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GENDER DIFFERENCE AT WORK PLACE

FEMININITY AND MASCULINITY


ENGLISH
The use of gender to refer to masculinity and femininity as types is attested throughout the history of Modern English (from about the 14th century).
The American Heritage Dictionary (2000)

The effectiveness of the medication appears to depend on the sex (not gender) of the patient. In peasant societies, gender (not sex) roles are likely to be more clearly defined.

A recent Publication by the Australian Human Rights Commission on "sexual orientation and gender identity
Among the reasons that working scientists have given me for choosing gender rather than sex in biological contexts are desires to signal sympathy with feminist goals, to use a more academic term, or to avoid the connotation of copulation David Haig, The Inexorable Rise of Gender and the Decline of Sex.

GREEK
Greek distinguishes biological from sociological in adjectives.

GENDER PERCEPTION
Men and women experience differences in perception in the workplace. According to the book, "Managing in the Age of Change: Essential Skills to Manage Today's Workforce," by Sophie Hahn and Anne Litwin, an employee's gender can illustrate differences in perception related to organizational structure, problem-solving style and view of work-related conflict. Also, differences in individual working style are notable. According to the book, women perceive that individual work styles should be collaborative, where everyone works as part of a whole. Men, on the other hand, perceive that work should be completed independently without the assistance of others. Women also tend to be more supportive managers, whereas men are more direct.

GENDER SOCIALIZATION
Society expects different attitudes and behaviors from boys and girls. Gender socialization is the tendency for boys and girls to be socialized differently. Boys are raised to conform to the male gender role, and girls are raised to conform to the female gender or role. A gender role is a set of behaviors, attitudes, and personality characteristics expected and encouraged of a person based on his or her sex.

INFLUENCE OF BIOLOGY
Experts disagree on whether differences between males and females result from innate, biological differences or from differences in the ways that boys and girls are socialized. In other words, experts disagree on whether differences between men and women are due to nature, nurture, or some combination of both. There are some significant differences between female and male brains. The language center in the male brain is usually in the dominant (usually left) hemisphere, whereas females use both hemispheres of the brain to process language. This may explain why females seem to have stronger communication skills and relish interpersonal communication more than males and why, on average, girls learn to speak and read earlier than boys.

INFLUENCE OF FAMILY
Every culture has different guidelines about what is appropriate for males and females, and family members may socialize babies in gendered ways without consciously following that path. For example, in American society, the color pink is associated with girls and the color blue with boys. Even as tiny babies, boys and girls are dressed differently, according to what is considered appropriate for their respective sexes. Even parents who strive to achieve a less gendered parenting style unconsciously reinforce gender roles. The toys and games parents select for children are often unconsciously intended to socialize them into the appropriate gender roles. Girls receive dolls in an attempt to socialize them into future roles as mothers. Since women are expected to be more nurturing than men, giving a girl a doll teaches her to care for it and fosters the value of caring for others. When boys receive dolls, they are likely to be action figures designed to bring out the alleged aggressive tendencies in boys.

INFLUENCE IN EDUCATION
As children enter the educational system, traditional expectations for boys and girls continue. In the past, much research focused on how teachers were shortchanging girls in the classroom. Teachers would focus on boys, calling on them more and challenging them. Because boys were believed to be more analytical, teachers assumed they would excel in math and science. Teachers encouraged them to go into careers that require a lot of math and science, such as computer science or engineering. Research from the late 1990s, however, indicates that the current educational climate is failing boys. Boys are falling behind girls in school. The dropout rate for boys is rising. More boys are being diagnosed as learning disabled. The number of boys applying to college has declined. Some sociologists argue that current teaching methods favor girls learning styles. Girls mature more quickly than boys and are able to focus and concentrate in class more easily. Studies show that boys are more physically active than girls. This difference is greater when children are in elementary school. Boys may be less able to sit still during a lesson. They are often sent out of class as disruptive, which puts them behind in the schoolwork and can reinforce their problems in the classroom.

GENDER DIFFERENCES WITHIN CULTURE AND WORKPLACE


Gender differences in the workplace typically stem from social factors, which influence the behaviors of men and women. Some organizations welcome gender diversity and encourage the inclusion of both sexes when making company decisions and offering promotional opportunities. Other organizations discourage gender inclusion and promote bias in the workplace. With most companies, gender differences add value and varying perspectives to an organization. Workplace diversity trainers often mention that there are more similarities among employees than there are differences; however, despite the many common attributes employees share, there still exist cultural differences. Culture is defined as a set of values, practices, traditions or beliefs a group shares, whether due to age, race or ethnicity, religion or gender. Other factors that contribute to workplace diversity and cultural differences in the workplace are differences attributable to work styles, education or disability.

ETHNICITY
Ethnicity or national origin are often examples of cultural differences in the workplace, particularly where communication, language barriers or the manner in which business is conducted are obviously different. Affinity groups have gained popularity in large organizations or professional associations, such as the Hispanic Chamber of Commerce or in-house groups whose members are underrepresented ethnicities, such as the Chinese Culture Network at Eli Lilly. The pharmaceutical conglomerate organizes affinity groups to bridge cultural differences and establish productive working relationships within the workplace and throughout its global locations. In his article "Winning with Diversity," author Jason Forsythe explains that Eli Lilly's many affinity groups are necessary: "Because the company currently markets products in 156 countries and has affiliates in many of them, multicultural competency is a priority.

CONCLUSION
Gender differences were found for musculoskeletal load, and, for most of the measured variables, the women worked with higher loads than the men. The work method affected performance and musculoskeletal load. Finally, subjective measures appear to have some utility in characterizing muscular load.

REFRENCES
Google Scholar The American Heritage Dictionary (2000) "Managing in the Age of Change: Essential Skills to Manage Today's Workforce," by Sophie Hahn and Anne Litwin. Australian Human Rights Commission on "sexual orientation and gender identity "Winning with Diversity," author Jason Forsythe http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/apl/76/1/60/ http://hum.sagepub.com/content/39/4/359.short http://wox.sagepub.com/content/22/2/215.short http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/cbs/37/4/283/ http://www.academicjournals.org/AJBM

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