Proceedings of the 37th National & 4th International Conference on Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power December 16-18,

2010, IIT Madras, Chennai, India. Proceedings of the 37th National & 4th Int.Conf. on Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power December 16-18, 2010, IIT Madras, Chennai, India - CF - 01 FMFP10 FMFP2010 - 387

Higher-order compact scheme for the steady stream-function vorticity equations in spherical geometry
T. V. S. Sekhar and B. Hema Sundar Raju Department of Mathematics, Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducherry-605014, India

abstract

A higher-order compact scheme that is O(h4 ) on the nine point 2-D stencil is formulated for the steady stream-function vorticity form of the NavierStokes equations in spherical polar coordinates. The steady, incompressible, viscous and axially symmetric ow past a sphere is used as a model problem. The transformation r = e is used in the radial direction to achieve more accuracy near the surface of the sphere. This transformation provides the solution in non-uniform physical plane while keeping uniform grid in computational plane. The drag coecient, surface pressure are calculated and compared with available experimental and theoretical results.

lar coordinates. Iyengar and Manohar, 1988, Jain, 1994 and Lai, 2002 developed compact fourth order schemes to linear Poisson or quasi-linear Poisson equations in polar coordinates. Sanyasiraju and Manjula(2005, 2007)developed higher order semicompact scheme to incompressible N-S equations in cylindrical coordinates. To the best of our knowledge, no work has been reported until now on higher order compact scheme to N-S equations in spherical polar coordinate system. In this work, a fourth order compact scheme is developed for steady, incompressible N-S equations in spherical polar coordinates.

Basic equations

The ow of steady incompressible viscous ow past a sphere with uniform free-stream velocity U (from left to right)is considered for this study. The The present paper is concerned with solving the governing equations are steady two-dimentional Navier-Stokes (N-S) equaequation of continuity: tions in spherical polar coordinates using higher order compact scheme. The study of steady incom.q = 0, (1) pressible N-S equations using nite dierence methods vary considerably in terms of accuracy and e- curl of the momentum equation: ciency. The central dierence approximations to all the derivatives of the N-S equations yields second 2 2 (2) q = order accuracy but unstable and the resulting soluRe tions exhibit non-physical oscillations. The combiwhere nation of central dierences to second order deriva =q (3) tives and rst order upwind dierences to nonlinear terms as described by Sekhar et al., 2008 yields is the vorticity. stable scheme but is of rst order accurate and the The equation of continuity (1) is satised by inresulting solutions exhibit the eects of articial troducing the dimensionless stream function (r, ) viscosity. The second order upwind dierences to dened by the equations nonlinear terms are no better than the rst-order ones for large values of Re and also contains ghost 1 1 qr = 2 , q = (4) points. The traditional higher order nite dierr sin r sin r ence methods such as explained by Baranyi, 2003 do not allow direct iterative techniques. An excep- where qr and q are the dimensionless radial and tion has been found in the high order nite dier- transverse components of velocity obtained by dience schemes of compact type, which are computa- viding the corresponding dimensional components tionally stable, ecient and yield highly accurate by the stream velocity U . Re is the Reynolds numerical solutions (Gupta, 1991, Li, Tang and number dened as Re = 2U a/, where a is radius Fornberg, 1995). Higher order compact schemes of the sphere and is kinematic coecient of visare less applied to ow problems in curvilinear co- cosity. Expanding (2) and (3) using (4) with spherordinate systems like cylindrical and spherical po- ical polar coordinates (r, , ) (axis-symmetric), we

