Your Login ID : Your Password : First Security Question :

900003249 prakashpriyanka First name of the Person you like most ?

Your Answer : prakash Second Security Question : Your Answer : First Name Of Your Best Friend? bharti

Peripheral signs of aortic regurgitation

(Thanks to Saurabh Patel)

ARathi Got Low Quality BCG, DPT & MMR from PHC AR- Aortic Regurgitation G=gerhard sign L=landolfis sign, lighthouse sign Q=quinckes sign B=becker sign C=corrigans neck sign G=gerhard sign

D=de mussets sign, duroziez sign P=pistol shot femorals, pulse pressure wide T=traubes sign M=muller sign M=mayne sign R=rosenbch sign P=pulsus bisferiens H=hills sign C=collapsing pulse(corrigans pulse)

2.)

Oncogenic viruses

Oncogenic viruses : DNA viruses 'HE is my PAPa' Hepatitis B virus Epstein Barr virus Pox virus Adenovirus Pappilloma virus RNA viruses 'His Salary Feeds Me' Human T cell leukemia virus Sarcoma viruses Feline Leukemia virus Mammary tumor virus

3. Differentials

Of "FLEA BITTEN KIDNEY"

(Thanks to Anuthara Charms ) Differentials Of "FLEA BITTEN KIDNEY"-

We Hate PSM (or SPM) W- Wegener's granulomatosis H- Henoch schonlein purpura P- Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (PSGN). Polyarteritis nodosa S- Sub acute bacterial endocarditis (SABE), SLE, Syndrome of Good Pasteur M- Malignant hypertension.

4.

Fragile X Syndrome

M's of fragile-X Syndrome: Male Mental retardation Macro orchidism Mutation in FMR1 gene (caused by Methylation of part of chromosome) Multiple CGG repeats Maxillary excess (Long face) Muscle tone decreased Mothers (females) are obligatory carriers

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Adhesion Molecules involved in Cancer Pathology

To remember the adhesion molecules involved in invasion by local cancer cells rememberFeViCoL: FibronEctin

VImentin COllagen Laminin

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Myocardial infarction
Definition (CAP) Evidence of myocardial necrosis with any 1 of the following: 1. Cardiac biomarkers (pref. Troponins) showing sudden rise or fall 2. Sudden unexpected cardiac death involving cardiac Arrest 3. Pathological findings of acute MI

Signs of MI (windows VISTA) 1. Vagal activation (vomiting, bradycardia) 2. Impaired myocard. Func. (s1,s2 soft; hypotension; inc. JVP; Oliguria; Cold, clammy skin) 3. Sympathetic activation (Pallor, sweating, tachycardia) 4. Tissue damage (Low grade fever) 5. A complication (MR / VSD producing pansystolic murmur Enzymes elevated in MI (TALC - talcum powder) 1. Troponin T/I 2. AST 3. LDH 4. CK-MB Complications of MI Immediate (RAILgaadi) a) RV infarction b) Arrythmias (VT, AF, VF) - may also be due to I.v. Xylocaine overdose c) LHF Early (PSVT ka MELA laga hua hai !!) a) Pericarditis b) Sudden death c) VSD d) Thromboembolic complications (Pulmonary, Arterial) e) MR (Papillary muscle dysfunction or rupture) f) LV free wall rupture (Pericardial tamponade) g) Arterial compl. (same as mentioned in d) ) Late (PADS) a) Psychological reaction (DADDA- Denial, Acceptance, Dependency, Depression, Adjustment - this is from earliest change to last) b) Arrythmias (ventricular like VF, VT)

c) Dresslers syndrome (Autoimmune phenomenon characterized by fever, pericarditis, pleuritis, pneumonitis) d) Shoulder (Frozen shoulder) Pain n stiffness of left shoulde

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Causes of Osteoporosis

Causes of osteoporosis are ACCESS : Alcohol Corticosteroids Calcium deficiancy (low intake) Eostrogen deficiency Smoking Sedentary Lifestyle

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Biliary tract Lesions:

shared by Ankit Patel

Pain - Cholelithiasis Pain + Pyrexia - Acute Cholecystitis Pain + Jaundice - Choledocholithiasis Pain + Pyrexia + Jaundice (Charcot's triad) - Ascending Cholangitis Credit goes to Dr. Barone.

