Graffiieur

PRESENTSIMPLE
FORM
l\ffirmative | / You work He / She/ lt works We / You / Theywork Negative | / You do not (dont) work He / She / lt does not (doesn't) work We / You / They do not (don't) work

t:]:it"n"tttt t^t'':"+,,'', Do | / youwork? .

r;;; i ii.'*"'n,

o"""n.Jrr,'. woiz in

Usas
A reoular abitor routine h l A g e n e r a t r u t h o r s c i e n t i f i ca c t f

Examples
Do you work on Sundays? Water boils at lOO" Celsius. a lways,usua ly, general regulaily,occasiona I Ily, ly, frequently, often, sometims,rStelV, seldom,never , a t 1 o ' c l o c k a t n i g h t ,i n t h e m o r n i n g o n F r i d a y s , ,

Stative verbs

Mary doesn't think my boyfriend e v e r yw e e k ,o n c ea m o n t h ,h o w o f t e n . . . ? is ,i... attractiue.

PRESENTCONTINUOUS
FORM Affirmative I am reading Youare reading He/ She/ lt is reading We/ You/ They reading are
Negative I am (l'm) not reading You are not (aren't) reading' He / She/ lt s not (isn't) reading We / You / They are not (aren't) reading

''t ,,,

,, I '-',. : AmIreadingTr nre vlu.relfins? __ 1 ls he / she/ it readingi Are we / Vol thVreading?

Interrogatie,.

Uses

Examples rightnow at the moment now,

this year,bt'present t h i s e v e n i n gt,o n i g h t ,t o m o r r o w , next Friday/ week / ear

An action whichis happening now He is reading a magazine now. A temporary action

A d e f i n i t ep l a n f o r t h e n e a rf u t u r e I am studying photography this year. My friends are leaving for India tomorrow.

+ Stative

Verbs

u m u C o m o n d i c a n n e s t a d o , sq u eu n aa c c i ns,u e l e n s a r s e n i relacionados con: Present Simple.Estn C G * S (dislike,enjoy, y lasemociones lossentimientos hate, hope, like, love, prefer, want) (believe,forget, guess, y el pensamientola opinin know, remember, think, understand) (feel,hear,see, smell, sound, pciny lossentidos la perce taste, touch) (cost,weigh, measure) y losprecios lasmedidas (belong,have, own). la posesin

c t a d u A l g u n o i n d i c a na n t oe s t a d o o m o c t i v i d ay p u e d e n s a r s e n s y s laforma imple enlacontinua. Sarah thinks the film is boring. (Sarah creeque la pelculaes abunida.)lestado] Sarsh is thinking of selling her house. (Sarahestpensandoen vender su casa.)[actividad] que Mientras el verbo see en PresentContinuous indica una accin futurafijadade antemano. We're seeing Ann tonight. (Veremos Ann estanoche.)[Yahemos quedado.] a

Affirmative | / you visited He / She/ lt vsited We / You/ Theyvisited

Negative | / Youdid not (didn't) visir He / She/ lt dd not (didn'r) visit We lYou lTheydid not (didn't) visit Examples We visited the museum last week. lfuen I opened the door, the dog barked at the postman.

lnterrogatve Did | / you visit? Did he / she/ it visit? Did we I VouI they visit?

Uses
A c o m p l e t e d c t i o ni n t h e p a s t a i A s e r i e s f c o m p l e t e a c t i o n sn t h e p a s t o d

Time expressions ago' last two / vesterday, week year, days in in n 2007, the 1980s, the 18th century w h e nt,h e n

PAST CONTINUOUS'
FORM Affirmative I was watching Youwere watching He/ She,/lt was watching We/ You They were watching / Uses Negative I was not (wasn't)watching Youwere not (weren't)watching He/ She/ lt was not (wasn't)watching Wei You They were not (werent)watching / Examples, Interrogative Was I watching? Were you watching? Was he / she/ it watching? Were we/ you/ theywatching? Time expressons

in An incomplete action progress At 9 o'clock last night, they were watching the tennis timein the past at a specific match.
A n i n c o m p l e t e c t i o ni n t e r r u p t e d a b v a n o t h e ra c t i o n She was doing her homeworkwhen herfriends arciued.

lastnight/ week year / when,'whiie, at 4 o'loik,

a5

T w o i n c o m p l e t e c t i o n si n p r o g r e s s a I was coaking dinner while he was settng the table. a t t h e s a m et i m e i n t h e p a s t

.: .:: FUTUFE SMPLE :FORhft Jlffirmative | / You will start He/ She tt witl start / We/ Yo.u They will start / Uses
A prediction

Negative | / Youwill not (won't) start He/ She/ lt will not (won't)start We/ You/ They will not (won't) start
Examples I'm sure Peter won't be at the party this euening. My parents will arrive on the 5 o'clock train. I'll have a sandwich, please.

Interrogative Wll | / youstart? Will he/ she/ it start? Will we I you lthey start? Time expressions in at thisevening, an hour, 3 o'clock, soon, next later, tomorrow, month year, / in in a few weeks, thefuture, on 1stMav

A timetable
A s o o n t a n e o ud e c i s i o n s

Grammar

APPendix

* El Present Continuous con valor de futuro

n fi d o A n u n c i a c c i o n e sj a d a s e a n t e m a nq u eo c u r r i r e n e l f u t u r o ya prximo. suele paraplanes personales concertados. reservar 5e They're comng home tonight. lVienenI Vendrna casaestanoche.)

N o e x p r e su n ai n t e n c i n , m o a co sidoprogramado antelacin.y con Sedistinguedel Present Continuousk que temporal va en la frase indica t un The train is arrivng in

a l g oq u eh a u segridad. e la expresin

y nopresente.

dentio [El trenllega/ llegar

UNIT
Affirmative | / Youhave talked He / She/ lt has talked We / you / Theyhave talked

u,"t*
Hegatlve :: , r Have | / you talked? Has he / she/ it talked? Have we / you / they talked?

I / Youhave not (havent) talked He / She/ lt has not (hasn't)talked We / You / Theyhave not (haven't) talked

Uses
A n a c t i o nt h a t b e g a ni n t h e p a s ta n d c o n t i n u e s u n t i lt h e f u t u r e I haven't talked to Jim for a week.

Time expressions
yet, ever,never, just, already, recently, lately, how long ...?, for, since, recentyears in

tim a A n a c t i o nt h a t t o o k p l a c e t a n u n d e t e r m i n e d e Jack has stopped smoking. t i n t h e p a s t ,b u t i s c o n n e c t e do t h e p r e s e n t

."' principal' de havei has+ eI participioI verbo seusa have/ has+ not (n't)+ el participio' : pone
+ have lhas + el sujeto el participio. : ponemos

empez' cundo y dur For indica cunto la accinsnce I haven't seenBethfor two Years', dos fNohevistoa Bethdurante aos'l srnce he was 13 yearsald' Jim hasptayed tennis aos') que desde teniatrece a tenis iri..iu.rit

O O

y en p s H a b l ad e a c c i o n eq u ee m p e z a r o n e l . a s a d o a n r el se (poreso, veces traduce verboen presente)' .ontintn actualmente' efectos visibles son pasadas cuyos Conacciones

* Contrast entre el Past Simple y el Present Perfect SmPIe

es Laprincipal diferencia queel PastSimpleindicalo que que mientras el Presenf concreto, ocurri un momento en de en Perfect Simplesitala accin un periodo tiempo' We put an aduert in the newspoper to seII our car and sofor, sir people have Phoned'. .. (Psimosn nuncio en el peridico para vender el cochey hasta ahora han llamado seispersonas''f

Entonces pone se acaba ocurrir' de que t6 Expresar unaaccin .iust entrehave Y el ParticiPio. de They have iust arrived' (Acaban llegar') h t cs C o nh o w l o n g . ' . ? p r e g u n t a m o u n t o i e m p o a p a s a d o e q u el a a c c i nq u ea nc o n t i n a ,m p e z . , desde How long have You lived in London? (Cuntotiempo hace que vives en Londres?)