Introduction

get the Navier-Stokes equations in vorticity-stream The truncation error of (8) is given by function form as h2 3 k 2 3 h2 4 k 2 4 i,j = 2 + + + 1 2 cot 2 3 3 12 12 12 4 12 4 + 2 2 2 = r sin i,j 2 r r r 4 4 +O(h , k ) and Using (5) and (9) in (8) we get 1 2 cot 2 2 + + 2 2 + 2 2 2 = 2 r r r r r r sin h2 k2 2 2 1+ i,j + 1 + cot2 + 2 csc2 i,j u u v v Re 12 12 u + + + + 2 r r r r r k2 i,j cot 1 + 3 csc2 i,j + 12 Because the stream function and vorticity are ex2 2 pected to vary most rapidly near the surface of the h +k 2 2 2 2 i,j cot i,j i,j + cot i,j sphere, we substitute r = e . Now, the above two 12 equations become h2 2 k2 2 pi,j pi,j pi,j pi,j cot pi,j = 0 (9) 12 12 2 1 + sin e3 = 0 + sin Equation (6) is rewritten as 2 sin (5) 2 2 +c +d + e = 0 (10) 2 2 2 2 + + cot + = 2 2 sin2 where Re Re c= e qr 1, e qr + q qr q cot (6) 2 2 where and are dimensionless stream function and vorticity respectively and e , sin
2

d=

Re e q cot , 2

qr =

q =

e . (7) sin
2

The boundary conditions to be satised are On the surface of the sphere ( = 0), = 1 2 = 0, = . sin 2

Re Re e qr e q cot 2 2 Applying fourth order dierences to the equation (10) we get e = csc2
2 2 i,j i,j +ci,j i,j +di,j i,j +ei,j i,j i,j = 0. (11) The truncation error of 11 is given by

At large distances from the sphere ( ), 1 e2 sin2 , 2 0.

i,j = 2

h2 3 k 2 3 c + d 3 12 3 12

h2 4 k 2 4 + 12 4 12 4
4

+O(h , k ), where h and k are grid spacing (h = k) in the radial and angular directions, respectively. Using equations (10)and (12) in (11) gives
2 2 li,j i,j fi,j i,j + gi,j i,j + oi,j i,j +qi,j i,j

i,j 4

Along the axis of symmetry ( = 0 and = ), = 0, = 0.

Fourth Scheme

order

Compact

h2 + k 2 2 2 2 2 i,j ci,j i,j di,j i,j + The governing equations (5) and (6) are discretized 12 using fourth order compact scheme as follows: Apwi,j i,j = 0 (12) plying standard central dierence operators along with their errors to equation (5) gives where the coecients li,j , fi,j , gi,j , oi,j , qi,j and wi,j are given by
2 2 i,j + i,j i,j cot i,j pi,j i,j = 0. (8)

