Mathematics

For

Fifth Form Primary

First Term

Author Gamal Fathy Abdel-sattar

 Dar El Shorouk 2009 8 Sebaweh el Masry St. Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt Tel.: (202) 24023399 Fax: (202) 24037567 E-mail: dar@shorouk.com www.shorouk.com

ISBN: 978 - 977 - 09 - 2664 - 6 Deposit No.: 15345 / 2009

Illustrations: Mahmoud Hafez/Khalid Abdel Aziz Art Direction and Cover Design: Hany Saleh Designers: Ahmed Yassin/Ahmed Hekal Project Manager: Ahmed Bedeir

Introduction
It gives us pleasure to introduce this book to our students of the fifth form primary, hoping

that it will fulfill what we aimed for in regards of simplicity of the information included and clarity. We hope it helps train our generations to be able to think scientifically and be innovative. The aspirations of the human have exceeded the limits of Earth and reached out into Outer

Space. Every day and night, satellites and information networks report on current events from all over the world.

learning medias have also become numerous and more various than before. This has also caused teaching aids to become more complex, valuable and of greater impact. While composing this book, the following was taken into consideration: start studying mathematics that uses symbols instead of numbers to solve such problems. shapes.

Due to technological progress, learning sources have become plentiful and various, and

Since studying number has not been enough for solving various life problems, so we must

The use of images, shapes and colors to clarify mathematical concepts and properties of Integrating and linking between mathematics and other subjects. problem - solving skills. own.

Designing educational situations that facilitate the use of active learning strategies and Display lessons in a way that allows students to deduce and construe information on their The book includes real-life issues, educational activities and situations related to problems human rights, equality, justice and developing concepts of Patriotism. unit and examinations at the end of the book. Employ technological methods.

environment, health, population issues in addition to the development of values such as Giving a variety of evaluation exercises at the end of each lesson, a test at the end of each Include portfolio models to implement the Overall (Comprehensive) Educational Assessment

This book has included four units: Unit 1: Numbers - It aims at presenting the approximation, multiplication and division of Unit 2: Sets - it presents the meaning of the set and operations on sets. Unit 4: Probability - it aims at investigating experiments and outcomes. decimals and fractions.

Unit 3: Geometry - it focuses on constructing the circle, the triangle and its altitudes. While explaining the topics included in this book, it was taken into consideration that it must be as simple as possible with a wide variety of exercises to provide the students with the opportunity to think and create. The Author

Revision
The numbers that are combined in addition are called addends and together they form a new number called a sum. The number being subtracted is called a subtrahend. the number being subtracted from is called a minuend. the new number left after subtracting is called a remainder or difference. Division is the process of finding out how many times one number, the divisor, will fit into another number, the dividend. The division sentence results in a quotient.

2 + 2 4 4 2 2

addends sum

3 + 1 4

minuend 4 subtrahend 1 difference 3

40 10 = dividend divisor

quotient

1 metre = 100 centimetres 1 decimetre = 10 centimetres 1 centimetre = 10 millimetres 1 kilometre = 1000 metres. 1 kilogram = 1000 grams. 1 ton = 1000 kilograms. 1 litre = 1000 millitres 1 day = 24 hours 1 hour = 60 minutes. 1 minute =60 seconds

prime numbers are counting numbers that can be divided by only two numbers: 1 and themselves. Perimeter of a square = side length 4 Perimeter of a rectangle = (length + width) 2 Area of a square = side length itself Area of a rectangle = length width

Revision
Basic skills

Your correct answer of the following questions is a pass to begin a special training.

studying this book. If your answers are incorrect you have to follow

First: Choose the correct answer:

1 The value of 3 in the number 347 is ......... 2 The place value of 9 in 3972 is ......... 3 667 ......... < 498 + 152 4 The height of the classroom door in metres is .........

[700 , 400 , 300] [units, tens, hundreds] [7 , 17 , 27] [2 , 4 , 6]

5 The height of the greatest pyramid in metres is ......... [50 , 180 , 400] 6 50 > 5 .........
[11 , 10 , 9]

7 When it is seven o'clock, the angle between the hands of the clock
is ......... [acute, right, obtuse] [
1 5

3 5

= .........

3 5

16 20

,1

2 5

9 The perimeter of the school playground is ......... [100 km, 1 km, 100 m] 10 The probability of appearance of 2 on the upper face of a die when it
is thrown once is ......... [
1 2

1 3

1 6

11 The H.C.F. of 12 and 18 is .........

[3 , 6 , 9 , 72]

12 The L.C.M. of 12 and 20 is .........

[4 , 30 , 36 , 60]

13 The perimeter of the square whose side length 6 cm equals ......... cm.
[12 , 18 , 24 , 36]

14 7 m2 = .........

[70 dm2 , 700 cm2 , 700 dm2 , 49 dm2] [13 , 12.6 , 12.59 , 12.5] [8 milliard, 8 million, 8 thousand]

15 12.585 e ......... to the nearest tenth 16 7251309 + 748691 = .........

X) 17 XYZ is a triangle in which, m ( d = 40, m (dY) = 30, then it is

.........

triangle. [a right - angled, an obtuse - angled, an acute - angled] [7 , 70 , 0.07 , 700] [0.04 , 0.4 , 0.004] [0 , 2 , 3 , 4]

18 The value of 7 in 123.579 is ......... 19 256.104 = 256 + 0.1 + ......... 20 Number of axes of symmetry of a square is .........
Second: Complete:

1 47.85 + ......... = 100 2 33.3 ......... = 12.008 3 93608.2 + 18905 = .............. e .............. to the nearest hundred. 4 453.64 72.317 = .............. e .............. to the nearest tenth. 5 1, 5, 9, 13, ......... , ......... 6 The smallest number from the following numbers 1.3 , 3.2 , 10.04 ,
3.12 , 3.215 , and 1.12 is .........

Revision

7 2.8 > ......... 8 The name of the figure 9

1 4

is .........

of a day = ......... hours = ......... minutes.

10 The prime factors of 350 are ........., ........., and .........

Third: Answer the following questions:

1 (a) On the lattice, draw the triangle ABC, where A (1, 5), B (1, 8),
C (5, 5). What is the type of the triangle according to the measures of its angles? (b) Omar has 45 pounds, He bought a ball for LE 9.75 and a book for PT 840. How much money was left with him?

2 (a) Draw the triangle ABC, right angled at B where BC = 8 cm and

AB = 6 cm. Determine the mid - point M of AC. (b) A rectangular - shaped piece of land with dimensions 3 km and 2 km, it is needed to be surrounded by a wire fence. the cost of one metre of wire fence equals 8 pounds. what is the total cost of the fence?

3 The following table shows the number of pupils in each grade.

Grade Number of pupils First 80 Second 60 Third 100 Four 70

Represent these data by a histogram.

Contents
Unit 1: Numbers and operations Lesson 1 : Approximating to the nearest hundredth Lesson 2 : Approximating to the nearest thousandth Lesson 3 : Multiplying decimals Lesson 4 : Multiplying decimals by 10 , 100 and 1000 Lesson 5 : Dividing by - 3 digit number Lesson 6 : Lesson 6 Infinite division Lesson 7 : Dividing decimals by 10 , 100 and 1000 Lesson 8 : Dividing by a decimal Lesson 9 : Comparing and ordering fractions Lesson 10 : Multiplying fractions Lesson 11 : Dividing fractions Unit 2: Sets Lesson 1 : Introduction to sets Lesson 2 : Set notation Lesson 3 : Types of sets Lesson 4 : Representing sets by venn diagram Lesson 5 : Subsets Lesson 6 : Operations on sets Unit 3: Geometry Lesson 1 : Geometric patterns Lesson 2 : Constructing a circle Lesson 3 : Constructing a triangle Lesson 4 : Constructing the heights of the triangle Unit 4: Probability Lesson 1 : Investigating experiments and outcomes Lesson 2 : Certain and impossible events First Term Examinations. 92 98 70 74 78 80 38 40 44 46 48 52 2 4 6 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 30

unit

Numbers and operations

Ancient Egyptians wrote all their fractions so that they had a numerator of 1.
3 4 5 6 7 12

= = =

1 4 1 3 1 3

+ + +

1 2 1 2 1 4

+
1 8

1 4

Unit Objectives
After studying this unit the student should be able to: the value of approximating a numeral decimal to the nearest hundredth or thousandth. multiply a number or a decimal by a decimal or a numeral decimal. multiply decimal and a numeral decimal by 10.100, and 1000. perform ending division operation by a 3 - digit number. find the quotient of an infinite division approximated to the nearest tenth and hundredth. divide decimals and numeral decimals by 10 ,100 and 1000 divide decimals and numeral decimals by a decimal. use common denominators to compare between the fractions. multiply fractions and mixed numbers. divide fraction and mixed number.
deduce

Lessons of the unit

Lesson 1 Approximating to the nearest hundredth Lesson 2 Approximating to the nearest thousandth Lesson 3 Multiplying decimals Lesson 4 Multiplying decimals by 10 , 100 and 1000 Lesson 5 Dividing by - 3 digit number Lesson 6 Infinite division Lesson 7 Dividing decimals by 10 , 100 and 1000 Lesson 8 Dividing by a decimal Lesson 9 Comparing and ordering fractions Lesson 10 Multiplying fractions Lesson 11 Dividing fractions

lesson

Approximating to the nearest hundredth

Approximate each of the following numbers to the nearest hundredth (1) 6.972 (2) 74.158 (3) 138.835

1 The number 6.972 lies between 6.97 and 6.98 and is nearer to 6.97
than 6.98
6.972 6.97 6.975 middle 6.98

then the number 6.972 e 6.97 to the nearest hundredth.

2 The number 74.158 lies between 74.15 and 74.16 and is nearer to
74.16 than 74.15
74.155 74.15 middle 74.158 74.16

then the number 74.158 e77.16 to then nearest hundredth.

3 The number 138.835 lies in the middle between 138.83 and 138.84
138.835 138.83 middle 138.84

then the number 138.835 e 138.84 Deduce a rule to show approximation to the nearest hundredth, then complete. Look at the digit to the right of that place. If it is 5 or more, cancel the decimal part after the hundredths place and add .............. to the .......................... digit. If it is less than 5, cancel the decimal part after the .......................... place.
2

unit 1
Exercise (1 1)

1 Notice the position of each of the following numbers on the

number line, then complete. (a)
6.73 6.732 6.735 middle 6.74

6.732 e ............

to the nearest hundredth.

(b)
19.14

19.146 middle 19.15

19.146 e ............

to the nearest hundredth.

2 Determine the position of each of the following numbers on

the number line, then complete. (a) 143.297
143.29 143.30

143.297 e ............ to the nearest hundredth. (b) 50.052

50.05 50.06

50.052 e ............ to the nearest hundredth.

3 Approximate each of the following to the nearest hundredth.

(a) 4.908 (b) 13.575 (c) 147.041 (d) 12.723 (e) 104.086 ( f ) 23.3729 (g) 39 (h) 94 ( i ) 31
3 1000 7 500

9 250

4 Discover directly the error in each approximated result to the

nearest hundredth give reason. (b) 200.081 e 200.07 (a) 73.625 e 73.62 (c) 2.222 + 5.555 e 8 (d) 762.3 267.212 e 495.089
3

lesson

Approximating to the nearest thousandth

Approximate each of the following numbers to the nearest thousandth (1) 5.1873 (2) 53.2307 (3) 831.2345

1 The number 5.1873 lies between 5.187 and 5.188 and is nearer to
5.187 than 5.188
5.1873 5.187 5.1875 middle 5.188

then the number 5.1873 e 5.187 to the nearest thousandth. Complete.

2
53.2300

53.2305 middle

53.2307 53.2310

The number 53.2307 e .......................... to the nearest thousandth.