Forma (pretrito perfecto Afirmativa: el PresentPerfectContinuous se continuo) formacon have / has + been + el compuesto verboen la formaing. las not a have / has o usamos formas Negativa: se aade haven't / hasn't + been + eI verbocon ing. coniradas + Interrogativa: se ponehave / has + el sujeto been + el verboen la formaing.

Usos o en ac s @ E x p r e s a r c i o n eq u ee m p e z a r o n e l p a s a d y q u ea n el resalta Continuous Perfect Comoel Present continan. q r o l ' t i e m o o u ee s t d u r a n d oa a c c i ns o l e m ots a d u c i r l p o r " l l e v a re n p r e s e n t+ u n v e r b o n g e r u n d i o . " e e & efectos cuyos perorecientes terminadas acciones Expresar o s o nv i s i b l ets d a v a .

deben con usadas estetiempoverbal temporales Lasexpresiones c n i n d i c a u n p e r i o d o ,o u n m o m e n t o o n c r e t o . r

Grammar APPendix

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

FORM
Affirrnative | / You had started He / She/ lt had started We / You/ Theyhad started Negative | / Youhad not (hadn't) started He / She/ lt had not (hadn't) started We / You/ Theyhad not (hadn't)starred Examples 'alreadv, by the time, after,' u u e f o r eu n t l ;n v e rj , s t ,
lr

Intrrogative Hadl/youstarted? Had he/ she/ it startod? Hadwe / you/ they6tarted?

Uses

A c o m p l e t e d c t i o nw h i c ht o o k p l a c e By the time we arriued at the cinema,the ftlm had a a b e f o r e n o t h e r c t i o ni n t h e p a s t a alreadystarted. Forma Usos

pluscuamperfecto) @ I n d i c aq u eu n aa c c i n c u r r i n t e s u eo t r a , a . c u a ra e n r Simple(pretrito q . Perfect v Afirmativn: el Past o l a p o Past s ef o r m ac o nh a d + e l p a r t i c i p id eI v e r b o r i n c i p a l . Simple. N e g a t i v a ; s ea a d e o t o n ' t a h a d + e l p a r t i c i p i o . n + Interrogativa:se pone had + el sujeto el participio.

Forma en Afirmativar seformaconhad + been + el verbo la formang. i not Negativa: aadimos a had (o hadn't) + been + el verbo t e r m i n a de n i n g . o Interrogativa: se ponehad + el sujeto+ el verbocon ing.

Usos qu p e H a b l ad e u n aa c c i n r o l o n g a d a eo c u r r i n e l p a s a d o r p E b t q a n t e s u eo t r aa c c i n r e v ea m b i n a s a d a . sm u yc o m n " l l e v a re n p r e t r i t io p e r f e c t+ u n v e r b o " m o t r a d u c i r lc o m o o e ng e r u n d i o . Shehad been wrting short storiesfor years until she decidedto publish them. (Llevabaatus escribiendo cuentos hasta que decidi publicarlos.) p d s u L o h a b i t u ae s q u ee s a s o sa c c i o n ev a y a n n i d a s o ru n a l (when, que ser comolasdel cuadro conjuncin, puede temporal (although) causal(because). o concesiva until, before), he He put on weight because hadn't been getting enough erercise.(Engordporque no habia estadohaciendo suficiente ejercicio.) S

Grammar

APPendix

SIMPLE FUTURE PERFECT

Negative | / Youwill not (won't) have finished He / She/ lt wil not (won't) have finished We / You/ Theywill not (won't) have finished

Affirmative will havefinished | / You She lt wll havefinishdd He/ / will We/ You/ TheY havefinished

Interrogative Wll I / vouhavefinished? Will heI she/ it havefinished? havefinished? Will we/ you/ theY

a A c o m p l e t e d c t i o na t f c e r t a i n u t u r et i m e

, b v t h i s t i m e n e x t w e e k 'b y 1 0 o ' c l o c kb y t h e By the end of June, we will have fnshed school- e Oo f . . . , y t h e n ,b y A u g u s t i' n t h r e em o n t h s b * c s d d C o m o o m p l m e n t o i r e c t o e a l g u n ov e r b o s : o n t i n u e ' c e dislike, "nioy, finish, hate, like, love, miss' prefer' recommend, suggest, etc' I{e likes running marathons.(Le gusta correr maratones') de G Detrs lasprePosiciones. in She'sinterested doing Pilates' (Estinteresada en hacer Pilates') be verbales: / get used to' formas de t- Detrs algunas can't help,"can't stand, don't mind / wouldn't mind' feel like, it's no use' look forward to, spend {time)' etc' I feet like gong to the concert tonight' gaas ai ir al concierto esta noche') i*g" El infinitivo casos: de Esla formaverbalprecedida to y se usaen estos concreto' de hablando un hecho I Comosujeto, good idea', To apptyfor that job would be a ( S o l i c i t a r s et r a b a j os e r i au n a b u e n al d e a ' J e como:agree, appear, choose, decide' de G Detrs verbos expect, hope, learn' manage' plan, promise, refuse, seem, want, wish, etc. I promisedto help him with his homework' (Promet ayudarle con los deberes.) (busy'happy,ready,tired, etc')y adjetivos de t Detrs algunos high,Iow, slowly, etc') adverbios lfast, I am happy to be here. (Estoy contenta de estar aqu') como:advise, de'rerbos indirecto del s Detrs complemento invite, persuade, teach, tell o warn' They told him to eat three meals a a!: (Le dljeron que hiciera tres comidas al da') (feel' hear,s9e., )' make y let de Algunos verbos percepcin 5tc (infinitivo to)' sin n la formabase de va seguidos veibos in the race' His parents let him participate (Supadres le dejaron participar en la carrera') Verbos seguidos de gerundio y de infinitivo ir Verbos comobegin, propose,forbid, intend o start pueden ln m i s m o . o y c o ng e r u n d i o i n f i n i t i v o s i g n i f i c a I've started to go / going to the gym' {He empezadoa ir al gimnasio.) lo Perostop, remember, regret y forget no significan mismo s i v a n s e g u i d od e u n g e r u n d i o d e u n i n f i n i t i v o . s

Forma de will have+ el participio unverbo' Afirmativa:seusa will Negativa:ponemos not (won't)+ have+ el participio' + pone will + el sujeto have+ el participio' se Interrogativa: Usos en que terminado unmomento habr {F lndicar unaaccin del concreto futuro.

