is exactly above the step. As the numerical
experimentation is on the way two recirculation eddies are seen for some cases and to differentiate one from
another, recirculation eddies nearer to the obstruction is named as primary recirculation eddies and the
recirculation eddies nearer to the top wall is named as secondary recirculation eddies. For the present
configuration, the primary recirculation eddies are negligibly absent when Re=1 and Re=10 and are
predominant in the down stream side of the step when Re=10 and 50. Size of the recirculation eddies are
linearly increasing with the value of the Reynolds number. Figure 13 shows the transverse velocity contours for
the same geometry and Reynolds numbers. Apart from the inlet, the maximum and minimum value of transverse
wise velocity is located immediately before and after the tips of the step. The minimum value of the transverse
velocity immediately after the tip physically demands that the flow needs some stream wise distance to adjust
and become fully developed. As the Reynolds number increases, there occurs an increase in area of realm where
maximum and minimum cross-stream velocity demanding more stream wise distance downstream of the step to
get fully developed.
Fig.12. streamwise velocity contours for the flow over a forward-backward facing step (height=0.5) at Re=1, 10, and 50.
Figure 14 shows the streamline plots obtained from the flow field for the same geometry as in same ordinal
status of Reynolds numbers. It is found that two recirculation eddies being formed for Re=1 and 10. For Re =
50,three recirculation eddies are developed around the step. The recirculation eddies developed immediately
above the step reveals that the results are in good agreement with that of Leclercq et al. (2001).The size of the
recirculation eddies or vortex in the downstream side is larger for Re=50. It can be seen from the numerically
predicted velocity contours and stream lines for different Reynolds numbers that the shear layers separating
from the edges of the step reattached on the bottom wall of the test channel at different positions. The
reattachment length increases linearly with Reynolds numbers. The values of reattachment length are more
clearly noticed from the stream line plots (as shown in Figure 15). It can also be seen that a low pressure zone is
formed at the vicinity immediately after the step in the channel which triggers the flow to generate recirculation
eddies at Re = 10 and 50. Continuity is satisfied by adjusting the values of transverse velocity wherever
required.
Fig.13. Transverse velocity contours for the flow over a forward-backward facing step (height=0.5) at Re=1, 10, and 50.
Re=1 Re=50 Re=10
Re=1 Re=1 Re=50
C.A. Saleel et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No.10 October 2011 7726
Fig.14. streamlines in the vicinity of forward-backward facing step (height=0.5) at Re=1, 10, and 50.
3.2.3. Forward-backward facing step(height =0.75)
Finally, the flow over forward-backward facing step of non-dimensional height = 0.75 is studied numerically for
the Reynolds number value of 1 and 10. Figure 15 describes the stream wise velocity contours of the flow over
forward-backward facing step through the channel in the same order of the aforesaid Reynolds number values.
The contour unveils that maximum stream wise velocity is exactly above the step. As the numerical
experimentation is on the way two recirculation eddies are negligibly small for both the Reynolds numbers.
Figure 15 also shows the streamline plots for the same geometry as in same ordinal status of Reynolds numbers.
It is found that primary recirculation eddies being formed for Re=1 and almost nil for Re = 10. The size of the
recirculation eddies or vortex in the upstream and downstream side is equal for Re = 10. It can be seen from the
numerically predicted velocity contours and stream lines for different Reynolds numbers that the shear layers
separating from the edges of the step glides through the step and reattached at the base of the step on the bottom
wall of the test channel. It can also be seen that a low pressure zone is formed at the vicinity immediately before
and after the step in the channel which triggers the flow to generate recirculation eddies at Re = 1. As before, it
is seen that continuity is getting satisfied by adjusting the values of transverse velocity wherever required.
Fig.15. Streamwise velocity and streamlines for flow over forward-backward facing step (height=0.75) at Re=1 and 10.
Non-Dimensional Channel Length
N
o
n
-
D
im
e
n
s
io
n
a
l
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
H
e
ig
h
t
2 2.5 3
0
0.5
1
Non-Dimensional Channel Length
N
o
n
-
D
im
e
n
s
io
n
a
l
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
H
e
ig
h
t
2 3
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Non-Dimensional Channel Length
N
o
n
-
D
im
e
n
s
io
n
a
l
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
H
e
ig
h
t
0 1 2 3 4 5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Non-Dimensional Channel Length
N
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1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Non_dimensional Channel Length
N
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0 1 2 3 4 5
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1
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Non-Dimensional Channel Length
N
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0 1 2 3 4 5
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Non_dimensional Channel Length
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1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
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Non-Dimensional Channel Length
N
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2 3 4
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1.5
C.A. Saleel et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No.10 October 2011 7727
4. Conclusion
Immersed boundary method is adopted to validate a relevant fluid mechanics benchmark problem, the flow
between parallel plates and is extended to conduct numerical experimentation of flow over forward-backward
facing step in channels. The present method is based on a finite volume approach on a staggered mesh together
with a fractional-step method. The momentum forcing and the mass source/sink are applied on the body surface
or inside the body to satisfy the no-slip boundary condition on the immersed boundary and the continuity for the
cell containing the immersed boundary, respectively. A linear interpolation scheme is used to satisfy the no-slip
velocity on the immersed boundary, which is numerically stable regardless of the relative position between the
grid and the immersed boundary. The present algorithm is ideally suited to low Reynolds number flows as well.
Predictions from the numerical model have been compared against theoretical solution of flow between parallel
plates and is in excellent agreement. Also, the immersed boundary method with both the momentum forcing and
mass source/sink is found to give realistic velocity profiles and recirculation eddies for the studied flow over
forward-backward facing step demonstrating the accuracy of the method. It is to be noted that the existence of
flow separation and subsequent reattachment caused by a sudden expansion or compression in flow geometry,
such as forward-backward facing steps greatly influences the mechanism of heat transfer. On completion of this
numerical study, it may be concluded that immersed boundary method is a robust way of determining flow field
with forward-backward facing step and can rival experimental and laboratory study. Generally for all
obstructions, the velocities are very small in the recirculation zone compared to the velocity of the mean flow.
Hence, the separation surface is submitted to a strong shear. In order to characterize the topology of the
separated zone, measurements of the reattachment length in the stream wise direction may be captured.
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