3
831.2340

831.2345 middle

831.2350

The number 831.2345 e.......................... to the nearest thousandth.. Deduce a rule to show approximation to the nearest thousandth, then complete. Look at the digit to the right of that place. If it is 5 or more, cancel the decimal part after the .......................... place and add .......................... to the .......................... digit. If it is less than 5, cancel the decimal part after the .......................... place.
4

unit 1
Exercise (1 2)

1 Approximate each of the following numbers to the nearest

thousandth. (a) 12.6245 (b) 1.0409 (c) 0.0673 (d) 144.1014 (e) 21.3495 ( f ) 19.9996 (g) 17 (h) (i)
23 10000 94 129 10000 8 9 5000

2 Find The result of each of the following then approximate it to the nearest thousandth. (a) 35.241 + 6.0344 (b) 17
3 4

(c) 42.5667 25.36 (d) 8 2.5116

+ 71.0075

3 Complete: (b) The number 1.2939 e 1.294 to the nearest (d) The number 152.23 e 150 to the nearest 4 Complete with suitable digits. (a) 6.7321 + 9.8661 e 16.59 (b) 1.2376 + 1.6689 e 2. (c) 9.866 7.214 e 2.6 (d) 13.001 7.123 e (e) 7 tenth. 0.6 + 56 .8 . 0 to the nearest thousandth. to the nearest thousandth. (a) The number 83.7695 e 83.7700 to the nearest
................ ................ ................ ................

(c) The number 521.291 e 521.3 to the nearest

to the nearest hundredth. to the nearest hundredth. e 49.8 to the nearest

lesson

Multiplying decimals

Estimating products Mental Math space flight, karim studies the space As part of the preparation for his

shuttle operators Manual. It states that 1.8 kilograms of oxygen are used per day for each crew member. Number of people 7

How much oxygen per day would be needed for 7 crew members? kilograms per person = Total 1.8 =?

Multiply as with whole numbers.

Estimate to place the decimal point in the product.

1.8 7 126

So, 7 1.8 = 12.6

2 7 = 14

Round off 1.8 to 2

12.6

is closer to 14 than 1.26

Estimate to place the decimal point in the product.

1 4 . 72 5.8 8 5 376

Complete: Round 14.72 to 15 So, 14.72 5.8 = 85.376

6

Round off 5.8 to ...............

85.376 is closer to ..............

15 .............. = ..............

unit 1
Practice

1 Estimate to place the decimal point in the product.

(a) 6.9 3 207 8.3 2 166 (c) 4.8 1 . 3 624 1 5 . 85 4.3 6 8 155 (e) 9 . 04 7 . 9 7 1 416 51 .2 3 . 04 1 5 5 648

(b)

(d)

(f)

2 Estimate to place the decimal point in the underlined factor.

(a) 7.5 23 = 17.25 (b) 10.2 24 = 24.48 (c) 88 6.3 = 55.44 Problem solving: Applications Choose a , b, or c. (d) 4.25 33 = 14.025 (e) 15.6 204 = 31.824 ( f ) 122 34 = 41.48

3 The fuel cells in the space shuttle produce about 0.84 of a gallon
of water each hour. How much water would be produced in 93.5 hours? (a) 7854 (b) 785.4 (c) 78.54

4 Each crew member of the space shuttle uses 3.08 kilograms of

Nitrogen each day. How much would be used by 5 crew members? (a) 154 (b) 15.4 (c) 1.54
7

Multiplying decimals The inside distance between the rails on some model railroads is about about how far apart are the rails on a real railroad? Since each centimeter on the model stands for same actual distance, we multiply. 1.6 cm. If each 1cm on the model is about 0.9m on a real railroad,

Multiply as with whole numbers.

1.6 0 . 9 144 1.6 0 . 9 1 . 44

1 decimal place 1 decimal place 2 decimal places

Write the product so it has as many decimal places as the sum of the decimal places in the factors.

The rails on a real railroad are about 1.44m apart. More examples Complete: (a) 9 . 4 3 0 . 6
..............

2 decimal places 1 decimal place 3 decimal places 3 decimal places 0 decimal place 3 decimal places

(c)

1 . 32 0 . 87 924 1056
................

2 decimal places 2 decimal places

(b)

0 . 276 3
.................

4 decimal places

unit 1
Practice Multiply (a) 4 . 27 0 . 7
..............

(d)

9.4 6 . 8
..........

(g) 6.8 3.2

(b)

1 . 374 6
.................

(e)

46 . 75 8 . 68
.................

(h) 9.7 0.56

(c)

2 . 41 0 . 68
..............

(f)

6 . 461 28
..................

( i ) 4.75 0.9

Mental Math Place the decimal point in each product. (a) 4.3 86 = 3698 (b) 2.3 6.4 = 1472 (c) 69.5 0.47 = 32665 (d) 3.57 59.4 = 212058

Problem solving: Applications

1 A snail travels about 0.05 kilometers per hour. A spider travels 62.4
times as fast the snail. How fast does the spider travel?

2 Some needed data is missing from the problem below. Make up the
needed data and solve the problem. A six- car model train is 73.2 cm long. How long is the actual train?
9

Zeros in the products A person who walks slowly might travel 6 km per hour. A fast snail might travel 0.008 times as fast. How fast does the snail travel?

times as fast, we multiply. 0 . 008 6 0 . 048

Since the snail travel 0.008

3 decimal places 0 decimal place 3 decimal places

sometimes you need to write more zeros in the product to have the correct number of decimal places.

The snail travel 0.048km per hour. More examples Complete: (a) 0 . 09 0 . 6 0 . 054 0.2 0 . 04
...............

2 decimal places 1 decimal place 3 decimal places 1 decimal place 2 decimal places 3 decimal places

(d)

37 0 . 002
..................

(b)

(e)

435 0 . 0002
......................

(c)

0 . 003 2
..................

3 decimal places 0 decimal place 3 decimal places

(f)

1.5 0 . 04
...............

10

unit 1
Practice

1 Place the decimal point in the answers. You may have to

write zeros in the product. (a) 0 . 09 0 . 3 27 0 . 28 0 . 5 140 0 . 06 0 . 3
..............

(c)

0.1 0 . 7 7 1.5 0 . 4 60 2 . 05 0 . 02
..............

(e)

6.2 0 . 01 62 0 . 008 7 56

(b)

(d)

(f)

2 Multiply.
(a) (d) (g) 4.3 0.007

(b)

57 0 . 003
..................

(e)

2.3 0 . 004
..................

(h) 5.7 0.18

(c)

590 0 . 0001
......................

(f)

8.1 0 . 06
..............

( i ) 3.04 0.016

Problem solving: Applications

1 The smallest known insect is a beetle 0.02 centimeters long. Suppose

that 12 of these beetles were lined up in a row. What would be the total length?

2 The height of a common flea is 1.5 millimeters. It can jump 130

times its own height. How high can it jump?

11

lesson

Multiplying decimals by 10, 100, and 1000

The owner of a Jewelry store sells a very popular digital watch for LE 29.95. What will the stores total amount of sales be for 10 watches? 100 watches? 1000 watches? Are these calculators answers reasonable?

LE 29.95

299.5
10 Watches 100 Watches

2995
1000 Watches

29950

Complete: 29.95 10 30 10 = 300 29.95 100 30 100 = ............. 29.95 1000 30 1000 = .............

What do you notice? 10

The calculator answer seems reasonable.

To multiply by

100 move the decimal point 1000

1
......... .........

Place to the right

12

unit 1
Practice

1 Multiply.

(a) 3.54 10 (b) 4.8 10 (c) 0.65 10 (d) 10 0.8

(e) 2.74 100 ( f ) 0.68 100 (g) 54.8 100 (h) 100 0.9

( i ) 4.376 1000 ( j ) 0.762 1000 (k) 1000 0.81 ( l ) 1000 6.7

2 Multiply then match.

(1) 4.635 100000 (2) 4.463 10000 (3) 4.7 (4) 4.703 1000 (5) 4.635 10 100 (a) lies between 400 and 500 (b) lies between 40 and 50 (c) lies between 400000 and 500000 (d) lies between 40000 and 50000 (e) lies between 4000 and 5000 First number 4.3 0.24 6.08

3 What must you do to the

first number to get the second number?

Second number 43 240 608

4 Join the equal results.

7.4 1000 7.4 10 0.74 10

0.074 1000

0.0074 1000 0.74 10000

13

lesson

Dividing by 3 - digit number

The country depends on tourism for much of its income, so we must treat tourists well.
A tourist group travelled from Cairo to Aswan to visit its ancient monuments.

there were 337 tourists, and the total cost of the trip for the whole group was 42125 pounds. Find the cost of the trip for each tourist. The total cost number of tourists = the cost for each tourist 42125 337 = ? 42125 = 421 hundreds + 25 units 421 hundreds 337 = one

hundred and the remainder is 84, 8400 + 25 = 8425 842 337 = = 842 tens + 5 units.

125 337 42125 33700 8425 1685 0

42100 + 25 100 337 20 337 5 337

2 tens and the remainder is 168, 1680 + 5 = 1685 1685 337 = 5 The cost for each tourist = 125 pounds Check: 337 125 = .........
14

6740 1685

unit 1
Practice Complete:

2 125 25625
...............

25600 + 25 200 125 62 tens + 5 units

30 631 20192
............... ............

20190 + 2 30 631
..........

625
............ ............

............ ............

631

Check: 125 ......... = 25625

Check: 631 ......... = 20192

Note: the division operation is carried out without a remainder. In this case we say that the division operation is finite.

3 Divide
(a) 6188 221 (b) 6266 241 (c) 16796 323 Problem solving: Applications (d) 50478 141 (e) 89614 518 ( f ) 15660 435

4 A truck can carry 265 watermelons. Find the number of trip needed
to transport 54060 watermelons.

5 A factory produces 235 pieces of cloth monthly. In How many months

does it produce 26555 pieces of cloth?

6 A shopkeeper saves LE 337 each month which he deposits in his bank

account. After how many years will he have saved LE 16176?
15

lesson

Infinite division

Adel and Soad are members of schools agricultural society. They divided a piece of ground as shown in the figure. They planted 3 squares with yellow flowers, and a square with red flowers.
The number of squares containing

yellow flowers represents the fraction

3 4

The square containing red flowers

and is written as decimal as follows

3 4

written as decimal as follows

1 4

represents the fraction

1 4

and is

or

3 25 4 25

75 100

= 0.75 or

1 25 4 25

...... ......

= ...........

0.75 4 3.0 2.8 0.20 0.20

0.2... 4 1.0 ........... 0.20

...........

Convert

to a decimal fraction approximating the result to two decimal places, then to one decimal place. Solution
3 7 3 7

3 7

0.428 7 3.0 2.8 0.20 0.14 0.060 0.056 0.004

= 0.43 to the nearest hundredth = 0.4 to the nearest tenth

16

unit 1
Practice

1 Complete.
(a) 0.4.... 17 8.0 6.8
............... ............... ...............

(b)

7.504 412 3092 .............. 208.0

..............

7 tens 412 5 tenths 412

2.000 1.648

8 17 8 17

= ........ to the nearest tenth = ........ to the nearest hundredth

3092 412 3092 412

= ........ to the nearest tenth = ........ to the nearest hundredth

..............

Note: The division operation is carried out with a remainder. In this case we say that the division operation is infinite.

2 Divide each of the following, approximating the quotient to

two decimal places, then to one decimal place. (a) 2 3 (b) 5 11 (d) 11 125 (e) 13 123 (g) 19912 152 ( i ) 77649 143 (h) 36128 612

(c) 9 35

( f ) 12929 517

Problem solving: Applications

3 If the calender year is 365 days, how many calender years are there
in 8775 days?

4 Hanys father bought a flat for LE 96888. He paid LE 10000 in cash,

and paid the rest in 125 equal installments. Find to the nearest LE the value of each instalment.

17

lesson

Dividing decimals by 10,100, and 1000

A pilot whale weighed 734.83 kg. This is 10 times an average mans weight, 100 times a small dogs weight, and 1000 times a rabbits weight. To find these weights, we divide. Are these calculator answers reasonable? Complete:
Mans weight = whales weight 10 Dogs weight = whales weight ...... Rabbits weight = whales weight ......