+ Los prefiios
a un, {F Losprefijos im, il, in y dis se aaden algunos y nombres verbosparaformarsusopuestos" adjetivos, sant(desagradable) unplea pleasant(agradable) impatient(imPaciente) (Paciente) patient llegal (ilegal) legal (legal) (incorrecto) i n correct correctIcorrectol e (satisfecho) dssatisfi d (insatisfecho) satisfied para y nombres verbos a mis seaade algunos G El prefijo i n d i c aq u ea l g os e h a c em a lo i n c o r r e c t a m e n t e ' r misuse(mal uso) use(uso)

al que el verbos describenpaso estado Con seforman en este se por a indicado la palabrala que aade prefijo'
close(cerrar) enclose(encerrar)

y de {F Losprefijos under, over y non sonfciles entender, lo a co, re, inter, anti, bi, pre y multi significan en cuanfo q le m i s m o u ee n n u e s t r a n g u a : international (internacional) underline (subrayar) overloaded(sobretargado) anti-hero (antihroe) bilingual (bilinge) non-smoker(no fumldor) prehistoric (prehistrico) co-pilot (copiloto) multiracial (multirracial) ,"*rit, [reeicribir)

El gerundo y el infinitivo

El gerundio c a v E sl a f o r m a e r b atle r m i n a de n i n g q u ef u n c i o n a o m ou n Por continuos' eso en no sustantivo, la utilizada lostiempos p o d e m oe n c o n t r a r l o : s s o s , G C o m o u j e t oh a b l a n dd e h e c h o e n g e n e r a l ' Eating healthy food helps you keepfi.t' (C";.; imld sana te yaa a mantenerte en forma')

Grammar
forget + gerundio se emplea frases para negativas en i n d i c alra i m p o s i b i l i d a d o l v i d aa l g oo c u r r i d e n e l p a s a d o . de r o I'll neuer forget seeing the EffiI Towerfor thefirst fime. (Nunca olvidar haber visto la Torre Eiffel por primera vez.) "olvidarse forget + infinitivo significa de hacer algo'i I forgot to buy the newspaper. (Me olvid de comprar el peridico.) "arrepentirse haber regret + gerundio significa de hecho pasado'l a l g oe n e l He regrets staying at home. (Searrepientede habersequedadoen casa.) "lamentar que regret + infinitivo significa lo seva a decir a continuacin'i I regret to tell you that we can't do anything. (Lamentodecirte que no podemoshacernada.)

APPendix

"recordar que hizo remember+ gerundiosigniflca algo se enel pasado'l I remember buying the tickets. lRecuerdo haber comptado entradas.) las "acordarsehacer remember+ infinitivo'siijnifica algo'i de Bememberto take your nassoon. (Acurdate coger priupoit..) de l 'rdejar hbito'i stop + gerundiosignifica un SJre. stopped trainingfor a few weeks, (ueJo entrenar cle durante uhassemanas.) '"
'

stop + infinitivo signifi qlgoparhacer h.t " |rijai.Oe otra cosa". . i*r: ,*i We stopped to have lunch.:,(Pararns'para comer.)

i'i iJ

::'

;:

UNIT
rir:

EL ESTLO INDIRECTO Tense PresentSimple

Past Simple "He "He "He "He "He "He "He "He "He

Direct Speech
works in a restaurant." worked in a restaurant." will work in a restaurant." is working in a restaurant." was working in a restaurant." has worked in a restaurant." has been working in a restaurant. had worked in a restaurant."

Shesaidthat he worked ih'rt!.Si'Auiant.

She thathefraaW.oiff.ffi staurant. said

FutureSimple Present Continuous PastContinuous PresentPerfectSimple Present PerfectContinuou

Past Perfect Simple

she ,i", i,;iiiiffi:q1 said

Shesaidthat he -r" w,b-fftglj1 a ,estauront. a She said that heaaltr$njtfitiitgtin rstaurant.
She saidfhai he had worked in a restauranl. llbkntg in a restaurant. Shesaid that he had b,iii,en

in Shesaid that he nWoliil a restaurant,

Past PerfectContinuous

had been working in a restaurant." She said that he had.begn working in a restauront.
I r:iir: r:i:

CAMBIOS EN LOS MODALES

Direct c&n Speech Reported could might must / had to would Speeeh

mny vnust haueto /

utill

Graiimar

APPendix

h l p c o n t a ro q u ea l g u i e n a d i c h o , i o E l e s t i l on d i r e c ts eu t i l i z a a r a sus pir iit citarexactamente palabras' statements Reported a d , o e p o d e m o s n t a r n p r e s e n tl e q u ea l g u i e n c a b a e d e c i rp a r a co s a r i o . r r l O r t t uc o ns u p r i m ilr sc o m i l l ay c a m b i ae l p r o n o m b r e del sujeto la Persona verbo. Y "I hauegot a part-time iob." He says that he has got a pafr-timejob. (Dice que tiene un trabajo a tiempo parcial.) o el E e l l P e r oo n o r m ae sc o n t a r l o n p a s a d( H es a i d . . . ) . n t o n c e s a el Simplepasa Past da siguiente un saltoatrs: Present verbo Simple,will a would, etc. (soloel PastPerfectpermanece pe ca l i g u a l )y a d e m d e l o sp r o n o m b r e s r s o n a l e s ,m b i a no s , s y las y los de demostrativos, posesivos expresiones tiempo de lugar. "I graduated from uniuersity last year," shesaid, She said that she had graduatedfrom uniuersitlt the year before. (DiJoque se haba licenciado en la universidad el ao anterior.) q u a e t o S i l a f r a s e n u n c i a n h e c h o u es i g u ee n i e n dv i g e n c ie n e l en presente, haycambios lostiempos no verbales. "London the capital of Great Britin," he said. is He said that London is the capital of Great Britain. (Dijo que Londres es Ia capital de Gran tsretaa.) paraintroducirlo mscomunes son los Como sabes, verbos va l u o o s a y y t e l l . T e l l s i e m p r le e v a n c o m p l e m e nitn d i r e c ts i nl a o l r o p r e p o s i c i t o . S a y p u e d el e v ac o m p l e m e nitn d i r e c to n o , n perosi lo llevadebeir conesapreposicin. "The he ftm will startat I o'c!ock," said. He said / said to us /told us (that) therttu would start at I o'clock.(Dijo que la pelicula empezariaa las 8.)

+ Reported orders
el indirecto cambiamos imperativo Para a unaorden estilo oasar mandato' queexprese usamos verbo un porei infinitiuo. Pero antes indirecto' de comoorder o tell, seguido I complemento "Please quiet." be The teacher told us to be quiet' (La profesoranos dijo que nos callramos.) d p s e S i l a o r d e n s n e g a t i v a ,o n e m on o t d e l a n t e e li n f i n i t i v o . "Don't park your ccr here." Thepoiicemn ordered me not to park my car there' (El polica me ordenque no aparcarael cocheall')

+ Reported suggestions
los usamos verbos indirecto en expresar sugerencia estilo una Para lo contamos quedijo Luego, suggest o recommend en pasado' de esa0ersona dosformas: # h i, o e C o nu n v e r b o n g e r u n d i on d i c a n dq u eq u i e n i z ol a e s u g e r e n csa i n c l u a n e l l a . ie "Let's go to the cinema tomorolu,"Jim said. Jim suggested gaing to the cintma the following day. (Jim sugiri ir / que furamos al cine al da siguiente'J con una oracin that + sujeto+ verboen la forma G 0 usando a que se indicando la sugerencia refera otra u otras base, personas. "Try the new restaurant,"Beth said. Beth suggested that I try thf new restaurant. (Beth sugiri que probara el nuevo restaurante.)