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Causes of upper lobe fibrosis of the lung

(shared by Adzmie Baharuddin )

S - silicosis, sarcoidosis C - coal worker pneumoconiosis H - histiocytosisA - allergic bronchopulmonary aspergilosis (ABPA), ankylosing spondylitis R - radiation T - tuberculosis

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Hepatic Encephalopathy
HEPATICUS Haemorrhage, Electrolye imbalance (K+ alkalosis), protein XS (NH4+ XS), Alcohol/ Analgesics, Trauma, Infxn, Constipation, Uraemia, Surgery (post systemic shunt)

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Aneurysm types
MAD SCAB: Mycotic Atherosclerotic Dissecting Syphilitic Capillary microaneurysm Arteriovenous fistula Berry

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Nephritic syndrome: glomerular diseases commonly presenting as nephritic syndrome

PARIS: Post-streptococcal Alport's RPGN IgA nephropathy SLE Alternatively: PIG ARMS to include Goodpasture's [one cause of RPGN], Membranoproliferative [only sometimes included in the classic nephritic list].

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Portal hypertension: features

ABCDE:

Ascites Bleeding (haematemesis, piles) Caput medusae Diminished liver Enlarged spleen
CATEGORIES: MEDICINE, PATHOLOGY, SURGERY

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WBC Count:

"Nobody Likes My Educational Background" "60, 30, 6, 3, 1" Neutrophils 60% Lymphocytes 30%Monocytes 6% Eosinophils 3% Basophils 1%
Rheumatic Fever
MODIFIED JONES CRITERIA MAJOR CRITERIA "CASES" C- Carditis A- Arthritis (not Arthralgias i.e polyarthritis) S- Syndhem's Chorea E- Erythema Marginatum (not nodosum) S- Subcutaneous Nodules Minor Criteria "PEACH-Fever" P- Prolonged PR interval E- ESR raised A- Arthralgias (not arthritis), Acute phase reactants : leukocytosis, elevated sedimentation rate, and C -reactive protein C- C-reactive protein increased H- History of previous rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart disease & Fever

Diabetic ketoacidosis: I vs. II

ketONE bodies are seen in type ONE diabetes.

MHC I and MHC II: T cell type

'MHC x T cell=8' MHC II goes with CD4 (2x4=8) MHC I goes with CD8 (1x8=8) You might also like: Parkinson's disease Causes of Osteoporosis Hyperthyroidism: signs and symptoms Corticosteroids: Side effects

Confusing similar blood cell appearance

SAIL and BERUS-Schistocyte also known as A-Acanthocyte I-Irregular spikes on surface L-liver disease B-Burr cells also known as E-Echinocyte R-Regular spikes U-Uremia
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Parkinson's disease: symptoms

PQRST: Paucity of expression parQinson Rigidity (cogwheel) Stooped posture Tremor at rest If can't remember that Parkinson's tremor is the one that is "resting tremor", look at the last 3 letters: RST.
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Renal failure (chronic): consequences

ABCDEFG: Anemia -due to less EPO Bone alterations -osteomalacia -osteoporosis -von Recklinghausen Cardiopulmonary -atherosclerosis -CHF -hypertension -pericarditis D vitamin loss Electrolyte imbalance -sodium loss/gain -metabolic acidosis -hyperkalemia Feverous infections -due to leukocyte abnormalities and dialysis hazards GI disturbances -haemorrhagic gastritis -peptic ulcer disease -intractable hiccups
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Polycystic ovary: morphology, presentation

 Morphology is poly-C: Cysts Capsule thickened Cortical stromal fibrosis Clinical presentation is OVARY: Obese Virilism or hirsuitism Amenorrhoea Reproductive disorder [infertile] Young woman