73.483

7.3483

0.73483

734.83 10 700 10 = 70 10

734.83 100 700 100 = .........

734.83 1000 700 1000 = ......... 1

......... .........

The calculator answer seems reasonable. To divide by 100 move the decimal point Place to the left Place to the left Place to the left

1000

What must you do to the first number to get the second number? (a) 73 , 0.73
18

(b) 600 , 0.6

(c) 5.6 , 0.56

unit 1
Practice

1 Divide.
(a) 9.6 (b) 27.54 (c) 0.7 (d) 34.2 10 10 10 100 (e) 8.7 ( f ) 536.5 (g) 496.4 (h) 387.25 100 100 1000 1000 ( i ) 86.3 1000 ( j ) 68.3 100 (k) 29.74 10 ( l ) 456.8 1000

2 Put the suitable sign (< , = , >).

(a) 27.65 10 (b) 4034 1000 (c) 608.3 100 (d) 4.162 100 2.765 10 403.4 10 608.7 10 4162 100

3 Join the equal results.

96.7 100 96.7 10 967 100 9.67 10 10
.................. .................. .................. .................. ..................

967 10000 96.7 1000 10

.................. ..................

4 Complete:
0.2654
.................. .................. ..................

10

54.071
.................. ..................

7253.4 760 10

1000

100

19

lesson

Dividing by a decimal

Study these division examples - look for the pattern. 7 8 56 7 80 560 10 8 10 56 7 800 5600 100 8 100 56

When multiplying the dividend and the divisor by the same number, The quotient does not change. Example Divide: 5.6 0.7 0.7
5.6 0.7

5.6
5.6 0.7

10 0.7 10 5.6 or =
10 10

8 7 56 =8

Complete: (a) 34 . 4 0 . 4 = 344 4 = ............ (b) 3 . 175 0 . 25 = ............ ............ = ............ (c) 30.24 3.6 = (d) 76.5 7.65 = (e) 2.16 7.2 =
20
30.24 .......... 3.6 .......... 76.5 .......... 7.65 .......... 2.16 .......... 7.2 ..........

solution

56 7

83 4 344 32

= ............ = ............ = ............ = ............ = ............ = ............

24 24

unit 1
Practice

1 Find the quotient of each of the following.

(b) 4.794 1.7 (a) 98.4 8.2 (e) 0.7684 0.34 (d) 4.2 0.06

(c) 18.45 4.5

( f ) 114.45 1.09

2 Find the result of each of the following.

(a) (42.566 25.36) 0.7 (b) 5.78 + (228.92 9.7) (c) (67.495 + 23.45) 0.05 Problem solving: Applications (d) (25.42 3.1) + 0.7 (e) (85.132 50.72) 1.4 ( f ) (50.84 6.2) + 18.2

3 A cyclist covered 38.7 km in 4.5 hours.

one hour?

How many kilometers can he cover in

4 If LE 382.5 is distributed among some poor people and each of

them takes LE 4.5 Find the number of poor people.

5 The length of an orbit on one flight of the

space shuttle was 25905.24 miles. The shuttle traveled at a speed of 285.3 the space shuttle to make one orbit? miles per minute. How long did it take

21

lesson

Comparing and ordering fractions

2 3

Which is greater,

or

When the denominators are different, write equivalent fractions with the same denominator. Complete:
2 3 3 4

3 4

2 3

3 4

= =

... ...

= =

...

12

...

8 12

9 12

12 9 12

....

same denominator

Since 9 > 8 ,
5 6 5 6 7 8 2 3

>

....... .......

So,

3 4

>

2 3

Write the fractions in order from the smallest to the greatest. , Complete: = = =
20 24 7 8

2 3 10
.... ....

= = =

14
...

18 21 24
...

....

= =

20 24

...

16 24

Since the ascending order of the numerators is 16, ...... , ...... So, Then the ascending order of the fractions is Put the suitable sign (< , = , >) for each (a)
1 2 16 24

<

<

21 24

2 3

.... ....

.... ....

:
18 24 6 8 9 12

= =

3 8

4 8

3 8

1 2

3 8

(b)

6 8

= =

9 12

18 24

22

unit 1
Exercise (1 3) 1 Put the suitable sign (< , = , >) for each (a) (b) (c) (d)
4 5 5 8 5 6 3 5 3 4 2 3 7 8 2 3

: 2 1 4 6
1 3 2 5 2 3 6 9

(e) 2 (f)1 (g) 4 (h) 7

1 4 3 8 7 12

2 Write in order from the smallest to the greatest. (a) (b)

2 5 5 6

, ,

3 4 3 4

, ,

3 10 7 8

(c) 1 (d) 4

2 9 5 8

5 6

,1
3 5

1 3 3 4

,4

,4

3 Arrange each of the following in a descending order. (a) (b)

7 9 1 2

, ,

5 6 3 4

, ,

2 3 2 3 7 8

(c) 5 (d) 2

3 8 2 5

,5 ,2

3 4 1 3

,6 ,
27 9

1 2

4 One day, Ramy walked 1

kilometers and Hoda walked 1

kilometers. Which distance was greater?

9 16

5 On three different days Sameh swam

3 4

kilometer. Arrange the distances in an ascending order.

5 16

kilometer,

7 8

kilometer and

Write a problem comparing two mixed numbers. Ask the others to solve it.

23

lesson

10

Multiplying Fractions

Finding parts Samir has colored

1 3 1 6 1 2

of

the circle, then he cut out of the colored part. of the circle has been
1 2 1 2 1 3

of

1 2

cut out.
1 3

of

.... ....

Practice

1 Use the drawing to complete each sentence.

(a) (b)

1 3

of

3 4

is ........

1 4

of

2 5

is ........

2 Draw a picture, then complete the sentence.

(a) (b)
24
1 3 1 4

of of

2 3 4 5

(c) (d)

1 5 2 5

of of

5 6 2 7

(e) (f)

2 3 3 4

of of

3 5 5 8

unit 1
Multiplying fractions This drawing shows that
3 5
3 5

of

3 4

9 20

3 4

3 4

If you want to find denominators.

3 5

3 5

of

3 , 4

Multiply

3 5

3 4

=?

To multiply by fractions, multiply the numerators, then multiply the

3 4

...........

33

....

3 5

3 4

9 54

.... ....

Practice

1 Multiply then write the answer in the simplest form.

(a) (b)
1 8 4 7

2 3 3 8

= ........ = ........

(c) (d)

1 2 2 3

4 5 1 2

= ........ = ........

(e) (f)

2 5 9 10

1 4 3 4

= ........ = ........

2 Find the missing factors.

(a) (b)
3 5 9 10

........ = ........ =

6 15 1 2 1 2

(c)

2 7

........ =
5 9

10 49 7 36 1 3
1 2

(e) ........ (f) of

1 2 1 3

3 8

5 24 2 15

(d) ........ of
1 3

........ =

3 Make a model: Is
1 3

the same as

1 2

of

1 3

1 3

of

1 2

25

Multiplying fractions and whole numbers Salwa is learning how to be a pastry chef. She practices making roses with a pastry tube for each day. she practices for 6 days every week. How many hours does she practice each week?
3 4

of an hour

Multiply 6

3 4

=?
6 1

Write the whole number as a fraction: 6 = multiply the numerators. multiply the denominators.
6 1 6 1

3 4 3 4

= =

.... ....

= = =

....

.... ....

18

.... ....

Write a mixed number for the answer Salwa practices 4 Practice

1 2

6 1

3 4

18 4

...

...

hours a week.

Multiply then write the answers in the simplest form. (a) 4 (b)
4 8 3 4

(d)

2 5

7
5 6

(g) 3 (h) 9 (i)8

4 5 5 6 2 3

7
2 8

(e) 8 (f)
1 3

(c) 6
26

unit 1
Multiplying fractions and mixed numbers Saber owns a bakery. He works 7 bread
1 2

hours each day. He bakes

5 6

of this time. He spends

the rest of his day serving customers. How many hours a day does saber bake? Multiply
5 6

1 2

=?
1 2

Write the mixed number as a fraction: 7 multiply the numerators. multiply the denominators.
5 6 5 6

15 2

15 2 15 2

= =
5 6

.... ....

= = =

.... .... ....

.... ....

75

Write a mixed number for the answer Saber bakes 6 Practice

1 4

15 2

75 12

...

...

hours a day.

1 Multiply . Write the answers in the simplest form.

(a) (b) (c)
2 5 3 4 7 8

5 4 7

1 2 1 4 1 4

(d) 3 (e) 5 (f)4

2 3 1 3 1 4

5 6 3 7 2 3

(g) 2 (h) 9 (i)

3 4

1 6 1 3

3 4 2 6 2 3

2 Find the missing whole number in each problem.

(a) 3
1 2

....... = 7

(b) 4

1 3

....... = 13

(c) 10

1 4

....... = 41
27

Multiplying Mixed numbers Ahmed and Dalia attend Cooking class. Today they are learning how to make a pie. The recipe calls for 2 need to make 1 they use? Multiply 1
1 2 1 2

cups of flour. They

1 2

times the

recipe. How much flour should

1 2

=?
1 2

Write the mixed numbers as fractions: 1 multiply the numerators. multiply the denominators.
3 2 3 2

= = =
5 2

3 2

, 2
....

1 2

5 2

5 2 5 2

= =

.... ....

.... ....

15

.... ....

Write a mixed number for the answer They should use 3 Practice
3 4

3 2

15 4

...

...

cups of flour.

Multiply then write the answers in the simplest form. (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 3
28
3 4 1 2 1 2

1 1 1

2 3 7 8 2 6

(d) 3 (e) 2 (f)3

2 5 1 2 1 2

4 1 1

1 2 1 10 2 6

(g) 26 (h) 21 ( i ) 31

4 5 7 8 3 5

2 3 1 3 3 5

3 4

unit 1
Exercise (1 4) Problem Solving. Applicatoins. 1 Reham is installing ceramic tiles on wall will have yellow tiles? has completed
2 3

half of the ceramic tiles are yellow. How much of the bath room
3 4

2 3

of a bath room wall. one -

2 Dina is installing linoleum tiles on covered?

of the job. What part of the floor is now

of the family room floor. She

3 Hekal takes an inventory of the clothes at the shop. He finds that suits make up of all the suits. What part of the stores inventory is made up of womens suits?
3 4 1 2

of the total stock. Womens suits make up

3 5

4 Peter practices decorating cakes for

3 4

many hours does he practice in 7 days?

of an hour each day. How

1 2

5 A recipe calls for

recipe. How much flour does she need.

of a cup of flour. Laila makes 3

times the

6 Eman works in the Teen Trends shop. All cotton fashions make up 5 of the stock she sells. Cotton shirts make up 2 of this stock. 8 3 What part of the total stock is made up of cotton shirts. 7 Of 40 students in a cooking class, How many students is this?
5 8

are preparing to be chefs.

3 4

8 Faiza is making spaghetti sauce. The recipe calls for 1 should she use? water, she wants to make 4
1 2

times the recipe. How much water

cups of

29

lesson

11

Dividing Fractions

Farida is a chef at the seashore

restaurant. she is making fruit salad. The recipe says to cut all the fruit into How many fourths are there in 3 slices oranges? quarters. She has 3 slices of oranges.

You can count to find how many 3

1 4

= 12 reciprocals

4 1

= ........

there are 12 quarters in 3 slices

Illustrate 2

1 2

Divide the 2 1 squares into 2 equal 2 parts and shade one of them. The fraction for the shaded parts is 2
1 2 5 4

which is 1
5 2

1 4

.
.... ....

2 =

.... ....

....

...

reciprocals
30

unit 1
How many
1 8

s are there in
3 4

3 4

Since we want to know how many eighths are there in

3 4

, we divide

1 8

3 4

.... ....

= ........ There are 6 eighths in

1 2

3 4

How many

3 4

s are there in 4

apples?

