Wildlife Conservation Wildlife Conservation

How can we (wildlife vets) do? How can we (wildlife vets) do?
The The 10 10
th th
Wildlife Intensive Course Wildlife Intensive Course
for New Graduated Veterinarians for New Graduated Veterinarians
May May 10 10- -11 11, , 2012 2012
Paisin Paisin Lekcharoen Lekcharoen, D.V.M. , D.V.M.
Values and ethic of nature
including wildlife
Utilitarian value
Consumptive
Productive
Ecosystem services
Scientific/educational
Cultural/spiritual
Experiential/existence
Aesthetic/recreational/tourist use
Worth every
moment
experiential
How
beautiful
Has a right
to live
My team
mascot
totemic
My best
friend
Aesthetic/recreational/tourist use
beautiful
aesthetic
to live
intrinsic
anthropomorphic
Tasty
consumtive
Unique
scientific
Endangered?
conservation
Environmentally
significant
ecological
Pest!
negative
Great chase!
mastery
Intrinsic value
Ecocentric ethic
Biocentric ethic
Biological diversity
Biodiversity most often define as the "totality of genes, species, and
ecosystems of a region".
Ecosystem diversity
Species diversity
Genetic diversity Genetic diversity
Ecological health
Healthy in any components
Population Population
Community Community
Ecosystem Ecosystem
Ecozone/biome Ecozone/biome
Earth Earth
Organ system Organ system
Organ Organ
Cell Cell
Organelle Organelle
Biomolecule Biomolecule
Biodiversity loss
Human demography and Species
richness
Health effects of biodiversity loss
Threats to wildlife
and what is a role of wildlife vet
Threats to
wildlife
Illegal trade
Encroachment
Urbanization
Hunting/
poaching
Habitat loss, degradation
and fragmentation
Illegal collection
Custom and
tradition
and fragmentation
Global warming
Pollution
Agricultural practice
Technology and
industry
Global demography
Diseases
Genetic
Exotic pet, Alien
species
Genetic effect
Jaav.a (Bottleneck effect)
High diversity in High diversity in
Original population Original population
Threatening population Threatening population Threatening population Threatening population
Low diversity in Low diversity in
Present population Present population
Habitat loss and fragmentation
Habitat destruction
Habitat fragmentation
Population isolation
Habitat degradation
Introduced and invasive species
Pollution
Overharvest
Global climate change
Emerging infectious disease
Wildlife conservation
In situ conservation Ex situ conservation
Protected area
Patrolling
Wildlife habitat
management
Captive breeding
Research
Public education
Genome resource
Wildlife reintroduction
Wildlife health
management
management
Research
Law enforcement
Translocation
Ecological corridor
Population control
Genome resource
banking
Biotechnology
Law enforcement
Wildlife farming
EIDs
management
ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITY
Wildlife veterinarian
Genetic conservation Genetic conservation
Conservation genetics is a mixture of ecology, molecular biology, population genetics,
mathematical modeling and evolutionary systematic (the construction of family
relationships).
Scientists must first understand the genetic relationships of the organisms
under study. Once this basic science is understood by scientists,
management techniques must then be applied by wildlife managers to
preserve biological diversity in these species.
Threatened species of Thailand
Vertebrate
animal
Number of
species in
Thailand
Status of vertebrate animal in Thailand Total
EX EW CR EN VU NT LC DD
Mammal 302 1 4 12 35 58 - - - 110
Avian 982 2 2 43 66 91 100 - 6 310
Reptile
350 - 1 11 6 16 53 188 90 365
Amphibian 137 - - - - 17 33 64 36
150
Fish 2820 2 - 18 42 150 20 - 31 263
Total 4591 5 7 84 149 332 206 252 163 1198
Remarks: Red Data of Thailand (v+e,.v-o.o-venvrrooooo..vv..ror, 2553)
EX, Extinct - ur ; EW,Extinct in the wild- urv.r...-. ; CR, Critically
Endangered - !.+ura.a.; EN, Endangered-!.+ur ; VU, Vulnerable - .a.