Hypertension: secondary hypertension causes

CHAPS: Cushing's syndrome Hyperaldosteronism [aka Conn's syndrome] Aorta coarctation Phaeochromocytoma Stenosis of renal arteries Note: only 5% of hypertension cases are secondary, rest are primary

Hepatic Encephalopathy
HEPATICUS Haemorrhage, Electrolye imbalance (K+ alkalosis), protein XS (NH4+ XS), Alcohol/ Analgesics, Trauma, Infxn, Constipation, Uraemia,

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THROMBOSIS

Causes of DVT Trauma, Hormones-OCP'S

Road traffic accidents, Operations-cholecystectomy, Malignancy, Blood disorders-polycythemia, Obesity,Old age,Orthopedic surgery, Serious illness, Immobilisation, Splenctomy.
Types of Mesenteric Cysts
C = Chylolymphatic cyst (Commonest) U = Urogenital remnant cyst T = Teratomatous / Dermoid cyst E = Enterogenous Cyst

Ranson's criteria
"LEGAL" Leucocytes >16000 Enzyme AST >250 Glucose >200 Age >55

LDH >350 Ranson's criteria is used to predict the severity of acute pancreatitis.

Drugs causing pancreatitis (complete list)

shared by Iqbal Bashir GLAD Organ Pancreas iS Traumatised n Destroyed Very Much Glucocorticoids L-asparaginase Alcohol Diuretics Ocp's Pentamidine Sulfonamides

Didanosine Tetracyclines Valproate Methyldopa

8 C's of cholangiocarcinoma(risk factors)

Caroli's disease Choledochal cyst Colitis(ulcerative colitis) Cholangitis(sclerosing) Clonorchis sinensis Cong.hepatic fibrosis C/c typhoid carrier state Carcinogens like rubber,automotive factories.

Drugs causing gynaecomastia.

"DESI Gossypol R Most Common Cause oF Gynaecomastia in Kommon People" D- Digitalis E-Ethionamide,Estrogen S-Spirinolactone I- INH Gossypol-Griseofulvin R- Reserpine Most-Methyl dopa Common- Cyperoterone acetate,cimitidine, Cause-clomiphine,Calcium antagonist oF-Flutamide Gynaecomastia- Goserelin Kommon-Ketoconazole People-Phenytoin.

drugs causing pul fibrosis

BBC MAN

B-BLEOMYCIN B-BUSULPHAN C-CYCLOPHOSAMIDE M-METHOTREXATE A-AMIODARONE N-NITROFURANTOIN

Respiratory depression inducing drugs

"STOP breathing": Sedatives and hypnotics Trimethoprim Opiates Polymyxins

Drugs causing photosensitivity :

(shared by Sourabh Jain)

PQRST AND CNG P- Phenothiazines

Q- Quinine, Quinolones, Quinidine R- Retinoids S- Sulphonamides, Sulfonylureas T- Tetracyclines, Thiazides A- Amiodarone N- NSAID'S-- Ibuprofen, naproxen, celecoxib D- Dapsone C- Chloroquine, Chlorpromazine N- Nalidixic acid G- Griseofulvin

Causes of asterixis (flapping tremor)

' DRUGS (ABC) FAILED Helping Him ' DRUGS (ABC) : - Alcohol ...- Barbiturate - carbamazepine FAILED : - respiratory failure - liver failure - renal failure Helping : [[[ H = HYPO ]]] - hypoglycemia - hypokalemia - hypomagnesemia Him : [[[ H = HEMORRHAGE ]]] - intracerebral hemorrhage - subarachinoid hemorrhage - subdural hematoma

Hyperthyroidism: signs and symptoms

THYROIDISM: Tremor Heart rate up Yawning [fatigability] Restlessness Oligomenorrhea & amenorrhea Intolerance to heat Diarrhoea Irritability Sweating Musle wasting & weight loss

Hyperthyroidism: signs and symptoms

THYROIDISM: Tremor Heart rate up Yawning [fatigability] Restlessness Oligomenorrhea & amenorrhea Intolerance to heat Diarrhoea Irritability Sweating Musle wasting & weight loss

Parkinson's disease
SMART

(shared by Zeeshan Sayani )

SHUFFLING GAIT(AKA FESTINANT GAIT), MASK LIKE FACIES, AKINESIA(OR BRADYKINESIA), RIGIDITY, TREMOR AT REST.