Count to find how many? 4

1 2

3 4

9 2

.... ....

= ........

Practice

1 Divide. write the answers in lowest terms.

(a) (b) (c)
2 3 3 4 4 5

1 6 5 8 1 3

(d) (e)

1 8 7 12 1 2

4 3 1 6 1 2

(g) (h) 2 (i)4

1 9 4 5 2 7

1 1 1

1 2 3 4 5 14

(f)4

Problem solving: Applications

2 The perimeter of a square is

the square.

6 11

m. Find the length of each side of

3 Alaa divided

of a cake equally between his son and his daughter. What fraction of this cake did each of them take?
1 2

7 9

4 How many persons can share 4 pizzas if each person gets

a pizza?

of

31

Activities

1 Arrange the products of the following from the smallest to the

greatest. Use the sign <: (a) (b) 70
2 5

of 80
4 9

(c)

(d) 63

6 11

77
3 7

The order is .......... < .......... < .......... < ..........

2 Fill in the circles

Start

3 8

Multiply by 2
1 2

Multiply by
1 5

Subtr

act

Multiply by 1 1 by 1 3
Multiply
5 6

Add
1 3

2 16

6 16

by 1

Multiply

by 1

1 11

End

3
Use a Calculator to multiply a whole number by a fraction. Example: 488
3 4

=? 488 3 4
3 4

Rewrite the problem

means 3 4

4 8 8 3 4 = Practice: Find the products. (a) 366

32
5 6

366
5 6

(b) 648

7 8

(c) 936

(d) 852

7 12

unit 1

4 Guess and check

can you find a decimal for for and a decimal + = 0.9 = 0.18

so that their sum is 0.9 and their product is 0.18?

5 Discovering a pattern.
Do you see a pattern in these statements? 0.1089 9 = ......... 0.10989 9 = ......... 0.109989 9 = ......... Give the next two statements.

6 (a) Choose two decimals between 0 and 1 . Find their product.

Is the product greater than 1 or less than the two factors? Try other examples. Do you get the same results? Is the product always greater than or less than the two factors. Is the product greater than or less than one? (b) Choose two decimal numbers greater than 1 . Find their product. Is the product greater than or less than Do you get the same results? less than the two factors? the two factors? Try other examples. Is the product always greater than or 1.2 1.7 0.2 0.7

33

7 Find a number in the box for each pair of clues.

0.01 0.11 0.2 1.2 (a) The sum of two numbers is 0.4 and their product is 0.04 (b) The sum of two numbers is 2.4 and their product is 1.44. (c) The sum of two numbers is 0.02and their product is 0.0001 (d) The sum of two numbers is 0.22 and their product is 0.0121

8 (a) Find the maximum product using the numbers 6, 8, 7, and 4

. . (c) Who am I? (1) If you divide me by 8 then you divide the result by 2, you will get 6.4 (2) I am less than half the product of 4.25 and 4.4 by 5.63 (d) Complete the table. 2.5 18.72 7.046 29.4
34

= .......... = ..........

(b) Find the minimum product using the numbers 6, 3, 1, and 9

10.5

31.2

5.42

unit 1

Unit test
Answer the following questions:

1 Choose the correct answer.

(b) 1.8 0.09 = .......... (c) 34.8 100 = .......... (d) 9.64 4 = .......... (a) 2.5 100 = .......... [ 0.162 , 0.972 , 1.89 , 162 ] [ 250 , 25 , 0.25 , 0.025 ]

[ 3.480 , 348 , 3.48 , 0.348 ]

(e) A rope of length 10.5 m is cut into 7 pieces of equal length. How ( f ) If 478 = 23 20 + 18, then 478 20 equals (g) 2
1 8

[ 241 , 2.41 , 1.94 , 38.56 ]

long is each piece?

[ 15 m , 7 m , 1.5 m , 73.5 ]

e .......... approximated to the nearest hundredth

[ 20.39 , 20.9 , 23.18 , 23.9 ] [ 2.1 , 2.13 , 2.12 , 2 ]

322 , 0.95 300 1 , 1 , 5 10 15 15

(h) (3.69 3) 2 = .......... ( i ) (0.325 + 9 (j)

1 4

[ 2.64 , 2.46 , 0.246 , 1.23 ] [ 0.9575 , 0.09575 , [ 1 ,

5

2 3

2 5

1 ) 4

100 = ..........

] ]

= ..........

2 Complete.
(a) 21 (7.02 1.8) = .......... (b) 3.6 , 5 (d) (e) (f)
1 6
...

(c) 3.75 1000 = 37.5 .......... .......... =

4 5

1 5

, 6.8, .......... , ..........

1 4

(g) 76.52 .......... = 7.652 (h) .......... 1000 = 5.619

2 3

6 5

is the reciprocal of ..........

35

3 (a) From the table opposite,

choose five numbers whose product is 1 (b) Put the suitable sign (<, =, >). (1) (2) 3
4 5 6 7 2 3

1 2 5 8 1 10

5 5
1 5

3 4

7 7

8 9 2 3

0 0 2 2
6 7

(5) 3.2 kg (6) 5.142 100 (7) 806.7 100 (8) 2.4 10

3200 gm 5142 100 806.7 10 0.24 1000

2
1 3 2 3

6 7

(3) 7 (4)
3 4

1 3 5 7

4 (a) Mariam went to the market. She bought 4.5kilograms of fish each
for LE 12, and 6 kilograms of apples each for LE 5.5. How many pounds did she pay? (b) Ahmed turned on the water tap and forget to turn it off. If 1.45 litres of water are wasted each hour, calculate the amount of water wasted in 4 hours. How would you advise Ahmed?

5 (a) Arrange in an ascending order:

(b) A big barrel has 113
3 4

1 2

5 7

4 . 5

kg of oil, and we want to distribute the oil

1 4

in bottles, the capacity of each one is 1 bottles are needed for that?

kg of oil. How many

36

unit

Sets

mathematician venn (1834 - 1923) Who first showed how useful they could be in work on sets.

Venn diagrams are named after the English

Gone Venn

Unit Objectives
After studying this unit the student should be able to: Recognize Mathematical concept of set. Recognize the concept of element in the set. Express a set by listing and common property methods. Recognize the types of sets: empty - finite - infinite. Represent sets by Venn diagram. Recognize the concept of two equal sets, subsets and containment relation. Include completion of numerical patterns by deducing the relation between the components of the pattern. Solve relative problems.

Lessons of the unit

Lesson 1 Introduction to sets Lesson 2 Set notation Lesson 3 Types of sets Lesson 4 Representing sets by venn diagram Lesson 5 Subsets Lesson 6 Operations on sets

lesson

Introduction to sets

There are many words which we use to show a collection of things. For example, we talk of

a head of cattle

a shoal of fish

a crowd of people
We

a flock of geese

are familiar with collections of objects such that "a set of pupils in the class", " a set of teachers in the school" , a set of tools and so on. In mathematics when we use the word set, we mean a well-defined collection of objects. Each object of a set is called a member or an element of the set. "Foods which taste nice" does not represent a set since, some people may like bananas and others may not. Example The letters in the word tomato represents a set because it is defined well, its elements are t, o, m, a. (Note that t and o appear only once when listing the elements of a set, none of them are repeated).
38

unit 2
Exercise (2 1)

1 Mention the elements of each of the following sets.

(a) (c)
Samir Soha Ahmed

set of birds (b) (d)

set of children

set of animals

set of flowers

2 State, giving reasons, which of the following is a set and which

is not a set, mention the elements of those that are sets. (a) Tall men living in Cairo. (b) even numbers between 11 and 20. (c) Fruits you have eaten in the last 12 hours. (d) The fingers on your left hand. (e) Intelligent pupils in the class. ( f ) The letters in the English alphabet. (g) Things in your bag. (h) Days of the week. ( i ) The letters in the word Mathematics. ( j ) Clever people living in Egypt. (k) Short pupils in your class. ( l ) Good manners.
39

lesson

Set notation

A pair

of braces { } is used to designate a set with the elements listed or written inside the braces. The braces mean the set of or the set whose elements are. The expression {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} is read The set whose elements are one, three, five, seven, nine and may be described as the set of one - digit odd numbers or the set of odd digits.

Capital

letters are used to designate sets: B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} reads B is the set whose elements are one, two, three, four, five, six , seven, eight, nine.

The

set.

symbol p is used to denote that an object is an element of the 5 p B means Five is an element of set B.

The

symbol q indicates that an object is not an element of the set. 12 q B means Twelve is not an element of set B.

Small

letters may name elements of sets such as: R = {m , a , t , h}

40

unit 2
Sets

which contain exactly the same elements are called equal sets. {4, 2, 3} and {3, 4, 2} are equal sets. The elements may be listed or written in any order. It is not allowed to repeat an element when listing them.

Sets

sets.

which contain the same number of elements are called equivalent {1, 2, 3, 4} and {1, 3, 5, 7} are equivalent sets.

Practice

1 Express each of the following sets by listing its elements:

(a) Set of digits in the number 3501. A = {......., ......., ......., .......} (b) Set of letters in the word address. B = {......., ......., ......., ......., .......} (c) Set of digits in the number 9. C = {.........} (d) Set of the original four directions.
.................................................................

2 Express each of the following sets in words:

(a) X = {2, 4, 6, 8}
The set whose elements are
......., ......., ......., .......

(b) Y = {5, 10, 15}

.................................................................

41

(c) A = {Nageeb, Nasser, Sadat, Mobarak}

.................................................................

(d) B = {e, t, w}
.................................................................

3 List the elements of each of the following sets:

(a) 3 > a
A = {......., ......., .......}

(c) 17 - y > 12
Y = {......., ......., ......., ......., .......}

(b) 7 + X < 11
X = {......., ......., ......., .......}

(d) b < 1
B = {.......}

4 Put the suitable symbol ( p or q ) :

A={ B={ , , , , , } }

C = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} D = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}

(a) (b) (c) (d) 1 (e) 8

42

....... ....... .......

A A

(f) 9 (g) (h) (i) 7

( j ) 13

....... ....... ....... ....... .......

D B A D C

A C D

....... .......

unit 2
Exercise (2 2)

1 List all the elements in each of the following sets.

(a) A = {months of the year beginning with j }. (b) B = {letters in the word Zaghlool}. (c) C = {arabic countries in Africa}.

(d) D = {First five letters of the English alphabet}.

2 Which of these sets are equal to T if T = {b, c, a}?

A = {First three letters of the English alphabet}. B = {letters in the word cab}. D = {a, b, c, d}. C = {First three letters in the word back words}. E = {c, b, a}

3 Read, or write in words, each of the following.

(a) D = {Kennedy, johnson, Nixon}. (b) X = {z, i, a, e, b, n}. (d) E = {2, 3, 5, 7}. (c) B = {1, 3, 5, 7}.

4 If C = {all prime numbers}, which of the following statements

are true? (b) 51 p C (a) 7 p C (c) 24 q C (d) 97 q C (e) 23 p C ( f ) 31 q C

5 (a) Are {2, 7, 9} and {9, 3, 7} equal sets? Equivalent sets?

(b) Are {5,1,6,8,3} and {8, 6, 1, 3, 5} equal sets? Equivalent sets? (c) Are {4,8,12,16,20} and {16,20,8,4} equal sets? Equivalent sets? the set of digits in the number 87787. to {m, t, s}

6 (a) Using the listing method, Find the two possible ways of writing
(b) Using the listing method find the five other sets that are equal

43

lesson

Types of sets

Try

A = {Prime numbers less than 3}

to list the elements of each of the following sets.