+ Reporting verbs
m e n S a y ,t e l l y a s k s o l oi n t r o d u c ee l m e n s a js i na a d i r s ve t m s i n f o r m a c i n ,i e n t r aq u el o ss i g u i e n t e s r b o sr a n s m i t e n e l n t a m b i na i n t e n c i d e l h a b l a n t o e l m o d oe n q u eh a b l : admit, agree, answer, apologise, boast, @ en afirmaciones: claim, complain, declare, deny, explain, inform, insist, mention, offer, promise, refuse, remind, reply "I'ue had problems with my computer,"he said. He complained that he had had problemswith his computer.(Sequej de que haba tenido problemascon su ordenador.) enquire, request, want to know, wonder @' en preguntas: "Did you leaueyour previous i65?" John asked' John wanted to know if I had lefr my previousjob. (John quera saber si habia dejado mi trabajo anterior.) demand, order, shout, warn @ en rdenes: "Stay here!" shesaid. She ordered me to stay there. (Me orden que me quedara all.) ffi b e n s p l i c ay r u e g o s ; e g s "Please wait for me," he said. He begged me to wait for him. (Me rog que lo esperara.) should apply for that job," Lucy said. Lucy advised hint to apply for that job. (Lucy Ie aconsej que solicitara esetrabajo.) "You

Reported questions

"si" o con ffi LasYes / No questions (lasquese contestan un "no") pasan estiloindirecto el empleando verboask + a un se if o whether. y en dejade serlo se convierte una Entonces, comola pregunta y , n e a, o r a c i n n u n c i a t i v n o h a yi n v e r s i d e ls u j e t o e l v e r b os i g n o n d e i n t e r r o g a c i n i ,c o m i l l a s . "Did you haue an eram yestertlay?"Mum asked. My mum asked me if I had had an eraw the day before. (Mi madre me pregunt si haba tenido un examen el dia anterior.J con @ Las Wh-questions (lasqueempiezan who, what, etc. "s" "no") utilizan y n o s e p u e d e n o n t e s t a ro nu n ni un c c particula if o whether, pero la en interrogativa lugarde signode interrogacin, sujeto-verbo, tampoco hay inversin ni comillas. "IMat I are thejob requirements?" asked. were. I asked what thejob requirements (Pregunt cules eran los requisitos para el trabajo.) "How many people work here?" he asked. He asked how many people worked there. . (Pregunt cuntas personastrabajaban all.)

advise, invite, suggest, recommend @ en sugerencias:

Grammar

APPendix

* Los sufijos
que terminaciones palabras formar para Son aadimos a algunas nuevas. otras Sufijos para formar sustantvos @ Para los formar sustantivos a partir verbos usamos sufijos de ment, tion / sion y er / or.
agree(acordar) iadte (invitar) conclude(concluir) driue (conducir) acf (actuar) agreement(acuerdo) inuitatio n (invitacin) an conclusi (conclusin) drfzer (conductor) acfor (actor)

# Tambin forman ous, los adjetivos aadiendo sufijos al, se y verbos. able/ ible e ive a algunos sustantivos (peligroso) danger(peligro) dangerous ' national nqtion (nacin) (nacional) predict (predecir) , predictable(predecible) reuersf (inverso) ib reuers Ie{feversible) attract (atraer) act a.ttr ive (atractivo) ffi! 0tros sufijos aadimos son que a verbos ed e ing. bore(aburrir) aburrido) bored([estar] boring(lserjaburrido)
Cuando adjetivo el que o eri termina ed; significa la ilersona cosa a la queserefiere y concieto; cuando uri experimenta efcto acaba ing, significa la ngliro.n:l,o en que cosa'lo causa.

ity, los & Tambin forman se sustantivos aadiento sufijos ship, sustantivos o verbos. nessy ence/ ancea algunos adjetivos,
p ers personal(personal) onality (personalidad) (amigo) friendship (amistad) friend happiness (felicidad) happy (feliz) obedient(obediente) obedience(obediencia) antoy (molestar) annoyance(molestia)

* Verbos segudos dd preposicin

Algunos verbos seguidos n Oe sdtpreposicin: van
applyfor (solicitar)' ua!tfoifsgerarf listen to (escuchar(a)) Pero otrospueden , llevar msde una: :,.::-.1 affiue qt ("llegara" un lugar) .'lrr;": ' arciuein ("llegar a" una ciudad o un pas) hear about("enterarsede") ' ,,, hear of ("oir\ablar de") , , .,i. talk sbout ("hablar de / sobre" algb) talk to / with ("hablar con" una pef5ona) "pafecr"; "pensar en") think about ("opinar (sobre)'!, , ,' '...:' think of ("pensar en") ., que 129. con Mirala listade verbos preposicin hayen la p9ina

Sufijos para formar adjetivos y sustantivos @ Los ful a sufijos y lessseaaden algunos ya resultantes, a el de ayudan saber significado losadjetivos "con" less"sin'l y que significa ful

(cuidado' care

:;;:Hilt'J,iifi:1",

UNIT
Tense PresentSimple PastSimple FutureSimple Modals PastContinuous
Modal Perfects have to be going to

shnp+,ing
LA VOZ PASIVI\ Active gifis are saldby manypeople. IJnwanted gifts are being soldby monypeople. [Jnwanted Ilnwantedgifis were soldby manypeople.
Unwanted gifis will be sold by many people. Unwanted gifis have been soldby many people. [Jnwantedgifts can be soldby many people. Unwanted gifis were being sold by many people.

gifis. Manypeople sellunwanted gifis. Many peoplesold unwanted

Many people will sell unwanted gifis.

gifis. PresentGontinuousMany peopleare selling unwanted

PresentPerfectSimple Many people have sold unwantedgifrs. Many people can sell unwanted gifts. Many people were selling unwanted gifis.

gifis. PastPerfectSimple Many peoplehad sold unwanted

Many people have to sell unwanted gifis.

gifis had been soldby manypeople. Unwanted

Unwsnted gifis have to be soldby many people.

gifrs must have been sold by manypeople. Many people must have sold unwanted giits. Unwanted gifrs. Unwanted gifis are going to be sold by many people. are Manypeople going to sell unwanted

Forma Interrogativa: preguntas las del empiezan to be,yaqueel con con Afirmativa:seforma to be + el participio verbo y sujeto coloca se entre auxiliarel participio. el principal, acabar ed si esregular. que en Wereyou advisedbyyourparents? to not Negativa: hay aadir al auxiliar be + el participio solo que (Te aconsejaron padres?) tus delverbo. In the end,theparty wasn't held last night. (Al final no se celebr fiestaanoche.) la

Grammar

APPendix

en o un , a C 5 i e n l a p r e g u n t h a yu n m o d a lu n v e r b o f u t u r o con empieza el modalo el la tiempoconipuesto, frasepasiva i, a v e r b o u x i l i a r g u a lq u ee n l a v o za c t i v a ' be Can the dress taken backto the shop? (Sepuede devolver el vestido a la tienda?) Hasthe baby already been born? (Hanacido ya el beb?) G p ta s n L a sp r e g u n t aq u el l e v a n a r t c u lia t e r r o g a t i va m b i n , a r d i n v i e r t ee l o r d e n e lv e r b o u x i l i ay d e ls u j e t om e n o s n a d l c u a n d oa p a r t c u lh a c e e s u j e t o . What present have you been given? (Quregalo te han hecho?) Who was chosen as president? (Quinfue elegido como presidente?)

