Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Process Calculations
Content
! Overall aim and strategy of process calculation ! Basics: ! Streams, fluxes and stream variables ! Concentrations ! Degree of freedom analysis ! The mass balance ! Total constraint ! Subsidiary process information
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering LTH / Department of Chemical Engineering / Per Warfvinge
org-C NO3P
org-C NO3P
sludge solids O2
sludge sludge
! The overall strategy is to: -! Clarify how many fluxes that the system includes -! Collect as many equations as there are fluxes -! Make sure that the equations are fit for use -! Solve the system of equations with appropriate methods
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering LTH / Department of Chemical Engineering / Per Warfvinge
Concentrations
! Concentrations can be expressed: ! In terms of stream variables ! In ass units or molar units ! Example if we have A and B in a stream 1:
1,A =
x1,A =
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering LTH / Department of Chemical Engineering / Per Warfvinge
! Degrees of freedom = Number of stream variables ! number of mass balances ! number of subsidiary process information ! number of specified stream variables
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering LTH / Department of Chemical Engineering / Per Warfvinge
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering LTH / Department of Chemical Engineering / Per Warfvinge
Mass balance
! The mass balance: ! Refers to a certain system, delimited by its system boundary ! Refers to a certain substance, i.e. an element or a component ! Should include relevant fluxes, expressed as stream variables ! For each component, one (1) unique mass balance can be made for each (sub)system ! Example (non-reaction, steady-state): ! One input stream (index 1) ! Two output streams (indices 2 and 3) ! Two components (indices A and B)
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering LTH / Department of Chemical Engineering / Per Warfvinge
Mass balance
! Process chart: ! System with system boundary ! Streams and components ! The general form is: Input = Output ! Mass balances for A and B in mass units: W1,A = W2,A + W3,A W1,B = W2,B + W3,B ! Mass balances for A and B in molar units: F1,A = F2,A + F3,A F1,B = F2,B + F3,B
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering LTH / Department of Chemical Engineering / Per Warfvinge
Stream 1 A&B
Total constraints
! If a stream i that contains n substances, each denoted j, then the sum of fractional concentrations is by definition unity:
n
! Mass fractions:
j=1 n
i,j = 1 xi,j = 1
j=1
! Molar fractions:
! Note that, if stream 1 includes A and B, the mass/molar fractions are not independent of each other:
1,A + 1,B W1,A W1,B W1,B W1,A + W1,B = + = =1 W1,A + W1,A W1,A + W1,B W1,A + W1,B
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering LTH / Department of Chemical Engineering / Per Warfvinge
! The degrees of freedom is 0 if: ! A has an inverse A1 ! det A = 0 ! rank A should equal the dimensions of the (square) matrix A
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering LTH / Department of Chemical Engineering / Per Warfvinge
Content
! Overall aim and strategy of process calculation ! Basics: ! Streams, fluxes and stream variables ! Concentrations ! Degree of freedom analysis ! The mass balance ! Total constraint ! Subsidiary process information
Lund University / Faculty of Engineering LTH / Department of Chemical Engineering / Per Warfvinge