B = {Whole numbers between 11 and 16} C = {Whole numbers divisible by 3}

Sets

D = {Whole numbers between 19 and 20} unlimited number of elements or no elements. denoted by the symbol "" or { }. may contain one element, a definite number of elements, an

set containing no elements is called the null set or empty set and is {Cats that can fly} = { } = {0} is not an empty set.

set. we can easily count the number of its elements.

set that contains a countable number of elements is called a finite {Letters in the word "Good"} = {G, o, d}

infinite set. we can not actually count its elements. { Whole numbers } = {1, 2, 3, ...}

set that contains an uncountable number of elements is called an

Note: a row of dots... is used to show that more numbers follow, but they have not all been listed.
44

unit 2
Exercise (2 3)

1 State whether each set is finite, infinite or empty.

(a) { Letters used in writing this book}. (b) {People living in Egypt}. (c) {Cats with three heads}. (d) { even numbers between 11 and 12}. (e) {Whole numbers greater than 1000000}. ( f ) {Prime numbers that are even}. (g) {even numbers}. (h) {Egyptian pound notes}.

2 Give the first four elements of each of the following sets.

(a) { Whole numbers greater than 3}. (b) {odd numbers greater than 100}. (c) {numbers that can be divided by ten without a remainder}. (d) {Prime numbers}.

3 Write, using braces, the set of common elements. If the set is

empty, Write { } or (a) {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11} , {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}. (b) {2, 3, 4, 5, 6} , {even numbers less than 10}. (c) {1, 4, 9, 17} , {Prime numbers less than 12}. (d) {stick, mango, knife, , } , {Fruits}. (e) {People more than two metres tall}, {Pupils in your class}.
45

lesson

Representing sets by venn diagram

The

over which we write the elements of the set on a white paper, then circle loop such as the one in the example. A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

elements of any finite set can be represented by a set of points

them by a suitable geometric shape as a circle, square, triangle or a

3 7

1 9 7

3 5

A 1

9 7 5

Practice

1 List the elements in each of the following sets:

(a) A (b) B

0 8

4 6

A = {........., ........., ........., .........} Is Is 46

A = {......, ......, ......, ......, ......} Is 2 p B? ...... Is 9 p B? ......

p A? ...... p A? ......

unit 2

2 If X = {7, 9, 15, 3, 5} , Y = {3, 5, 11, 13, 19}

the venn diagram. X

Then the following figure represents the two sets X and Y , complete

3 There may be more than two loops in a venn diagram., They may
overlap or intersect in many different ways. Two possible ways are shown. A
1 2 4 8 5 9

B
3 7

X
a c g

Z C (a) What number is in both A and B, but not in C? (b) What numbers are in C but not in A or B? (c) What letter is not in X but is in Y and Z?

4 Think. Logical Reasoning.

Give the letter or letters that are: (a) in (b) in (c) in (d) in or and and and , but not in , but not in , and in , but not in
b

c f d e

47

lesson

Subsets

The universal set

The We

question is called the universal set. It is written as u. could make a number of sets from the elements of horse, lion} Such that:

universal set containing all the elements that can be used in a

= {cat, dog, elephant, monkey, { Horse, Lion}, {elephant} or {monkey, cat, lion}. These sets are said to be subsets of u. They can be written as: (a) {horse, lion} is a subset of (b) {elephant} u (c) {monkey, cat, lion} u (d) {tiger, goose}

u u

is not a subset of (e) {tiger, monkey}

Note that: monkey p u but tiger q u.

48

unit 2
Practice

1 In the venn diagram:

(a) List the elements of the three sets X, Y and Z. (1) X = {......., .......} (2) Y = {......., ......., .......} (3) Z = {......., ......., ......., .......} (b) Put the suitable sign ( or ). (2) X ....... Z (1) X ....... Y (3) Y ....... X (4) Y ....... Z Z
7 3

X
1

2 A = {Letters in the English alphabet}.

B = {a, b, c, d, e, h, i, k, o, s, t, u, x} (a) State whether the following are true or false. Give reasons (1) A B (2) B A (3) {a, b, k} A (4) {a} B

(b) Represent the sets A and B in the venn diagram

(c) List any three subsets of B that have four elements.

Remark: Since the empty set does not contain any element, thus it is considered a subset of any other set, {0}, {a, b, c}, {1, 2, 3, ...}.

49

Exercise (2 4)

1 X = {a, b, c, d} , Y = {a, b, c, e}
Write the elements of X and Y in the venn diagram. (a) Is X Y? (b) Is Y X?

2 Write the elements in the venn

diagram given that: X = {a, b, c, d, e} Y = {a, b}

u = {a, b, c, d, e, h, x, y}

3 List

(a) The elements of u (b) The elements of A (c) The elements of B (e) Is u?

4 5

9 7 8 11

(d) The elements of A that are in B

10 12

4 Put the suitable sign ( or ).

(b) {4, 5} ....... {54} (a) {1} ....... {1, 3}

(c) {0, 1} ....... {10, 15} (d) ....... {1, 2, 3}

50

unit 2

5 Put the suitable sign ( p, q, , ).

(a) b ....... {b, c} (b) {b} ....... {b, c} (c) {a, b} ....... {b, a} (d) 1 ....... {0, 10} (e) ....... {0} (f) {38} ....... {6, 3, 8}

6 Find the number "X" so that these statements are all correct.
(a) {9, 4} {X, 5, 9} (b) {7, 9} {5, 7, X} (c) {1, 3, 7} {1, 3, 4, X} (d) {10, 13, 12} {X, 11, 12, 13}

7 X = {Letters in the word "cover" } , Y = { Letters in the word

"recover"}. (a) Is X Y? (b) Does X = Y? Give reasons for your answers.

51

lesson

Operations on sets

Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are said to be operations on numbers. We are now going to meet two operations on sets: intersection and union. Intersection of sets } means intersection of sets. Set A Set B Set A Set B

Set A intersects set B A} B Notice and complete.

1 A = {factors of 15},
B = { factors of 21}.

Venn diagram

A } B = {Common factors of 15 and 21} A } B = {...... , ......}

intersection: A } B

52

unit 2

2 X = {digits of the number 12304}

= {... , ... , ... , ... , ...}, Y = {digits of the number 102} = {... , ... , ...}, X } Y = {... , ... , ...}.

Containment: Y X

3 D = {Letters of "cat"},
E = {Letters of "act"} D } E = {... , ... , ...}.

Equality: D = E

4 C={
F={

, ,

, }

},

C } F = ...

Disjoint: C } F =

We notice that: There are four cases showing the combination of any two sets: The two sets are intersecting, one of the two sets contains the other one, The two sets are equal or the two sets are disjoint.

Intersection of two sets is the set which contains all the common elements belonging to the two sets. A } B = {x : x p A and x p B}

53

Properties of Intersection

1 X = {pupils with full marks in math}

Y= {pupils with full marks in Science}. X
Adel Ahmed

Yousef Said

Ehab Yousef

Hatem Hussein

Hatem

Represent on the venn diagrams. X } Y = {Pupils with full marks in both Math and science}. X

X } Y = {.......... , ..........} Y } X = {Pupils with full marks in both science and math}. Y

Y } X = {.......... , ..........} What do you notice? Commutative property of intersection

........

= ........

54

unit 2

2 A = {readers of stories}, B = {players Gymnastics}

C = {Players of ping - pong}. A
Ayman Aly Ahmed Said

Ahmed Hassan Samy

Said

C
Aly

Said Samy Baker

Represent on the venn diagram A

(A } B) } C = {.......... , ..........} } {.......... , .......... , .......... , ..........} A } (B } C) = {.......... , .......... , .......... , ..........} } {.......... , ..........} What do you notice? = {..........} = {..........}

Associative property of intersection

........

= ........

55

Exercise (2 5)

1 The venn diagram below shows sets X, Y, and Z

X
2 12

Y
4 5 9 13 17 8 1

List the elements of: (b) X } Z (a) X } Y (c) Y } Z (d) X } Y } Z

a c h

2 The venn diagram opposite shows sets A

A, B, and C. List the elements of: (b) B } C (a) A } B (c) C } A (d) A } B } C

B
d e b g

C 3 Using the symbol "}", Write down what the shaded part in each of the following figures represents: (a) X Y (c) A B

(b)

Y Z

(d)

C E D

56

unit 2

4 The venn diagram opposite shows sets X and Y.

Put the suitable sign (p, q, , ) (a) 3 ....... (X } Y) (b) {1, 2, 5} ....... (X } Y) (c) {3} ....... (X } Y) (d) {3, 4} ....... (X } Y)
1

X Y
3 4 2 5

5 Mark for the correct statement and for the incorrect one.
If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} , B= {3 , 4}, and C = {1 , 4}, then (a) 2 p A } B (b) 3 p A } B (c) 1 q A } B (d) A } B = B (e) B } C A (f)A}B}C= 6 A
2

u = {cow, horse, camel, dove, duck, cat, dog}

X = {animals that feed on grass} Y = {birds} Z = {animals whose names begin with the letter c} (a) List each of the sets X, Y, and Z. (b) List each of: X } Y, Y } Z , X } Z (c) Draw a venn diagram for the sets X, Y, and Z.
57

Union of sets { Means union of sets Set A Set B

Set A joins set B A{B

Notice and complete.

Venn diagram

1 A={

},

B = {...... , ...... , ......} A { B = {... , ... , ... , ... , ... , ...}

Union: A { B

2 C = {5, 6, 7, 8}
D = {... , ... , ... , ... , ...} C } D = {... , ...} C { D = {... , ... , ... , ... , ... , ... , ...} C
7 8 5 6 2 3

D
1

C ... D

58

unit 2

3 X = {digits of the number 9705},

Y = {digits of the number 95} X } Y = {... , ...} X { Y = {... , ... , ... , ...}

4 D = {Letters of sing}
E = {Letters of sign} D } E = {... , ... , ... , ...} D { E = {... , ... , ... , ...} We notice that:

D=E

In all cases; the union of two sets consists of the elements of one of the sets, together with the elements from the second set that are not included in the first set. Elements are not repeated if they are in both sets.

Union of two sets A and B is that set which contains all elements belonging A or B. A B A B A B A B

A { B is coloured in each diagram

A { B = {x : x p A or x p B}
59

Properties of Union

1 A = {Players of football},
B ={Players of Handball}

Aly

Ayman Hamed Alaa

B
Hany Samy Alaa

Represent on the venn diagrams. A { B = {Players of football or handball}. A

A { B = {...... , ...... , ...... , ...... , ...... , ...... , ......} B { A = {Players of handball or football}. B

B { A = {...... , ...... , ...... , ...... , ...... , ...... , ......} What do you notice? Commutative property of union
........

= ........

60

unit 2

2 If X {9, 4, 5, 2} , Y = {4, 1, 5, 3}, Z = {4, 5, 7, 8}

Then complete: X

4 5

(a) X { Y = {... , ... , 4, 5, ... , ...} , (X { Y) { Z (b) Y { Z = {... , ... , 4, 5, ... , ...} , What do you notice? Associative property of union ........ = ........ (c) X { Y = {... , ... , 4, 5, ... , ...} , (X { Y) } Z = {... , ...} (Y } Z) = {... , ...} , This can easily be seen from a venn diagram. X Y X Y X { (Y } Z) = {.... , ... , ... , ...} Is (X { Y) } Z the same as X { (Y } Z) ? ... why? X { (Y { Z) = {... , ... , 4, 5, ... , ... , ... , ...}

= {... , ... , 4, 5, ... , ... , ... , ...}

Z
................

Z
................

61

The complement of a set Consider the set of pupils in your class as the universal set u.

Let B be the set of boys and G the set of girls.

The complement of set B is those pupils in u that are not in B which is written as B, then B = G. Similarly G = B , since G is the set of those pupils in girls, hence they are boys. Practice

u that are not

u = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
then A = { 4, 5, 6, 7} ,

, A = {1, 2, 3}, and B = {4, 5, 6} A

B = {......., ......., ......., .......}

3 7

2 4 5

2 In the venn diagram, u is the universal set,

then A = {......., .......}, B = {......., ......., .......}, (A { B) = {.......}, (A } B) = {......., ......., ......., .......}
62
9

A
7

B
8 3

unit 2
Difference of two sets The difference of two sets A and B is the set of elements that are in A but not in B. It is written as A B difference A B

AB={ BA={

, ,

} }

What do you notice?