Usos
s us d L o sp r i n c i p a l e s o s e l a v o zp a s i v a o n : * q m lr R e s a l t a a a c c i n sq u ea l s u j e t o u el a r e a l i z a ' o es la el C Cuando sujetoque realiza accin obvio, n d e s c o n o c i d on o s e l o q u i e r e o m b r a r ' o , Alt the monry has been stolen. lHan robado todo el dinero.) paraevitarunafraseactiva G Y relacionado lo anterior, con cuyosujetoseathey, somebody, nobody, etc' Someone left ths hat here' ro') This hat vias left here.(Han dejadoaqui estesombre

Gmo pasar una oracin a pasiva

* Los verbos causativos: have / get + something + done

expresan + have y get + un sustantivo un participio Losverbos q o, aa e L ap a s i v a s m sf i e c u e n t e n i n g l s u ee n c a s t e l l a n p o rl o a c c i o n eq u ee n c a r g a m o s l g u i e n . s q u es o l e m ots a d u c i e l v e r b o n a c t i v a e n l a f o r m ai m p e r s o n a l . e o r r I had / gat my bedroomPainted. (Pint / Me pintaron el dormitorio.) q t t r S P o n ee l v e r b o o b e e n e l m i s m oi e m p o u et e n aeI v e r b o que puesel nombre va pasivo, p r i n c i p a l n l a v o za c t i v a . e tieneun sentido Estaestructura P s q d l r e n m e d i o e c i b ea a c c i n e lv e r b o u ev a en p a r t i c i p i o .e r o e He sold his car last week. traduciren la voz activa. I suele His car was sold last week. (Sucochefue vendido la semana.pasadaJ I'm going to have / get nry hair cut nert .week' (Voi a crtarme e-lpelo la semanaque viene') llo har que cpmplemento hayadetrs comosujetoel primer 3 Poner no otra persona, Yol o sea delverboen activa, el directo el,indirecto., ,:r r get y get se usanindistintamente, es ms Aunque have ,',,., Theywill send some books to Pam..r .,i;"-i';i h e i n f o r i a y , p o rt n t o ,m sc o m n n e l i n g l s a b l a d o . l '. , .. . Some books will be sent to Pam. ., I :r: 1: l':::'l'ri!r :i.:r '':i: I must get ttY watch rePaired. (Le mandarn algunos libros a Pam (Tengoque arreglar mi reloj.) They witt send Pam s;omebooks. : i ' Pam will be sent somebooks., + Phrasal Verbs (A Pam le mandarn algulos libros.) a v s a S el l a m a n s p o r q u e a ns e g u i d od e u n ap a r t c u l( q u ep u e d e h io o S i e l c o m p l e m e n t n d i r e c t s u n p i o n o m b r e ,a yq u e c , n, s e ru n ap r e p o s i c i u n a d v e r b io l a sd o sc o s a sf)o r m a n d o o n a cambiarlo la formade sujeto. palabra ueva. n e l l au n a Sheshowedme her new house. Pck out the shoesyou like the most.. (Me ensesu nueva casa) I was shown her new hoase. (Elige los zapatosque ms te $usten.J ask, give, lend, con losverbos le se Estapasiva sue utilizar y e verbs transitivos intransitivos,lostransitivos Hayphrasal pay, offer, promise, sell, send. show y tell, que llevan e s d p e r m i t e s e p a r ae l v e r b o e l a p a r t i c u l a :i e l c o m p lm e n t o n r e e l d o b l e o m o l e m e n td i:r e c t o i n d i r e c t o . c o del ir estepuede detrs verboo de la es directo un nombre, a a d de c r G P a s ae l s u j e t o e l a o r a c i n c t i v a l f i n a ld e l a p a s i v a e e p p a r t c u l a ,e r os i e s u n p r o n o m b rs i e m p r d e b e o l o c a r s e t r s l, e p r e c e d i dd e b y . Y s i e su n p r o n o m b rp e r s o n ac a m b i a r l o o delverbo. porsu formaobjetocorrespondiente. You can try on a few more dresses. Shakespeare didn't write that play(Puedesprobarte algunos vestidos ms.) That play wasn't wrtten by Shakespeared v ti a r E neI e j e m p l o n t e r i oe l c o m p l e m e ndor e c t o a d e t r s e l (sa br no la escribi Shakespeare') try phrasal verby no en medioporque on es inseparable. The police arrested the thief. para 128-129 quehayen laspginas verbs Mirala listade phrasal The thief was arrested by the P!l!ce.. ver mscasos. por la polica-) (El ladrn fue arrestado y los anterior, modales de se A Como ve en el cuadro la pgina e o e b e g o i n g t o n o c a m b i a n ,se l . v e r bq u e l o ss i g u e l q u es e (be ponen pasiva + particiPio). You can open the window. Thewindow can be opened. (Sepuede abrir la ventana.)

ffi

r l

I I

Grammar

Appendix

uNr
Conditional clause

Retult clause
S Future imple

Exarnples If I feel better lqter, we will go shopping together. We might /,may vsit our relatiues if we have got some txme. If I am late, my p&rents worry. Search on the Internet if you want to learn more about the Amish.

if

f m o d a l+ b a s eo r m

+ Present Simple
u n tess SimPle Present i mp e r a t i v e " . , ' l wout0

if + Past Simple unless

I would read more books if I had spare time. + base form Jane could / mght help us if she were here.

could might /

THIRD CONDITTONAL
w o u l dh a v e if + Past Perfect + p a s tp a r t i c i p l e c o u l d m i g h th a v e / po qu su S o no r a c i o n e s m p u e s t a s ru n ap r o p o s i c i n b o r d i n a d a e co (conditional clause)y una principal que la expresa condicin (result clause).Lashayde trestipos: indica resultado el El primer condicional y i Usamos + PresentSimple en la condicin Future Simple l o e n e l r e s u l t a d o .x p r e sla q u eo c u r r i r s i s e c u m p l ea c o n d i c i n E l s e aa d a . pero las No importa ordenen quese coloquen proposiciones, el p e a u s s i l a c o n d i c i v a p r i m e r o es u e l e o n e r n ac o m a n t r e m b a s . n lf we are honest with each other, our relationship will work. (Si somos sinceros el uno con el otro, nuestra relacin funcionar.) tambin pueden se Adems Future Simple,en el resultado del usarlosverbos modales, Present el Simpleo el imperativo. lf it rains, we can't ga to the beach. (Si llueve, no podemosir a la playa.) q l P a r a x p r e s a ru ea l g on o o c u r r i r s i n o s ec u m p l ea c o n d i c i n , e por unless,que es la proposicin introducida la conjuncin "a q , e e q u i v a la i f n o t ( " an o s e rq u e " , m e n o s u e " )o s e n i e g a l e verboen PresentSimple. Unless Anne moves to another city. she won't leave herjob. (A menos que Anne se mue a otra ciudad, ella no dejar su trabajo.) queunless se usacon bastante Tenen cuenta asiduidad en p, e r f e e l p r i m e c o n d i c i o n a l e r o s m e n o sr e c u e n te n e l s e g u n d o s e c o n d i c i o nv ln u n c a e e m p l e a n e l t e r c e r o . a If Mark and Jim had visited us, we would have been delighted. If you hadn't been so busy, we could / might have met,