li,j = 1 + 2

h2 2 c 2 ci,j ei,j 12 i,j

fi,j = 1 +

k2 2 d 2 di,j ei,j 12 i,j

Cf =

4 Re

(0, )sin2 d,
0

h2 2 ci,j ci,j ci,j + 2 ei,j ci,j ei,j and the pressure drag coecient is 12 1 k2 2 Cp = 2 p(0, ) sin 2d, + ci,j di,j ci,j U 0 12 where p(, ) is the pressure in the uid. h2 2 The results are obtained from dierent grids of di,j ci,j di,j oi,j = di,j + 16 16, 32 32, 64 64, 128 128 and 256 256 to 12 achieve grid independence and are tabulated in the k2 2 + di,j di,j di,j + 2 ei,j di,j ei,j Table 1. Calculated drag coecients are given in 12 Table 2 along with other literature values of Leclair et al., 1970, Dennis and Walker, 1971, Feng and h2 2 ei,j ci,j ei,j qi,j = ei,j + Michaelides, 2000. The results are in good agree12 ment with all literature values including the recent k2 2 values predicted by Feng & Michaelides (2000). + ei,j di,j ei,j 12 One of the main points of interest is to determine the Reynolds number at which a separated h2 k2 h2 + k 2 wi,j = ci,j di,j . di,j + ci,j wake rst appears behind the sphere and to ex6 6 12 amine the subsequent development of the wake 4.1 Discretization of boundary con- with Reynolds number. Various authors, including Kawaguti(1950), Lister (1953), Dennis & Walker ditions: (1964) and Hamielec et al. have found that sepOn the surface of the sphere, no-slip condition is aration has not started to occur before Re = 20. applied. At far o distances ( ) uniform ow Separated ow past a sphere has been studied exis imposed. The wall vorticity boundary condition perimentally by Taneda (1956). He has found that is discretized with fourth order accuracy [15] as fol- separation starts somewhere between Re = 22 and Re = 25 and has estimated Re = 24 as giving lows: the start of separation, although the precise onset (1082,j 273,j + 44,j ) was dicult to observe. In this study, it is found 1,j = 18h2 sin that the rst ow separation occurs at Re = 21. The discretized stream-vorticity equations for This prediction is slightly higher than that preand are solved using line Gauss-Seidel iterative dicted by Dennis & Walker (1971) and Leclair et method. It must be noted that the algebraic equa- al. (1970) and Pruppacher et al. (1970) who estions for and were solved simultaneously and timated ow separation at 20.5, 20 and 20 respecthat the the wall boundary equation for is up- tively. At Re = 40, the ow is separated with sepdated after every iteration. The iterations are con- aration length of 1.57 (measured from the center of tinued until the norm of the dynamic residuals is the sphere) and separation angle 34.45 . From the less than 105 in both and . The outer bound- equations of motion it may be shown that ary of the computational domain used in all the p U simulations is taken as 100.10 times the radius of = . (13) + =0 a =0 the sphere. The outer boundary is nalized after repeated simulations made with dierent lengths The surface pressure is expressed in terms of a di148.4, 134.2 and 110. The nal results are obtained mensionless pressure coecient. First, by integratfrom the nest grid of 256 256. ing the appropriate equation of motion along the axis = from = 0 to = , the pressure coecient 5 Results and Discussion gi,j = ci,j +
The drag coecient CD is dened by the equation 8 p p D d k() = 1 2 = 1 + CD = U 2 a2 , where D is the total drag on the Re 0 = U 2 sphere and is the density of the uid. The drag coecient is composed of two parts due to the fric- is obtained. Here, p is the pressure at = on the tion and pressure drag, respectively. The friction equator of the sphere and p is the uniform pressure at innite distance from the sphere. Finally, drag coecient is given by

256 256

122.897

25.844

13.644

3.548

2.134

1.341 1.320 1.274 1.188 1.035 20

k() =

4 p p = k() + 1 2 Re U 2

d.
=0

The surface pressure is calculated using the above formula and presented in Figs. 1. The surface vorticity is also presented in Fig. 2. These graphs are in good agreement with those presented by Dennis and Walker, 1971. 128 128 122.735 25.787 13.602 3.521 2.111
3 2
Re 5 Re 10 Re 20 Re 40

1 0 -1 -2 180

Table 1: Grid independence of fourth order accurate drag coecient values.

Surface pressure

122.088

64 64

25.618

13.491

3.461

2.060

150

120

90

60

30

(Degrees)
Figure 1: Angular variation of the surface pressure for dierent Re

120.396

32 32

25.165

13.203

3.326

1.953

-7 -6
Re 1 Re 5 Re 10 Re 20 Re 40

Surface vorticity

-5 -4 -3 -2

115.289

16 16

23.947

12.484

-1 0 1 180 150 120 90 60 30 0

3.048

1.752

(Degrees)
Figure 2: Angular variation of the surface vorticity for same Re 0.1 0.5 Re 10 40 1 5

0.550

0.750

0.814

0.856

0.877

on integration of the result 13 around the equator of the sphere, the pressure coecient at angular co-ordinate is obtained in the form

Table 2: Comparison of drag coecient values with other theoretical values. Ref. [11] 122.04 13.66 3.515 2.144 1.356 0.930 0.904 1.365 1.341 0.885 2.212 3.605 3.52 13.72 13.486 25.85 25.51 122.10 120.829 Ref. [3] Ref. [4] Present results 122.897 25.844 13.644 3.548 2.134 1.341 0.877

Re

0.1

0.5

10

20

40

5 Table 3: Grid independence of far eld distance. 100 122.897 25.844 13.644 3.548 2.134 1.341 0.877 25.836 13.642 3.548 2.134 1.341 0.877 122.762 110 134.2 122.538 25.823 13.638 3.547 2.134 1.341 0.877 148.4 122.451 25.818 13.636 3.547 2.134 1.341 0.877

Re

0.1

0.5

10

20

40

References

[13] Lister, M. 1953. Ph. D Thesis, London.

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