!.+ur ; NT, Near Threatened- !.+a.+.+., LC, Least Concern .+. ...+a
a; DD, Data Deficient - .+..ua.u;
What do we need to know to genetically manage threatened species?
Is the taxonomy clearly known?
Yes No
Is the population small?
Yes
Does the population suffer from
inbreeding problems or have low
genetic diversity?
No
Does chromosomes all have the same number
and shape?
Conduct genetic study of all population
No Yes Probably one species
* Adapted from flowchart of questions that are asked in relation to genetic issue in conservation from Introduction of conservation genetics, 2003
Yes No
Are there other
populations to
cross to?
Yes
Is the
population
fragmented?
No
What is the population structure?
Is there sufficient gene flow?
No Yes Unknown
Are there differences among
population?
No Yes Different species
Is introgression a
problem?
Are there differences among population?
Yes
No
Unknown No
Yes Polymorphisms
within a species
Use genetic study to
decide
If chromosomes do not
resolve the issue, obtain
more data with other
genetic markers
What is conservation genetic?
Conservation Genetics Conservation Genetics
Introgression
Population structure and fragmentation
Mutational Loss of genetic
Understanding species biology
Out-breeding
Evolutionary genetics
Taxonomic uncertainties
Forensics
Inbreeding
Small population Small population
Captive Wild
* Adapted from flowchart of structure and content of conservation genetics in conservation from Introduction of conservation genetics, 2003
Mutational
accumulation
Loss of genetic
diversity
Genetic adaptation to
captivity
Inbreeding
Extinction
Reproductive fitness
Identify management unit Genetic management
Reintroduction
.ava.aa +lvr+ Conservation genetic? Conservation genetic?
In situ
Does the population suffer from
inbreeding problems?
Or have low genetic diversity?
No
Ex situ
Aged
Hybrid -- No Yes Genetic proven
Adult Dead
Is taxonomy clearly known?
Yes
Genetic
study
Is taxonomy clearly known?
Genetic Conservation of Wild Animals
Yes
Or have low genetic diversity?
Yes
No
What is the population structure?
Is there sufficient gene flow?
Mating?
Paternal Maternal
No
Breeders
Reintroduction
New born
Genome Resource
Bank
ART technique
Genetic diversity
No
Translocation
Wildlife Ecology in Veterinary Medicine, May Wildlife Ecology in Veterinary Medicine, May 2012 2012
Hybrid species Hybrid species
-.:.+-- - -.:.+.-.
Wildlife Ecology in Veterinary Medicine, May Wildlife Ecology in Veterinary Medicine, May 2012 2012
Hybrid species Hybrid species
.: - ..
Taxonomy
DNA study
Paternal Maternal
: Genetic study (mtDNA: D-loop, Cyto-b,
16S rRNA and NADH-5 part)
- To recognize the subspecies and/or
haplotype for conservation management
purpose
34
Mitochondrial study
Y-chromosome study
Low variation High variation
Indo-Chinese Tiger
Panthera tigris corbetti
11. Genetic data of . Genetic data of
Felidae Felidae for for
reintroduction plan reintroduction plan
Subspecies
Haplotype
Pedigree
22. Breeding plan . Breeding plan
33. International and/or . International and/or
local publication local publication
44. New researcher . New researcher
Genetic Management
a+nvrrv+lvr+na a+nvrrv+lvr+na (Asian Elephant) (Asian Elephant)
:a:+s+
:a:.na:
v+.sea
v+.seas.av
v+.seas a +
Genetic Evaluation of
Thai wild buffaloes population
o+saou+ veoss:e+a.+au +
Iv.osou+veao.u+v.a+a +
Genetic Evaluation of
Thai wild buffaloes population
o+saou+ veoss:e+a.+au +
Iv.osou+veao.u+v.a+a +
Wild buffalo
in HKK sanctuary
Fecal sample
Comparison
& Analysis
Domestic buffalo from
three restricted areas
Blood samples
Domestic swamp buffalo
throughout Thailand
Blood Samples
Gen-bank buffalo
data
Anao, river buf. etc.