El segundo

condicional

ywould t el verboen Seusaif + Past Simpleen la condicin hipotticas Expresa condiciones la formabaseen el resultado. que que es referidas presente, decir, es pocoprobable ocurran, al imperfecto subjuntivo. de poresolo traducimos comoun pretrito If Tom liked Mary, he would invte her to haue dinner with him. (Si a Tom le gustara Mary, le hubiera invitado a cenar con 1.) were en utilizarse es Si el verbode la condicin to be, suele t o d a s a sp e r s o n a se ls i n g u l ay d eI p l u r a l . l d r If he weren't so upset, he would phone you. (Si l no estuviera tan disgustado,te-llamara.) la Paradarconsejos emplea frmulalf I were. se lf I were you, I would ask my parents for permission. (Si yo fuera t, pediria permiso a mis padres.) Enlugarde would se pueden usarcould y might, peroambos "podra" o q l a i n d i c a n u el a p r o b a b i l i d a d m e n o rE q u i v ane es . "tal vez"| "quizs". I could go to the porty if my parents lent me the car. (Podra ir a la fiesta si mis padres me dejaran el coche.) Unless I were certain, I wouldn't say anyth.ingto him. (A no ser que estuviera segura, no le dira nada a 1.)

Graiinar

APPendix

El tercer condicional have + en Seformacon if + PastPerfect la condicin,.y.would es En en el resultado. estecasola condicin imposible' ;;d;i;i" puede y realizarse' al [r.i t refiere pasado ya no have fallen in louewith her if you had You wouldn't known her intentians.(No te habras enamorado de ella si hubiesesconocido sus intenciones'.} son condicional could have paraformarel tercer variantes Las pr o y m i g h t h a v b + p a r t i c i p ie n l a p r o p o s i c i n i n c i p a l ' If you hadn't gone out last night, you could / might hve finished the proiect' (Si no hubieras salido el anoche,habrias'terminado proyecto.J

* Las oraciones temporales

condicional: las como delprimer se al Las referidasfuturo frman con y futuro will subordinada prrsiit Simple la proposicin en que sonlasconjunciones'eneste Lo enla frincip1.que'cambian .rro ,on wtren, ai soon 45,as long as,by the time' etc' I will phane youas soonas I arrve home' lTellamaren cuantolleuea casa'l

LAS ORACIONESDESIDERATIVAS
w i s h/ i f o n l y + P a s tS i m p l e that the situation to Refers a present ir Y s p e a k e s u n h a P Pa b o u t He wehes his house were bigger' lf ontv I llved near the school.

wish/ if only + PastPerfect

to for a desire something Expresses wish if only / in form happen thefuture + could would+ base / y formar expresan deseo se pueden un desiderativas Lasoraciones if con de dosmaneras: el verbowish o con la expresin only' directouna comocomplemento le Elverbowieh sue llevar unc h qu ia a s o r a c i n u b o r d i n a dn t r o d u c i dp o rl a c o n js e a ritn"a t. r[1 s te l F " , q "de a" g o e o . s es u e l e m i t i r ) E q u i v a la l c o n d i c i o n a l "0jal"' p r d e e x c e p t o n 1 ' p e r s o n a e ls i n g u l aq u es et r a d u c e o r " O j a l "",S ia l s f L ae x p r e s i i n o n l y t i e n ee l m i s m o i g n i f i c a d o : menos...". I lusn / If onty he had been here tast night' (Ojal l hubiera estado aqui anoche.) tiempos con usarse varios wish comoif only pueden Tanto v e r b a l e c o m os ev e e n e l c u a d r o : s, presentes a ffi Conel Pasf Simplenosreferimos situaciones pa r q u eq u i s i r a m o s m b i ao m e j o r a r . Rick wishes Mary had morePatience' (Rick deseariaque Mary tuviese ms paciencia') Si el verboqueva en PastSimpleesto be, hayqueusar a n l w e r e n t o d a s a sp e r s o n ais ,c l u i d als 1 ' y l a 3 ' d e l (re su n r e s t o e ls u b j u n t i v o ) . d singula I wish he weren't angry with me(0jal l no estuviera enfadado conmigo') pasados, a nosreferimos hechos @ Conel Pasf Perfect l a m e n t a n dlo q u eh a o c u r r i d o ' I wish the eram hadn't been so dfficult' (Ojal que el examen no hubiesesido tan difcil.) Concould o would + un verboen la formabase futuras, situaciones deseos sobre nuestros expresamos , , i n d i c a n dq u ee s p o c op r o b a b lq u eo c u r r a n . e o 'I wish / lf only I could go to the pafi tomorrow' (0jal pudiera ir a la fiesta maana.) &

Pam wishessheand Tomhadn't broken up' ll onlv Sarqhhad arrived earlier. I wish I could imProve mYmarks. tf onlv he would call me. son base en I de Siel sujeto wish y el de verbo laforma would. usamos diferenies, so I wish Peterwould stop behauing badly' tan de (0jalPeter dejara portarse mal')

d * Adjetivs$egudos preposcn
+u g d i s A l g u n oa d j e t i v os u e l e nr s e u i d o s e u n ap r e p o s i c i n n s p,r o n o m b ro g e r u n d i o . e nombre Sophie is uery fond af her grandmother'(Sphietiene mucho cario a su abuela') His parents were Proud of him. (suJpadresestabanorgullososde 1.) I'm afraid of flying. (Me da miedo volar.) 1 qu s M i r al a l i s t ad e a d j e t i v oc o np r e p o s i c i n eh a ye n l a p g i n a 2 9 '

r Adietivos compuesto-s
n s c S o nd o sp a l a b r au n i d a s o nu n g u i o no s i n l y q u em o d i f i c aa es A s u n n o m b r e . l g u n a c o m b i n a c i o ns o n : @ adjetivo o nmero + sustantivo + ed (destrozado, desconsoladoJ .broken-hearfed @ adjetivo, adverbio o sustantivo + verbo con ing hard-working(trabqiador) & adjetivo o adverbio + ParticiPio famoso) well-knopr (conocido, @ adjetivo + sustantivo Iast-minute (de ltima hora) #: sustantivo + adjetivo (famoso en todo el mundo) world-famou.s & sustantivo + ParticiPio air-conditioned(con aire acondicionado)

Grammar

Appendix

u*\#[T--S

r",,,.-

S o no r a c i o n e s b o r d i n a da d j e t i v ais t r o d u c i d a s ru n su as n po p r o n o m b ro u n a d v e r b ir e l a t i v o . u e d es e rd e d o st i o o s : e o P n defining (especificativas) y non-defining (explicativas). Defining Relative Clauses