...............

...............

Practice

1 If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} , B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 9}
then A B = {......., ......., .......} B A = {......., .......} A
1 2 3

B
4 6 5 9 7

2 Use the following venn diagrams to list:

A
6 3 9

2 10

5 6

2 3

B
1

2 1

B
3

A B = {......., ......., .......} B A = {......., .......}

A B = .......... B A = ..........

A B = .......... B A = ..........

63

Exercise (2 6)

1 X = {6 , 7} , Y = {6, 7, 9} , Z = {7, 8, 9, 10}

List each of the following sets: (b) X { Y , Y { Z , X { Y { Z (a) X } Y , X } Z , X } Y } Z X
1 2 4 3 6 8 7

(c) Y X , Z Y , X Y for the sets X, Y and Z.

2 The figure opposite is a venn diagram List each of these sets: (b) X { Z , Y { Z , X { Y { Z (a) X { Y , X } Y , X } Y } Z

Y
5

(c) X , Y , Z

3 Using the two symbols } , { write down what the coloured part in
each of the following figures represents. (a) A B (d) A B

(b)

(e)

C A B C

(c)

(f)

Z
64

unit 2

4 Write each of the following sets using the symbols:

}, {and the letters X, Y, and Z. (a) {2, 3, 5} (b) {2, 5, 7} (c) {2 , 5} (d) {2, 3, 5, 7} (e) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9}
1

2 5 4

X
9

5 The figure opposite is a venn diagram for the sets X, Y, and Z.

Mark for the correct statement and for the incorrect one. (a) X } Y = Y (b) Z X (c) Y Z 6 X Z Y
5

(d) (Z { Y) X (e) X ( f ) (Z } Y) X

u = { Hayam, Eman, Fouad, Hoda, Hamed, Gehad, Cairo}

X = { Words including the letters H or h} Y = { Words including the letter "d" } (a) List the elements in X and list the elements in Y. (b) Use a venn diagram to show the words in u, X, and Y.

65

Activity A } B is read "the intersection of A and B" or "A cap B". A { B is read "the union of A and B" or "A cup B".

1 If u = { 1, 2, 3, ..., 19}, A = {3, 9, 11, 13} , D = {1, 5, 13, 15},

N = {2, 6, 10, 14}, R = {3, 7, 9, 11} , S = {5, 11, 15, 19}. and T = , Find each of the following: (a) A { N (b) R { S (c) S { T (d) D { A (e) D } S (f)N}R (g) S } N (h) R { A (i)R}D

2 Use B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 8}, G = {3, 4, 5, 7} , and

H = {2, 4, 8} to show that: (a) B } G = G } B (b) G { H = H { G

3 Use R = {1, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12}. S = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}, and

T = {1, 4, 6, 8, 9} to show that: (a) (R } S) } T = R } (S } T) (b) (S } T) } R = S } (T } R)

4 Use A = {0, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9}. E = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, and

R = {0, 2, 4, 7, 8} to show that: (a) A { (E } R) = (A { E) } (A { R) (b) A } (E { R) = (A } E) { (A } R)
66

unit 2

Unit test
1 Complete
A{B

q ......

...... B

... A { B

...... A

... A { B

p ......

2 ( a ) Put the suitable symbol ( p, q, , or ).

(1) 9 ....... { 3, 6, 9, 12} (2) { , } ....... { , , , } (3) ....... {0} (4) {b, k} ....... {Letters of the word "Book"}
X

( b ) If {X, 3, 4, 7} = {7, y, 6, 3} then: X y = ....... X + y = .......

y = .......

= .......
67

3 (a)

u
5
1

2 M 3

4 7

N
8

What elements belong to set u ? to set M? to set N? write the resulting set, Listing the elements for:
3

M{N

N}M

M N

(b) If u = {0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 9} , A = {2, 4, 6, 7}, B = {1, 3, 7} , and E = {3, 4, 7, 9} , use a venn diagram to illustrate each of the following:
1 2 3

A E } E{A B}E

4 5 6

E{B B}A A B {

4 ( a ) If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 0, 3, 1}, and C = {digits of the number

123}. What is the relation between: (1) A and B? (2) B and C? (3) A and C?

( b ) State the subsets of the set {5, 7, 9}

5 ( a ) Complete:
(1) If 4 p {2 , X , 5} , then X = ....... (2) If b q {7 , 9} , then b = ....... (3) If 3 q {1 , y , 4} , then y = ....... ( b ) Represent the sets X = {1, 5} , Y = {1, 3, 5}, and Z = {1, 3, 5, 7} by a venn diagram.
68

unit

Geometry

The compasses is used to draw one of them ends in a sharp point the other ends in a pencil. The two arms are joined together at the top.

a circle, it is composed of two arms:

Unit Objectives
After studying this unit the student should be able to: Use the compasses for drawing circle Recognize the diameter as the longest chord in the circle Draw a triangle given the lengths of its three sides

Draw the altitudes of a triangle Signify the use of some computer programs in drawing some geometric shapes Recognize geometric patterns, complete their elements, and form new geometric patterns on his own

Lessons of the unit

Lesson 1 Geometric patterns Lesson 2 Constructing a circle

Lesson 3 Constructing a triangle

Lesson 4 Constructing the altitudes of the triangle

lesson

Geometric patterns

Sometimes you must find a pattern to solve a problem. you have seen geometric figures.

patterns that are made up a numbers. Other patterns are made up of What are the next two figures in this pattern?

Think What is the order of the figures? The next two figures are circles. Two triangles and then two circles.

What are the next two figures in this pattern?

Think What is the size and position of the figures? A large triangle and then a smaller triangle that is upside down.

These are the next two figures.

70

unit 3
Problems

1 Draw the next four figures for each pattern.

(a)
........ ........ ........ ........

(b)

........ ........ ........ ........

(c)

........

........

........

........

(d)

........

........

........

........

(e)

........

........

........

........

(f)

........

........

........

........

(g)

........

........

........

........

(h)

........

........

........

........

71

2 Draw the next figure in each pattern.

(a)
........

(b)

........

3 Compare the figures to see what change took place in the

figure, then draw the next figure in each pattern. (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

72

unit 3

4 Choose the next figure in the pattern.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Portfolio Form new geometric patterns on your own.

73

lesson

Constructing a circle

A ferris wheel suggests a circle. All distance from the centre.

the points on a circle are the same To draw any circular object, you can use a compasses. Step 1 Use your compasses. Put the metal tip on a point. Swing the pencil around. Step 3 Draw a line segment that joins the centre and a point on the circle. You have drawn a radius.
A radius B

How many more could you draw? Step 2 Your have constructed a circle point A is the centre. This is circle A. Step 4 Draw a line segment through the centre that joins two points on the circle. You have drawn a diameter.
D
ete r

dia m

How many more could you draw?

74

unit 3
Practice

1 Name the radius and the diameter of each circle where "M" is
the centre.
E X C N M L Z Y M D M B

2 Use a compass and centimeter ruler to draw a circle with:

(a) radius 3 cm (b) radius 3.5 cm

(c) diameter 4 cm (d) diameter 8 cm

Any line segment that intersects the circle at two points and does not pass through the centre is called a chord. CD is a chord in the circle
C M D

3 In the figure opposite, complete:

(a) AB is a ................ in the circle. (b) BC is a ................ in the circle. (c) The point ......... is a the centre of the circle. (d) AD is a ................ in the circle.
B C A

(e) The line segments ......... , ......... , and ......... are radii in the circle.
75

Exercise (3 1)

1 Complete the table.

Radius Diameter
3 cm ..... 5 cm ..... ..... ..... 18 cm ..... ..... 6.8 cm 1.8 cm ..... ..... 9.4 cm

16 cm 22 cm

2 In the figure opposite,

(a) What is the name of the circle? (b) How long is radius AN ? (c) How long is radius AM ?

L M A

(d) If you drew another radius for circle A, how long would it be? (e) How long is diameter LN ? ( f ) How is the length of diameter LN related to the length of radius LA ?

3 In the figure opposite,

(a) Name the segments that are chords. (b) Name the longest chord.

u
C V W

4 Draw a line segment with the length given. use it as a radius

to construct a circle. (a) 2.5 cm
76

(b) 5 cm

(c) 4.5 cm

unit 3

5 Try to draw a figure similar to the following figures:

(a) (b)

6 If each side of the square is

a radius of circle w?

10 cm, what is the length of

D

W C

7 Mark for the correct sentence and for the incorrect one.
(a) The length of NZ is greater than the length of LM . (b) LM is a diameter in the circle with the centre N. (c) LN and NZ are equal in length. (d) The radius of the circle is the longest line segment can be drawn in the circle.
M Z L

8 Use a compass. Design a logo for your fifth grade class.

77

lesson

Constructing a triangle
C

Drawing a triangle given its side lengths

3.5

Draw a triangle ABC is which AB = 6 cm,

cm

5c m

BC = 5 cm, and CA = 3.5 cm. you can use your ruler and compass to help you draw the triangle Step 1

6 cm

Step 3 Reset the compass to 3.5 cm and with A as a centre, draw another arc to intersect the first arc at C.
C

Use your ruler to draw AB with Length 6 cm

6 cm

6 cm

Step 2 Set your compass to 5 cm and with B as a centre, draw an arc.

Step 4 Draw AC and BC , then ABC is the required triangle.

C
5c

cm

6 cm

3.5

6 cm

78

unit 3
Exercise (3 2)

1 Draw and label a triangle KLM, in

which KM = 5 cm, KL = 7 cm, and ML = 6 cm
7 cm

6 cm

5 cm B

2 Draw and label an equilateral

triangle ABC of side 7 cm. How can you check if the triangle that you have drawn is accurate?
7 cm

7 cm

7 cm

I make sure that each interior angle of the triangle is ...........

3 Draw the triangle ABC sin which AB = 4 cm, BC = 3 cm and

AC = 5 cm. What type of this triangle, according to its angles? CA = 6 cm. What type of ABC according to its angles?

4 Draw the triangle ABC in which AB = 8 cm, BC = 5 cm and 5 Draw the triangle ABC in which AB = 10 cm, BC = CA = 7 cm.
What type of ABC according to its sides? What do you notice?

6 Draw the triangle XYZ in which XY = YZ = ZX = 6 cm.

Try to draw triangle ABC, shown opposite, on a piece of paper. Are you able to draw it?, What do you notice? Discuss your findings with your class.
6 cm 60 C 6 cm 60

7 cm

79

lesson

Constructing the altitudes of the triangle

The altitudes of an acute - angled triangle Step 1 Draw the acute - angled triangle a side of the triangle, say BC .
A

Step 2 square on BC . Move it to slide along the edge of the ruler until the point A coincides with the edge of the set square. Draw AD , then AD BC .
A

ABC, put the edge of the ruler on

Put the edge of one side of a set

10
B

11

12
D

13

14

15
C

16

17

18

19

Step 3 In the same way draw from B and C two other line segments to represent the two other line segments to represent the two other altitudes of the triangle.
A F M

10

The length of AD is called the height of the triangle.

Note that

The three altitudes interset at For each altitude there is a corresponding base. a point M inside the triangle.

80

unit 3
The altitudes of the obtuse - angled triangle To construct the three altitudes of the obtuse - angled triangle ABC we follow the same steps as shown before. Note that

E C D

B F

The three altitudes intersect at M outside the triangle.

Complete:
1 2

BC is the corresponding base to the altitude ........ AB is the corresponding base to the altitude ........ is the corresponding base to the altitude BE
A D

3 ........

The altitudes of the right - angled triangle In ABC, AB BE , to draw the third altitude we draw BD AC Note that

The three altitudes intersect at B.

Complete:
1 2

AB is the corresponding base to BC . BC is the corresponding base to ........ is the corresponding base to BD .
81

3 ........