Wild buffalo
from Museum
Bone sample
vv..a+lv+na (In situ)
39
vv..a+lv+na (Ex situ)
40
Genetic consideration for reintroduction
Historical range and ARTs
IVF Thamin Elds deer
Siamese Elds deer
Wildlife Management
Protected Area (Wildlife Sanctuary, Non-hunting Area,
National Park)
Wildlife Breeding Center, Wildlife Research Center
NGOs, Zoological Park Organization, University
Ex situ conservation
commercial purpose
Ex situ wildlife breeding Ex situ wildlife breeding
Private Wildlife breeding center
ao.u+nev q+oIv.+:.aa+l ao.u+nev q+oIv.+:.aa+l
1. ao. ++.ovo 42 sv
.-. . . .: :.
:. .+ .-.-- .. :. .+ .-.-- ..
+ .+.. ..-
.. . .
Wildlife Ecology in Veterinary Medicine, May Wildlife Ecology in Veterinary Medicine, May 2012 2012
Ex situ Ex situ wildlife breeding wildlife breeding
Private Wildlife breeding center
aa.Jnv aluv.aa+a aa.Jnv aluv.aa+a
2.aa.aa+aa.av 8 rva
aa. ...v -..a.-a ..a + .. . + ... + .a.
... .....+. ... .....+.
3.aa.aaaav 6 rva
aa. .. ...+a .+. ..+. ...
.+. ...a
4.aa.a.nvva.nvu 1 rva + .:a
5. aa.v.Ja 2 rva
aa. v+.. v+..ua
Wildlife Ecology in Veterinary Medicine, May Wildlife Ecology in Veterinary Medicine, May 2012 2012
Ex situ conservation
for reintroduction
o+suaeaa::+avaess:s+o o+suaeaa::+avaess:s+o
Candidate Animal Management
Genetic screening
mtDNA (Cyt.B, D-loop)
Health screening and
Management Management
Physical examination
Blood profile
Epidemiological
evaluation
Miscellaneous
Ex situ conservation
for reintroduction
Wildlife veterinary forensics
Forensic process
Crime scene Forensic Lab Courtroom
Chain of custody
Quality assurance
(WV) Forensic pathologist
Physical exam Time of Death
Manner of Death
Cause of Death
Livor mortis
Algor mortis
Rigor mortis
Accidental
Natural
Disease
Cause of Death
Gastric emptying time
Entomology
Disease
Non-accidental!!!
Toxicology
Being a detective
Crime scene
investigation
Cause of death
determination
Class character
analysis
Individualization
analysis
Wildlife disease epidemiology
Distribution
Time
Place
Epidemiology
Driver
Person/animal
Cause
Risk factor
Wildlife disease epidemiology
EIDs: threat to human, wildlife and ecological health
EIDs in
Wildlife
Biodiversity
loss
EIDs in
Human
We can see only the Tip of the Iceberg We can see only the Tip of the Iceberg
Report
-Death
-Case (mostly
severe)
Cases in
community
(active cases) (active cases)
Mild or no
symptom
Treated by owner
Self recovering
Death
These cases can
be potential
spreader
Surveillance
Surveillance is information for action
Surveillance system
Identification of
the agent
-viral isolation
-cell culture -cell culture
-RT-PCR
Serological test
-IgMcaptured ELISA
-HI
-IgG ELISA
-PRNT
Outbreak investigation
Wildlife rescue
Rehabilitation
Perspective for Wildlife Conservation
Resource management
Habitat protection
Ecosystem protection
Support for field conservation
Inspiring action
Managed wild population
Biodiversity conservation
Agriculture
Pet industry
Education
Entertainment
Managed exhibit population
Intensive
management
Zoo, aquarium &
botanic garden
In conclusion
Care of sick animal
Breeding of endangered wildlife and reintroduction
Assistance in wildlife research
Diagnosis of wildlife deaths
Prevention and management of infectious disease
Wildlife population viability analysis Wildlife population viability analysis
Pest and invasive species control
Rescue and rehabilitation
Translocation of isolated population
Genetic resource banking
People awareness and education: Zoonosis,
occupational health, conservation
Environmental contamination assessment
Etc
What could you do???