Cushing's syndrome
Cushing's syndrome

shared by DrAhmad Abusham

C - Central obesity, Cervical fat pads, Collagen fibre weakness, Comedones (acne)

U - Urinary free cortisol and glucose increase S - Striae, Suppressed immunity .H - Hypercortisolism, Hypertension, Hyperglycemia, Hypercholesterolemia, Hirsutism
I - Iatrogenic (Increased administration of corticosteroids) N - Noniatrogenic (Neoplasms) G - Glucose intolerance, Growth retardation

Causes of seizures
shared by Muhammad Nadeem

VITAMIN Vascular(stroke), Infections, Trauma, AV malformation, Metabolic Idiopathic Neoplasm

Causes of nocturnal cough

shared by Sunita Biradar BPL-ACT

1)Bronchial asthma 2)Post nasal drip 3)Left side heart failure 4)Aspiration 5)Chronic bronchitis 6)Tropical eosinophila

Croup: symptoms

"3 S's" Stridor Subglottic swelling Seal-bark cough

Causes of Chronic Diarrhoea

Remember the 5 Cs as Causes of Chronic diarrhoea: (there are more causes to be added)

Crohn's disease

Colitis (Ulcerative) or Ulcerative Colitis Coeliac diseases Cystic fibrosis Cow's milk intolerance

Corticosteroids: Side effects

(shared by Syed Asif Bukhari ) CORTICOSTERIODS

C-cushings syndrome O-osteoporosis R-retardation of growth T-thin skin n easy brusibility I-infections n immunosupression C-cataract n glaucoma O-odema S-supression of HPA axis T-thining n ulceration of gastric mucosa E-Emotional disturbance R-rise in BP I-Increase in hair growth(hirsuitism) O-otherz like fetal abnormalties n hypokalemia D-diabetes mellitus precipitation S-stria

Osteomalacia: Radiological features

"Loose Penicillin Fish" Looser's zone (pseudo fractures) Penicilling in of vertebral bodies Codfish vertebrae

CHAMP
SMALL FOR GESTATIONAL AGE BABY GETS FOLLOWING PROBLEMS: [CHAMP] - REMEMBER THAT SGA BABY WILL BECOME A CHAMP.

C - CONGENITAL ANOMALIES H - HYPOGLYCEMIA, HYPOCALCEMIA, A - ASPHYXIA M - MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME P - POLCYTHEMIA, PUL. HEMORRHAGE

Atrial fibrillation: causes

PIRATES " Pulmonary: Pulmonary embolism, COPD Iatrogenic Rheumatic heart disease Atherosclerotic heart disease Thyrotoxicosis Endocarditis Sick sinus syndrome

Kawasaki Disease
My Heart

Mucosal involvement like dry chapped lips and strawberry tongue Hands and feet with edema and desquamation (late in the disease) Eyes non purulent bilateral conjunctivitis Adenopathy often cervical unilateral > 1.5 cm lymph nodes enlargement Rash usually truncal and pleomorphic Temperature non remitting fever for at least five days
Ulcerative colitis: features

ULCERATIONS: Ulcers Large intestine Carcinoma [risk] Extraintestinal manifestations Remnants of old ulcers [pseudopolyps] Abscesses in crypts Toxic megacolon [risk] Inflamed, red, granular mucosa Originates at rectum Neutrophil invasion Stools bloody

COPD: 4 types and hallmark

ABCDE: Asthma Brochiectasis Chronic bronchitis Dyspnea [hallmark of group] Emphysema Alternatively: replace Dyspnea with Decreased FEV1/FVC ratio.

Apoptosis vs. necrosis

"LIFELESS" (since cells are dead): Differences are in: Leaky membranes Inflammatory response

Fate Extent Laddering Energy dependent Swell or shrink Stimulus