Exercise (3 3)

1 Draw and label each of the following triangles, use a ruler and
a set square to draw their altitudes, then measure the length of each altitude. (a) (b)
6 cm 9 cm 6 cm D 6 cm 30 30 A

(c)

2 In the figure opposite, ABCD

is a rectangle. Draw the third altitude in the two triangles ABE and DCE

3 Draw the triangle ABC in which AB = 5 cm, BC = 6 cm and

AC = 4 cm. Draw the altitudes of ABC. Then measure their lengths.

4 Draw the triangle ABC in which AB = BC = 7.5 cm and AC = 4 cm.

Draw the altitudes of ABC, then measure their lengths.

5 Draw the triangle ABC in which AB = 5 cm, BC = 6 cm and the

measure of B = 120 , draw the three altitudes, then determine the corresponding base to each altitude.

6 Draw the line segment BC where BC = 5 cm. D is the mid point of

BC , draw DA perpendicular to BC where DA = 6 cm. Measure the length of each of AB and AC . What do you notice?
82

5 cm

12 cm

unit 3
Activities

Use the computer program or a sheet of

card - board to make a set of congruent isosceles right - angled triangles.

Use the needed number of triangles to form each of the following

shapes, and write in each case the number of triangles you used.

GeoGebra http://www.geogebra.org/cms/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=1

83

2 A quadrilateral has for sides:

AB , BC , CD , and AD and Four angles: A, B, C and D.

Four types of quadrilateral have been made below by putting together all seven pieces of the famous Tangram puzzle. Square Rectangle

All sides have the same length All angles are right

Two pairs of sides have the same length All angles are right

Parallelogram

Trapezium

Two pairs of sides have the same length Two pairs of sides are parallel

One pair of sides are parallel

Rhombus Another quadrilateral called rhombus, can not be made with all the pieces. Study the properties of each quadrilateral.
All sides have the same length

84

unit 3
Write square, rectangle, parallelogram, rhombus or Trapezium to describe each quadrilateral below. (a) (d) (g)

(b)

(e)

(h)

(c)

(f)

(i)

85

3 Which of these strips could you use to form these

quadrilaterals?

(a) a rectangle (b) a square (c) a parallelogram Which quadrilateral has:

(d) a rhombus (e) a trapezium

( f ) All sides the same length and four right angles? (g) Only one pair of parallel sides? (h) Four right angles, but not all sides the same length?
86

unit 3

4 Use the computer program or tracing paper to

make 4 copies of this quadrilateral.

Put the four pieces together to make:

1 2 3

a square a rhombus a square with a small square hole in it.

87

Designs

These designs were made using only a compass. Try to draw them.

Make other designs of your own. colour them in an interesting way.

88

unit 3

Unit test
1 Complete:
(a) In the figure opposite,
1 2 3

The length of radius BO is ........ cm. The length of diameter BA is ........ cm. as long as the radius. The diameter of the circle is ........ times
B O A

(b) Draw the next figure in each pattern

1

2 (a) Draw a circle with a diameter of 6 cm.

(b) Draw the triangle ABC, where AB = AC = 5 cm and BC = 4 cm. Draw AD BC to meet it at D. Measure the length of AD

3 (a) Draw the missing figure.

..................
89

(b) The 7 shapes of the tangram puzzle fit into this square, there are 5 triangles, 1 square and 1 parallelogram
1
g a c f b

Arrange triangles "a" and "b" to make a square

Arrange triangles "c" and "d" to make triangle "e"

Arrange shapes "c" , "f", and "d" to make a rectangle

Arrange shapes "c", "f", and "d" to make a parallelogram

4 Some quadrilaterals have special names and properties, write

the name of each quadrilateral:
Quadrilateral ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... Properties Exactly one pair of opposite sides parallel. Two pairs of opposite sides parallel and congruent. Parallelogram with all sides congruent. Parallelogram with four right angles. Rectangle with all sides congruent. Example

90

unit

Probability

Probability means the chance or likelihood that something will happen. In Math, probability is a number that is used to describe that chance. The probability that heads will come up is one chance in two.

Unit Objectives
After studying this unit the student should be able to:
Carry

out simple probability experiments the outcomes of simple probability experiments

Predict Test

the truth of simple probability experiments

Lessons of the unit

Lesson 1 Investigating experiments and outcomes Lesson 2 Certain and impossible events

lesson

Investigating Experiments and Outcomes

Ramy is tossing a number cube. He wonders which number will be on the top most often. Recording the frequency of numbers tossed is an example of an experiment. Each possible result in an experiment is an outcome. Working together Materials: number cube with faces labeled 1 - 6

A Toss the cube. What number is on the top? Toss the cube again.
What is the outcome?

B Complete this frequency table.

outcome 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tally frequency

C Toss the cube. Mark a tally

in the table to show the outcome. Toss the cube and record the outcome until 20 tallies have been marked.

D Count the tallies for each

number. Record the total column. for each in the frequency

Sharing results

1 Combine the results of each groups experiment into a class table. 2 Which outcome occurred most often? Least often? 3 Are the chances of tossing each number the same ? explain.
92

unit 5
Investigating making predictions Mariam is tossing a coin. What are the possible outcomes? What if Mariam tossed the coin 20 times? How many times do you think the coin would land heads up? Working together Materials: a coin

A How many times do you think outcomes

a coin will land heads up if it is tossed 20 times? Record your prediction.
Heads Tails

Tally

frequency

B Toss a coin 20 times. Record

like the one at the right. Sharing your results

your results in a frequency table

1 Combine the results of each groups

experiment and make a class table. heads up? tail up?

2 How many times did the coin land 3 Compare your experimental results
with your prediction. How close was your prediction to the actual results?

Use the results of your experiment, the class results, and your prediction to write each of the following:
number of heads number of tosses

number of tails Number of tosses

93

The spinner game The spinner is a circular disc divided into circular sectors. A Pointer is pinned at the middle of the spinner. The pointer rotates till it comes to rest at one of the sectors. If the pointer rests on one of the dividers, (Lines between sectors), the experiment should be repeated again. Finding the probabilities

1 5 4

2 3

1 What is the probability of getting an odd number with one spin of

the pointer?
There are 5 equally likely outcomes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 There are 3 chances in 5 of getting an odd number The probability of getting an odd number is
3 5

2 3

There are 2 chances of getting an even number. There are 5 chances in 5 of getting a number less than 6

The probability of getting an even number is

.... ....

The probability of getting a number less than 6 is

....

or

........

There are 0 chances in 5 of getting a number greater than 5

The probability of getting a number greater than 5 is

....

or

........

94

unit 5

5 Each outcome is equally likely in the following experiments.

Give the missing information in each row
Experiment Outcomes

Chances

Probability

Draw a card

without looking

2 4

There

chance in

is

1 The probability
......

1 2 3 4 3
Toss a cube with sides numberd 1 - 6

of getting a 3

of getting a 3 is ......

1 2 3 4 5 6

There are

......

chances in 6 of of getting an getting an odd add number is number.

......

The probability

4 5

Toss a cube

that has one

A B C D E F

There are 2 of getting

of the letters A, B, C, D, E, F on each face

chances in ...... of getting a vowel

The probability

a vowel (A or E). is .......

C B

95

6 Suppose you draw one of these cards without looking.

(a) What are the possible outcomes? (b) Are the outcomes equally likely? (c) What is the probability of getting an odd number? (d) What is the probability of getting a red card?

10 8 3

7 Suppose you draw a marble without looking.

(a) What are the possible outcomes? (b) Do you have a better chance of getting a blue marble or a yellow marble? (c) What is the probability of getting a blue marble?

8 Suppose you spin the pointer.

(a) Which letter do you think you would get most often in 12 spins? (b) Which color do you think you would get most often in 12 spins?

A B

A C

(c) What is the probability that you will get an A? (d) What is the probability that the pointer will stop on a red space?
96

unit 5
Check your understanding

9 What if these cards are in a box

and you choose one of them? (a) What are the possible outcomes?

3 5 7 9 11 1

(b) What is the probability of choosing the card with the number 9? (c) What is the probability of choosing a red card? than 6? (d) What is the probability of choosing a card with a number less

10 Five checkers are placed in

a bag. Two checkers are red and three are black. Karim thinks he will pick a red one. What are his chances?

(a) Complete: There are 5 checkers so there are

..........

outcomes. Each checker has the same chance of being picked. Two checkers are red so there are .......... Favorable outcomes.

Possible

The probability of choosing a red checkers is .......... The probability of choosing a black checkers is .......... (b) (1) How many checkers would you put in a bag to make 10 possible outcomes? (2) What if the probability of choosing a red checker was black checkers?
4 10

How many red checkers would be in the bag? How many

Show what you know What if there are 9 checkers in a bag? the probability of picking a black is
1 3

. How many black checking are in the bag?

97

lesson

Certain and Impossible Events

Without looking? Is it likely that you will pick the blue marble? Why? Numbers can be used instead of

What if you picked one marble

words to describe whether an or certain.

outcome is possible, impossible,

Outcomes

Chance

Probability
10 10 10 10
.... .... .... ....

Blue marble Red marble White marble Any marble

Possible Possible impossible certain

= ...... = ......

1 The probability of an event is always 0, or ........, or a number between

........

and ........

2 An impossible event has a probability of ........ 3 A certain event has a probability of ........ 4 What is the probability of March having 32 days? 5 What is the probability of April having 30 days?
98

unit 5
Check your understanding

1 Tell whether each of the following means that the probability

is 0, close to 0, close to 1 or 1 (a) rarely (b) never (c) always (d) probably

(e) The school bus will start in the morning. ( f ) The sun will set in the evening. (g) Summer vacation will last 4 months. (h) We will all have perfect attendance in our school next year.

2 Choose the best probability for each.

(a) impossible (b) Sure (c) doubtful (d) expected [0, [0, [0, [0,
1 3 1 4 1 5 1 10

, , , ,

2 3 3 4 4 5 9 10

,1] ,1] ,1] ,1]

3 Describe the numbers on a cube for which the probability of

rolling a 3 is: (a) 1 (b) Close to 0 (c)
1 2

(d) Close to 1

Show what you know Use examples from every day life to explain why possible and probable do not always mean the same thing.
99

Unit test
1 Choose the correct answer:
(a) If a coin is tossed 600 times, then the nearest expected number for the tail to appear is .........
1

220

255

298

356

(b) A basket contains cards numbered from 1 to 20., If a card was drawn at random, what is the probability that the number written on the card is divisible by 6?
1
3 20

4 20

5 20

6 20

(c) If there are 3 blue, 6 violet, 7 orange and 8 red sectors on a spinner, what is the probability that the pointer stopping on the red color?
1
1 8

1 24

1 2

1 3

(d) When rolling a die once, the probability of a number greater than 4 appearing on the top side is .........
1
1 6

1 3

1 2

(e) Gamal is in a grade 5 class of 36 students. 16 of them are girls, if a student is selected at random from the class, What is the probability that the student is a boy?
1
4 9

1 2

5 9

1 36

( f ) A letter of the word "Ahmed" is selected randomly. what is the probability of selecting the letter "d"?
1
1 5

1 4

1 2

100

unit 5

2 (a) Pick a card without looking., Find each probability.

Triangle

hexagon

quadrilateral

Polygon

(b) Use the following cards.

1
1 2

What is the probability of getting a 3 on one draw?

What is the probability of getting an even number?

3 Use the spinner opposite,

(a) What if you spin the spinner 20 times? chosen. Predict the number of times blue will be

1 4 3

11 6

(b) What is the probability of an odd number? (c) What is the probability of red?

4 A die is tossed once, what is the probability of

the appearance of each of the following on the top face of the die? (a) an odd number greater than 2? (b) A number between 0 and 9? (c) A prime number? (d) Zero ?

5 3 6
101

First Term Examinations

Test One
Answer the following questions

1 Choose the correct answer.

(a) Round off 289316 to the nearest thousand. [290000 , 289300 , 289310 , 289000] (b) Find the value of 10.57 9 and round it off to 2 decimal places. [1.20 , 1.18 , 1.17 , 1.16] (c) What fraction of 3 hours is 24 minutes? (d) Which of the following fractions is greater than
1 2

2 5

4 15

1 5

2 15

?
3 5

[ (e) A rectangle consists of 4 parts where A is half of the rectangle, B is half of A and C is half of B.