, :,r:.i,,i, ,.-.' Los adverbios relativos when v *lb. son

S When se puede omiiir o sustituir pr,that., I don't remember the year when f that you were born. (No recuerdo el ao en que naciste,). Where no se puede sustituir that y en algunos por casos se omtte. That's the room where I slept last:time: [Esaes la habitacin dondl dorm.ila ltima vez.) Relative Glauses

Lasespecificativas aportan informacin esencial tan sobre s u a n t e c e d e nq e es i ne l l a sa f r a s e u e d a r ia c o m p l e t a . tu l q n G L a s sc o m u n ee m p i e z ac o nl o sp r o n o m b r e sh o , m s n w w h i c h y t h a t , q u es e p u e d n o m i t i rs i e m p r y c u a n o o o e e n sean lsujeto elaoracinubordinada. e d s The man who liues nefi door is an actor(El hombreque vive al lado es actor.) Who se refiere personas which a cosas, y a perothat se puede referir personas a cosas. y a That is the girl (who / that) I met yesterday. (Esaes Ia chica que conocayer.) We went to seethefilm (which / that) you recommendeil. (Fuimosa ver la pelicula que recomendaste.) W h o s e n u n c a e p u e d e m i t i rn i s u s t i t u ip o rt h a t . s o r Tltis is the painter whose pictures are in the museum. (Estees el pintor cuyos cuadrosestn en el museo.) The book whose suthor died last year has become a (El bestseller. libro cu)aoautor muri el ao pasadose ha convertido en un best seller.) Whom se usadetrs laspreposiciones, se pero de r s u e l e m i t i ry p a s a l a p r e p o s i c i n t r s e lv e r b o . o de d Mrs Smith is the person to whom you have to talk. Mrs Smith is the personyou haue to talk to. (La Sra. Smith es la personacon quien tienes que hablar.) What solose usacuando antecedente omitido. el est I forgot what I wanted to tell you. (0lvid lo que queradecirte.)

Non-defining

Lasexplicativas aaden informacin exirasobre antecedente. su S u e l e nr e n t r ec o m a sp e r os i v a na l f i n a ld e l a o r a c i n ed e b e n i , s separar una coma. formanconwho, which, when, con Se where y whose peronunca con that, y adems se puede no o m i t i re l r e l a t i v o . Mary, who is my neighbtour, has gotlwo cats. (Mary, que es mi vecina, tiene dos gatos.) He sent meflowers, which was very nce of him. (Me envi flores, lo cual f,uemuy amable de su parte.) S o nm u y f o r m a l e a , q u en o s e u s a n n e l i r [ - l s a b l a d o . ss e h Estructuras formal e informal

C u a n d o l r el a t i v o a a c o m p a a d o u n ap r e p o s i c i n s i q u e e v de se u t i l i z a n dw h i e h s i e l a n t e c e d e nee u n ac o s a ; p e rs i e s n a o ts o p e r s o n a ,n l u g a rd e w h o s e e m p l e a h o m , e s t e su n u s om u v e w e formal.Lo mscomnen ambos casos pone la preposicin es r a f i n a ld e l a o r a c i n e r e l a t i v o o m i t i re l p r o n o m b r e . d y This is the hotel in which we stayed.[Formal] This is the hotel (which) we stayted [lnformall rn. (Estees el hotel en el que nos aiojamos.)

Grammar

ApPendix

+ to o / e n o u g h
e r oa r ai n d i c aq u e T o o p r e c e da u n a d j e t i v o a d v e r b ip"demasiado'i l a es Significa de cualidad estos excesiva. These shoesare too small for me. para m.) pequeos (Estos zapatosson demasiado y o del va Enough, en cambio, detrs adjetivo adverbio expresa "bastante'i "suficientemente" la ideade i Sheis good enoughfor that job. (EIla es lo suficientementebuena para esetrabajo') el to solohayqueponer verbo be en Para expresar contrario, lo + o negativa. hecho, De not + adjetivo adverbio enough suele usarse bastante msquela afirmativa. My coffee is not hot enough. (Mi caf no est lo bastante caliente.) o, u s U nc a s o p a r t e sc u a n d o s a m oe n o u g h + u n s u s t a n t i v p u e s a e d ts d c e n t o n c efs n c i o n a o m ou n d e t e r m i n a ny e e p o n e e l a n t e e 1 . u I had enough reasons to be suspiciousof him. (Tenamotivos suficientespara sospecharde 1.)

* Adietivos segudos de infinitivo

de predicativa seguidos un van Muchos adjetivos posicin en o actitudesreaccones infinitivo expresar sentimientos, pra ante algo. de you. (Estoy encantada verte') I'm pleasedto see (No It's not easyto understand. esfcil de entender.)

* La comparacin de los adjetivos: as ... as

n q o s P a r a o m p a r a ro sp e r s o n a sc o s a y d e c i r u es o n . i g u a l e s c d . as a a l g o ee m p l e e l c o m p a r a t i d o i g u a l d a d : . ' . a s ( " t a n " c o m o " , s ve " i g u a l e . . .q u e " ) n d y e n n e g a t i v a ,o t a s . . ' a s . He is as tatl as hisfather. (Estan alto como su padre.) My marks qre nat as high as Yours. notas no son tan buenascomo las tuyas.) lNis

UNIT-S
Modal can

Celehretions LOSIVIODALES
Uses Examples
You can swim uery well. Can you help me wash the car? I can lend you my car. You can bring somethingfor my brthday party.

Ability Request Possibility Suggestion Ability

Inability Prohibition Disbelief

be ableto can't

Don't worry.I will be able to find the street.

He is uery neruolts. He can't sleep. You can't eat sweets before dinner. Thqt can't betour father. He looks uery younq. My mother could dance when she was q child. Could you pass me that book,please? We could vsit him nefi week. Mv sister could come to the party. It may I might be a sunny weekenil. May I barrow your dictionary,please? Would you come with me to the wedding? Would you like some coffee? Shem,ust wear a uniform at her school. My cousin has broken his leq. It must hurt him uery much. You have to study hard if you want to get good marks. I need to buy some meatfor dinner. You needn't take me home today. We don't have to attend the conference. You mustn't step on the grass. Sheshould / ought to tellthem the truth.

could

Past ability request Polite Polite suggestion Possibility

Possibility P o l i t er e q u e s t F o r m a lr e q u e s t 0ffer 0 b l i g a t i o ns t r o n gn e c e s s i t y , t i C e r t a i n t y h a t s o m e t h i n gs t r u e 0 b l i g a t i o nn e c e s s i t y , 0 b l i g a t i o nn e c e s s i t Y ,

