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NAND and NOR Implementation

ThisLecturewillcover HowthedigitalcircuitsuseNAND andNORgates ratherthanANDandOR gatestofabricatethe electroniccomponentssuchICdigitallogicfamilies p g g

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GraphicSymbols

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NAND Implementation
Inverter AND

OR
Bubbledenotes complementation

LogicOperationswithNANDgates

AND Invert

Invert OR

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TwographicsymbolsfortheNANDgates

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TheRule

Two Level Implementation

TheimplementationofBooleanfunctionswithNANDgatesrequiresthatthefunctionsbein sumofproducts(SOP)form. Example1:implementthefollowingfunction F = AB + CD Thisfunctioncanbeimplementedbythreedifferentwaysasshowninthecircuit diagrama,b,c

Thefunctionisimplementedin The function is implemented in (a) WithANDand ORgates (b) TheANDgatesarereplacedbyNANDgatesandtheORgateis replacedbyaNANDgatewithinvertORgraphic. (c) Itissimilartocaseb)buttheoutputNANDgateisredrawn withtheANDinvert.
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F = AB .CD F = AB + CD

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Example2
F(x , y , z ) = x y +xy +z
ThetwolevelNANDimplementationisshowninFig2.a)andb). Z

Cont.

implementthefollowingBooleanfunctionwithNANDgates F (x , y , z ) = (1,2,3,4,5,7) ThefirststepistosimplifythefunctionintoSOPform,wecanusekmaptofindthe simplifiedfunctionasfollows:

a)
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b)
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Procedures of Implementation with two levels of NAND gates

1. Express simplified function in sum of products 2. Draw a NAND gate for each product term that has at least two literals to constitute a group of first-level gates 3. Draw a single gate using AND-invert or invert-OR in the second level 4. A term with a single literal requires an inverter in the first level
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MultilevelNANDCircuits
1.ConvertallANDgatestoNANDgateswithANDinvertgraphicsymbols 2.ConvertallORgatestoNANDgateswithinvertORgraphicsymbols 3.Checkallthebubblesinthediagrams.Forasinglebubble,insertan inverter(oneinputNANDgate)orcomplementtheinputliteral
Example1:ConsidertheBooleanfunction,implementthecircuitdiagrambyusingmultilevel NANDgate.

F = A (CD + B ) + BC

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Example2:ConsiderthefollowingBooleanfunction,implementthecircuitdiagrambyusing multilevelNANDgate. F = (AB + A B )i(C + D )

Example 2

ANDORgates

NANDgates

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NOR Implementation
TheNORoperationisthedualoftheNANDoperation TheNORgateisanotheruniversalgatetoimplementanyBooleanfunction EasyforORAND(productofsums)

OR Invert

LogicOperationswithNORgates InvertAND

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TwographicsymbolsfortheNORgates

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TheRule

TheimplementationofBooleanfunctionswithNORgatesrequiresthatthe functionsbeinproductofsums(POS)form. Example1:ConsiderthefollowingBooleanfunction,implementthecircuitdiagrambyusingtwo levelNORgate. level NOR gate

Example 1

F = ( A + B ) i (C + D ) i E

TransformationfromORANDdiagramtoNORdiagram ORgates=>ORinvert ANDgate=>invertAND

ORANDgate
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NORgate
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Example2:ConsiderthefollowingBooleanfunction,implementthecircuitdiagrambyusing multilevelNORgate. F = (AB + A B )i(C + D )

Example 2

ANDORgates

NORgates

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NondegenerateForms
16possiblecombinationsoftwolevelformswith4typesof gates:AND,OR,NAND,andNOR t AND OR NAND d NOR 8degenerateforms:degeneratetoasingleoperation 8nondegenerateforms: SOP
ANDOR NANDNAND NOROR ORNAND
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POS
ORAND NORNOR NANDAND ANDNOR
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RulesforOther2Level Implementation
EquivalentNonDegenerate Form ANDNOR NANDAND Implementsthe function f ANDORInvert SimplifyFin Sumofproductsby combining0sinthe map Productofsumsby combining1sinthe mapandthen complementing p g Togetan outputof f F

ORNAND

NOROR

ORANDInvert

NAND-AND and NOR-OR requires a single-input inverter for a single literal term.

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ANDORINVERTImplementation
ANDNOR=NANDAND=ANDORINVERT F=(AB+CD+E) SimilartoANDOR,ANDORINVERTrequiresanexpressioninsumofproducts Si il AND OR AND OR INVERT i i i f d GivenF,wecanimplementFwithANDORINVERT

ANDNOR

ANDNOR

NANDAND

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ORANDINVERTImplementation
ORNAND=NOROR=ORANDINVERT F=[(A+B)(C+D)E] SimilartoORAND,ORANDINVERTrequiresanexpressioninproductsofsum GivenF,wecanimplementFwithORANDINVERT Gi F i l F i h OR AND INVERT

ORNAND ORNAND NOROR

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ImportantExample ImplementthefunctioninFig.1withthefourtwolevelforms.
Bygrouping0sweobtaintheSOPofF F=xy +xy+z F=(xy +xy+z) ItisintheANDORInvert.
Bygrouping1sweobtaintheSOPofF F=xyz+xyz F=(x+y+z)(x+y+z) F=[(x+y+z)(x+y+z)] ItisintheORANDInvert.

Fig.1

ANDNOR=NANDAND=ANDORINVERT
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ORNAND=NOROR=ORANDINVERT
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ExclusiveOR(XOR)Function
XOR:x y=xy+xy
(x

ExclusiveNOR=equivalence
y)=(xy+xy) =(x +y)(x+y )=x y +xy (x y)(x y) xy xy

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Communtative:A B=B A Associative:(A B) C=A (B C)=A B C OnlyalimitednumberofBooleanfunctionscanbe expressedintermsofXORoperations,butitisparticularly usefulinarithmeticoperationsanderrordetectionand correctioncircuits Page17
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OddFunction
The3variableXORfunctionisequalto1ifonlyonevariableisequalto1orifall threevariablesareequalto1 MultiplevariableexclusiveORoperation=oddfunction:oddnumberofvariablesbe equalto1

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OddFunction
The3variableXORfunctionisequalto1ifonlyonevariableisequalto1orifall threevariablesareequalto1 MultiplevariableexclusiveORoperation=oddfunction:oddnumberofvariablesbe equalto1

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Mapfora4variableXORFunction

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Exercises
1)SimplifythefollowingexpressionsandimplementthemwithtwolevelNANDgate a)

A B + ABD + AB D + AC D + ABC
F (A , B ,C , D ) = (0,1, 2,3, 4,8,9,12)

b) BD + BC D + A BC D 2)DrawaNANDlogicdiagramthatimplementthecomplementofthefollowingfunction

3)DrawalogicdiagramusingonlytwoinputNANDgatestoimplementtheoffollowing expression:

( A B + A B )(C D + C D )

4)DrawthemultilevelNORandmultilevelNANDcircuitforthefollowingexpression:

(A B + C D )E + BC (A + B )
5)ImplementthefollowingBooleanfunction(F),usingthetwolevelformsoflogic a)NANDANDb)ANDNORc)ORNANDd)NOROR

F (W , X ,Y , Z ) = (0, 4,8,9,10,11,12,14)
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