6 13

7 15

9 22

B CD
5 8

D has the same size as C. Which 2 parts add up to rectangle?

of the

[B and C , B and D , A and B , A and D]

( f ) Which statement or statements are false?

1 2 3

Every trapezoid is a quadrilateral Every rectangle is a square Every parallelogram is a rhombus [

2

only ,

only ,

and

, and

102

Examinations 2 Complete:
(a) If 0.3 20 = 0.3 2 10 = 0.6 10 = 6 then 0.44 30 = 0.44 3 ......... = ......... 10 = ......... (b) If 28 200 = 28 2 100 = 14 100 = 0.14 then 36 4000 = 36 ......... 1000 = ......... 1000 = ......... (c) 3 (d)
4 9 7 20

metres = ......... centimetres

6 = .........

(e) If X = {1, 2, 3} and X D, then D = .........

3 (a) A tourist group of 2795 tourists reached Cairo Airport to visit Luxor
and Aswan. They all got into a train from cairo station. If each train they got into. LE 9
3 4

carriage holds 215 passengers, Find the number of carriages (b) A worker earns LE 1
1 2

. How many hours did he work?

per hour. When he finished his work he got

4 (a) Draw the triangle XYZ such that XY = YZ = ZX = 7 cm. where do

the altitudes meet? (b) Draw a circle with radius 3.5 cm, draw the diameter AB , draw another circle with radius BC , C AC equals the diameter of the first circle. what is the length of AC ? (c) These sets are defined by their common property; list the elements:
1 2

Numbers greater than 6 but less than 10 Letters in the word "element".
1 6

5 (a) If 2 { x } , find x.
(b) A box contains 18 balls,

the rest are green. A ball is drawn at random from the box. What colour has the greatest chance to be drawn?

of them are red,

1 3

of them are blue and

103

Test Two
Answer the following questions:

1 Choose the correct answer.

(a) Which of the following fractions is equivalent to 12 sevenths? [1 (b) Which of the following expressions gives the largest value?
1 7

,1

2 7

, 12

1 7

,1

5 7

[(24 + 6) (2 3) , (24 + 6) 2 3 , 24 + 6 (2 3) , 24 + 6 2 3] (c) The digit 6 in the number 35.867 is in the ......... place. [Tens, Tenths, hundreds, hundredths] (d) The chord of the circle M is ......... [ AC , AM , AB , MB]
A M B

(e) 2

( f ) If u = {1 , 2 , 3 , 4} and A = {1 , 2 , 3} , then A = .........

1 4

2 3

= .........

[4

1 4

,3

3 4

,3

7 12

,2

2 12

[4,{4},{3,4},{1,4}]

2 Complete:
(a) If 0.8 200 = 0.8 2 100 = 1.6 100 = 160 then 0.7 400 = 0.7 ......... 100 = ......... 100 = ......... (b) If 0.23 = 2.3 10 = 23 100 = 230 1000 then 0.68 = 6.8 ......... = 68 ......... = 680 .........
104

Examinations
(c)
1

The figure which has only 1 pair of parallel lines is .........

The name of each of the figures above are ........., ........., .........
1 3

(d) 4 (e)
3 10

minutes = ......... seconds.

1 4

3 = ......... of it away to his neighbour

3 (a) Rania made some juice. she gave

juice did each bottle contain?

and poured the rest equally into 9 bottles, what fraction of the (b) A box contains 4 white balls, 3 blue balls and 5 red balls, all of which are of equal size. When one ball is drawn randomly from the box find the probability of:
1

blue ball

red ball

4 (a) Draw a circle with radius 4.5 cm, draw the chord AB of length
6cm, draw m ( BAC) = 90 to meet the circle at C. measure the length of AC . (b) State whether these sets are equal or not:
1 2

{3, 8, 2} and {2, 3, 8} {letter in the word "cat"} and {a, c, t}

5 (a) Two boxes contain cards .In the first, the cards are numbered from
1 to 25 and in the second, the cards are numbered from 1 to 125, Which of the boxes gives a greater chance for the card numbered 14, explain your answer. (b) Draw the triangle ABC in which AB = 8 cm, BC = 6 cm and AC = 10 cm. measure the altitudes of the triangle.
105

Test Three
Answer the following questions:

1 Complete:
(a) If 0.3 20 = 0.3 2 10 = 0.6 10 = 6 then 0.4 30 = 0.4 ......... 10 =......... 10 = ......... (b) If 0.6 20 = 0.6 2 10 = 0.3 10 = 0.03 then 0.06 20 = 0.06 ......... 10 = ......... 10 = ......... (c) (b) If {1 , x} {1 , 2 , 5 , 9] , then x = ......... (d) 4 (e) (f)
5 8 1 4

litres = ......... ml

10 = ......... The figures which have 2 pairs of parallel lines A B C

and equal opposite sides are .........

2

The figure which has 2 pairs of parallel lines and 4 equal sides is .........
1 6

2 (a) Eman ate

of a cake. she gave

1 10000

What fraction of the cake did Eman's sister receive? (b) Complete the pattern: , then deduce the seventh term.
1 1000

2 5

of the remainder to her sister. ,

1 100

, ......... , .........

3 Choose the correct answer:

(a) 6 2 (b) Which of these are proper subsets of {g, h, f} ? [{f} , {f, g, h} , {
106
1 3

= .........

[8

1 3

, 14 , 42 , not given] } , {gh}]

Examinations
(c) If 1260 = 43 29 + 13, then 1260 43 = ......... [43.13 , 29.3 , 29.13 , 29] (d) The following fractions = .........
4

and

are in their simplest form then [28 , 25 , 24 , 23]

(e) A rectangle is 15.95 m by 8.25 m, then the best estimate for its area is about .........

[48 m , 48 m2 , 128 m , 128 m2]

( f ) A box contains cards numbered from 1 to 20, if a card is drawn divisible by 6? [

3 20

randomly, what is the probability that the card numbered is ,

4 20

5 20

6 20

4 (a) Draw a circle of centre M with radius 4 cm, draw the two radii MY
and MX with an angle 60, draw XY Measure the length of XY . (b) Draw ABC, in which AB = 9.8 cm, BC = 7 cm, AC = 5 cm, Draw the altitudes of this triangles. Triangle, 3
1 2

(c) State which of the following are sets and which are NOT sets:
1 2

,y

3 4

Letters in the word committee Clever people living in Cairo

even numbers

5 (a) If A = {1, 3, 5, 7} , B = {3, 5}, C = {5} , D = {5, 7, 9} show which of

the following statements are true or false?
1 2 3

BA D DA

4 5

A is an infinite set CqB

(b) In a class of 45 students, there are 5 more girls than boys. If one student being a girl.

of the students is chosen randomly, Find the probability of this

107

Test Four
Answer the following questions:

1 Complete:
(a) If 82 200 = 82 2 100 = 41 100 = 0.41 then 69 3000 = 69 ......... 1000 = ......... 1000 = ......... (b) If 168.9 = 16.89 10 = 1.689 100 then 35.6 = 3.56 ......... = 0.356 ......... (c) 0.97 0.05 = ......... (d) To find out about how much she makes in one week, Dina divided her monthly salary of LE 980 by 4 About how much does she earn in one week? (e) 2
5 6

days = ......... hours

( f ) If 5 q { x , 1 , 4 } , then x = .........

2 Choose the correct answer.

(a) 1 (b) Which polygon is a rhombus? T R Z M
2 3

1 5

= .........

[2

3 8

11 15

,2,1

2 15

[T,R,Z,M]

(c) Estimate the product: 0.976 6.9 [10 , 7 , 6 , 0] (d) If 5304 136 = 39, then ........ 1.36 = 390 [530400 , 53.040 , 530.4 , 53040] (e) The decimal which is included between 0.6 and 0.7 is ........ [0.71 , 0.59 , 0.61 , 0.72] ( f ) The place value of the digit 4 in the number 3.0042 is ........ [ tens, tenths, thousands, thousandths]
108

Examinations 3 (a) Marwa brought LE 60 to the market. She spent

on meat and spend altogether? (b) A teacher bought a piece of cloth 10.5 metres long to be distributed equally among excellent girls. she gave a piece of length 1.5 metres to each girl to put on her chest. How many excellent girls are there?
1 4 1 3

of her money

of her money on vegetables. How much did she

4 (a) The cards shown were put in a

box, A card was drawn randomly what is the probability of this card being a prime number?

8 13 4 1 6 3 5

(b) Represent the following sets X = {3 , 4 , 5 , 6}, Y = {7 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 9} and Z = {10 , 9 , 8} on a Venn diagram then list: X Y , Z Y. If u = {1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9} then find (X { Y)

5 (a) Put p , q , , to make each statement true.

1 2

5 ......... {even numbers} {a , b} ......... {a , c , b}

3 4

{birds} ......... {animals} buffalo ......... {animals}

(b) Draw the triangle ABC where AB = 7.5 cm, BC = 10 cm and CA = 8 cm, draw the altitude from A to BC and measure its length. (c) Draw a circle M with diameter AB = 10 cm and the chord BC = 5 cm. what is the type of triangle ABC and triangle MBC?

109

Answers
Test One
1 (a) 289000
(b) 1.17 (c)
2 15

Test Two
3 5

(d) (f)

1 (a) 1
and
3

(e) A and D
2

(b) (24 + 6) 2 3 (e) 3 (c) hundredths

5 7

(d) AB (f){4}
3 4

2 (a) 10 , 1.32 , 13.2

(b) 4 , 9 , 0.009 (c) 335 (d) (e) {1} , answers may vary
2 27

2 (a) 4 , 2.8 , 0.028

(b) 10 , 100 , 1000 (c)
1 2

C trapezium Parallelogram, rhombus, (e)

3 4 1 10 1 = 3 4 4 9= 1 12

3 (a) Number of carriages

= 2795 215 = 13 (b) Number of hours of work =9
3 4

(d) 260 each bottle = (b)

1

3 (a) She poured = 1

3 12

4 (a) construction, the altitudes

meet inside the triangle. (b) construction, AC = 14 cm
1 2

1 2

=6

1 2

4 (a) construction,
AC e 6.7 cm (b)
1

1 4

5 12

yes

yes

5 (a) the first box contains cards

less than the second, then greater. (
1 25

(c)

{7, 8, 9} {e, l, m, n, t}

the first box gives a chance > (b) construction,

1 ) 125

5 (a) Answer may very; 3

(b) green.
110

6 , 8 and 4.8 cm

Answers

Test Three
1 (a) 3 , 1.2 , 12
(b) 2 , 0.03 , 0.003 (c) answer may vary; 2 (d) 4250 (e) (f)
1 16

Test Four
1 (a) 3 , 23 , 0.023
(b) 10 , 100 (d) LE 245 (c) 0.0485 (e) 68 (d) 530.4 (e) 0.61
1 + 1 = 7 3 4 12 7 60 12

( f ) answer may vary; 6

2 (a) 2
2

A and B

B
2 5 1 3

(b) M
1 6

2 (a) The remainder = 1

she received = = (b)
1 10

=
5 6

5 6

(c) 7

( f ) thousandths

3 (a) She spent =

she spent =

,1;

= 35 altogether (b) Number of girls = 10.5 1.5 = 7

the seventh term is 100 (d) 23 (e) 128 m2 (f)

3 20

3 (a) 14
(b) { f } (c) 29.3

4 (a)

(b) Venn diagram, X Y = {3 , 4} Z Y = {10} (X { Y) = {1 , 2 , 10}

5 9

4 (a) XY= 4 cm
(b) construction. (c)
1 2

set set true true false =

5 9

3 4 4 5

set not set false false

5 (a)

1 2

3 4

5 (a)

1 2 3

(b) construction, the height e 5.9 cm (c) construction, right angled triangle, equilateral triangle.
111

(b)

25 45