may / might may would

must
have to need to

needn't don't haveto mustn't should/ ought to

of Lack obligationnecessity / Lack obligationnecessitY of /

Prohibition Adviceopinion ,

Grammar

Appendix

* Los modales
Losmodales verbos son especiales tienen que estas caractersticas: s o ni n v a r i a b l ee sd e c i ri,g u a l ee n s i n g u l ay e n p l u r a l n o s, s r ; necesitan paraformarla negativa l, int.rrgrtiva; do i siempre v a ns e g u i d od e u n v e r b o n l ai o r m ab a s ey n o t n e ni n f i n i t i v o , s e ; participio futuro,formas ing, ni tiemps ni en compuestos. Be able to y have to sonsemimodales, se pueoen pues conjugar, need to no es un modal, y pero'los se han tres i n c l u i d o n e l c u a d r o o r q u e o m p a r t ea l q u n o u s o s e l o s e p c n s d m o d a l e s :a b i l i d a d ,b l i g a c i y n e c e s i d a d l h o n can I be able to / can't C a n t i e n el o ss i g u i e n t e s o s : us C Expresar habilidad capacidad (,,saber",,pode/'). o / C Hace peticiones, y pedirpermiso. r dar O I n d i c ap o s i b i l i d a d . r n O T a m b i s e u t i l i z a a r ah a c e s u g e r e n c i a s . p r B e a b l e t o e x p r e sh a b i l i d a d o m o a n ,y s e u s ae n t o d o sl o s a c, c t i e m p o v e r b a l eq u ec a n n o t i e n e . s s C a n ' t , a d e m d e s i g n i f i c am p o s i b i l i den e l , p r e s e n se , s ir ad te utilizaparaexpresar: (no O Falta habilidad saber) de capacidad poder). de (no o C Prohbicin. G D e d u c c i n g a t i v o c e r t e z d e q u ea l g oe s i m p o s i b l e . ne a a could Esel pasado can y seemplea de paraexpresar: 3 3 C G H a b i l i d ao c a p a c i d ae n e l p a s a d o . d d P e t i c i o n e s se d u c a d a s ec o nc a n . m qu S u g e r e n c i ms n o s i r e c t aq u ec o nc a n . ae d s q P o s i b i l i d a d sr e m o t a u ec o nc a n . m

maY / might Los expresan dos rposibilidad,:pero ms remota might.En con lrterrogativa, esuna may forina educada pedir de algo; las por.May hauepueden por I traducirse "ZMe queempiezan P:rtjclo.ne:'M,e das?" o dausted?,* _. would ;,;.,-,r_,, , 9,.* 1
que ientos o must / have to Lo.s expresan dos obliqacin, y have to en losdemls tiem

emptean must,mientras que decir que lo que tiene hacer.

Must tambin usaparaex se un hecho presente (,,deber de"

'mundo para sobr

need to / needn,t
N e e d t o n o e su n m o d a lp e o s e , r have to, paraexpresar oUiqaciO.
HFt#'Li , que rguar ?Ilva;

#e,
setiCia de

obligacin y necesidad, que iguat d?i

mustn't / don't have to Mustn't indica prohibicin.

N e e d n ' t e n c a m b i o e su n m o d s

L;!9:r:;
i,;i l:r:' i

Enca "no que" "notener qu", tener o por y de obligacin necesidad, nej como

,lhaveto significa

Modal Perfect must have

may / might have could have

Uses
C e r t a i n t yh a t s o m e t h i n g a s t r u e t w A g u e s s b o u t a p a s ta c t i o n a

-iiipl";

It must have been ueryhardfor her to heqrthe truth.

She may have forgotten about our meetingj. A b i l i t yt o d o s o m e t h i n g n t h e p a s tw h i c h I-could have gone with him, but * decidedto stay i i n t h e e n dw a s n o t d o n e nome.

couldn't have
would have

Certainty something not happe They were really in loue with each other. that did n

She cauldn't have hroken up wth him.

D e s i r eo d o s o m e t h i n g n t h e p a s tw h i c h We would have travelled to the USA, but we didn,t t i i n f a c t c o u l dn o t b e d o n e haue enoughmoney You should / ought to have told them ue aren't friends any more. We shouldn't have left before the concert ended. I was going to make dinner. you needn,t have made it.

should/ ought to have Criticismor regretafter an event shouldnt have needn'thave Criticism regret or afteran event An unnecessary action past

i:',.

t',1aiE*

.t:.]ris:. :,"':

have + ParticiPio 'Expresa conclusin pasado' un sobre hecho lgica una ma | might have + ParticiPio sobre algopasado' unasuposicin Seusaparahacer could have + Partcipo o q a r q l n d i c a u es e p u d oh a b e h e c h o l g oe n e l p a s a d p e r o u e hizo. f i n a l m e n tn o s e e couldn't have + PartcPio de la Expresa certeza quealgono ocurri.

* should I had better

que Ya hasvistoqueshould s utilizaparadecirloque creemos had better Pues o dar se deberia hacer, un consejo unaopinin' 'd de (o la-contraccin better) esotra formamuy coloquial e x p r e s ao m i s m o . lr had,better + un del Afirmativa: despus sujetop.onemos "Es mejorque"+ un verboen Significa verboen la formbase. presente subjuntivo. de You had belter (You'd better) see the iloctor' (Es mejor que veas al mdico.) had better + not + not, es decir, Negativa: solonecesita verboen la formabase. You'd better not go out in the rain' . (Es mejor que no salgascon la lluvia') usarhad better en interrogativa' Nota: No se suele de tieneun usodistinto should ya quetambin Porotra parte, o a, p a r ae x p r e s a rn aa d v e r t e n c ic o m oa v i s a n da l u s eu t i l i z a r p e ll . a d o y e n t e e ' q u e l g om a l oo d e s a g r a d a bee u . e do c u r r i s i n o a a q u . l . d . l i t o s . E n t o n c e s e n e s i g n i f i c a rl g oc o m o vi h c el o " S e r e j o r u e . . . " M sv a l eq u e . . . " . q ", m better tidY Your room now! You'd tu (Sermejor que'airegles habitacinahora!) You'd better not take mrycar! (Msvale que no cojasmi coche!)

vrould have + PartcPo q o a h r q I n d i c a u es eq u i s o a b e h e c h o l g oe n e l p a s a d p e r o u en o s e externas. o pudodebido factores causas a should / ought to have + ParticiPio p o a os C o na m b o s o d e m ol s m e n t a r n d e l o o c u r r i dy d e q u en o h a y a p a s a d lo q u eq u e r i a m o s . o shouldn't have + PartciPo

p i, o u s c un E x p r e s a ao p i n i n r t i c a o b r e n h e c h o a s a d on d i c a n dq u e r a n o d e b e r h a b e o c u r r i d o . needn't have + ParticiPio de n q I n d i c a u en o h a b a e c e s i d a d h a c e lro q u es e h i z o .

r Verbos segudos de adietivos

d v os v M u c h o s e r b o s a na c o m p a a dd e a d v e r b i o se m o d oq u e a d e s c r i b el n a c c i n . PauI musttt't sing at the party' He sings badlY' (Paul no debe cantar en la fiesta. Canta mal') o a que los 5in embargo, verbos se refieren estados percepcio.nes al describe el En vanseguidlide adjetivoi' estecaso adjetivo del a no la sujeto-de frase, se refiere la accin verbo' taste+ sclfl (adjJ - . smell + good/ bad {adi') (adj.) serm + iired feel + emotional (adj') Jane's perfume smells nice. (El perfume de Jane huele bien.) s n s s e F i j a t e n q u ea l g u n ov e r b o p u e d e i n d i c atra n t oa c c i o n ec o m o o de n . i t r d o t , y ' p o re i o p u e d e i r s e g u i d o s u n a d v e r b iy d e u n adjetivo. You haue to look quickly at the questions' (Tienesque mirar rpidamentelas preguntas') contenta') She looks happy. (Parece