TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI VIN C KH B MN CNG NGH CH TO MY BI TP LN MN: KTAT&MT ME3140

M : 92 H v tn sv:

Hc k: I Nm hc: 2011-2012 M HP:

Nguyn Tt Tm

MSSV: 20082305M lp: Ch k sv: .

Email: tattambk@gmail.com. Ngy thng nm NGI RA (k, ghi r h tn)

Cu 1:Nhng bc i hng ti sch hn Cu 2:iu kin lao ng, cc yu t nguy him v c hi pht sinh trong sn xut Cu 3:Phn tch tc ng ca dng in i vi c th ngi Cu 4:Phn tch tc hi ngh nghip v cc bin php phng trnh cc tc hi ngh nghip trong phn xng lp rp c kh. Cu 5:Tnh mc n cho php ca phn xng : Mt phn xng sn xut cch khu dn c mt khong R(m)=190 (m).Mc n ca phn xng c pht ra n khu dn c khng vt qu l= 75 dB.Tnh mc n cho php ca phn xng pht ra im cch phn xng 1 mt.Bit tn s trung bnh ca 1 c ta l f=1000 Hz. Cu 6:Tnh ton thit k tng cch m : Mt bung sn xut c 4 my. My mt c mc n L1=96 (dB), my 2 c mc n L2=98 (dB), my 3 c mc n L3=100 (dB), my 4 c mc n L4=103 (dB). Tnh ton thit k tng cch m ca bung mc n trc tip ra ngoi nh khng vt qu Lo=74(dB). Bt rng kh nng cch m ca ca s, ca i, ca trn bng kh nng cch m ca tng. Cu 7:Xc nh ri theo phng ngang v phng ng: Mt khu vc sn xut c chiu sng bng 4 thit b chiu sng vn nng c bng n dy tc cng sut mi bng 1000 (W), in p mng chiu sng 220V. Thit b chiu sng b tr theo hnh vung mi cnh L=8.5 (m). Chiu cao treo n n b mt lm vic H=6 (m). H s d tr K=1.2, nh hng ca cc thit b chiu sng vi nhau v nh sng phn x khng ng k. Xc nh ri theo phng ngang v phng thng ng ti im A, ti ch giao nhau ca mt phng ng i qua tm hnh vung c to nn bi thit b chiu sng v mt phng song song vi mt hnh vung trn mt phng lm vic. Cu 8: Tnh ton thit k bung lng bi : Mt phn xng c khi tho r khun, bi ct lan to ra bu khng kh c ht d=105 (m). Trng lng n v ca bi b=1.6 (g/m3). Thit k bung lng bi sao cho khng kh c cha bi i qua n vi vn tc Vt =0.13(m/s), bi c th lng ng li hon ton y bung.

Bi lm Cu 1: Nhng bc i hng ti sch hn :

Theo UNEP nh ngha v sn xut sch hn :" L s p dng lin tc chin lc phng nga tng hp v mi trng vo cc qu trnh sn xut ,sn phm v dch v nhm nng cao hiu sut sinh thi v gim thiu ri ro cho con ngi v mi trng." Qun l cht thi theo hng tch cc v ch ng :

Qua gii php sn xut sch hn :

I.Gim cht thi ti ni pht sinh :

Cc gii php thc hin gim cht thi ti ni pht sinh bao gm: qun l ni vi tt v thay i qu trnh sn xut. a/ Qun l ni vi tt : l gii php n gin nht ca SXSH. Bao gm ch trng n vn vn hnh v bo dng thit b bng cc bin php thch hp ngn nga r r, ri vi v khuyn khch thi lm vic tch cc ca ngi sn xut.

Cc gii php qun l ni vi thng khng t tin v c thi gian thu hi vn nhanh. Ni chung qun l ni vi trong nh my l bao gm lch trnh bo dng phng nga, thanh tra thit b thng xuyn,tt cc thit b khi khng s dng,ci tin phng thc sn xut gim thiu tht thot nguyn liu,bo n ng ng,thit b,..thanh tra v o to ng quy cch nhm nng cao hiu lc cc ni quy lm vic hin c. b/ Thay i qu trnh sn xut : +) Thay i nguyn liu th hin ang s dng :bng cc nguyn liu t c hoc c th ti to c .iu c ngha l lm gim c thnh phn v tnh cht c hi ca cht thi cng nh s lng cht thi pht sinh trong qu trnh sn xut. +) Kim sot qu trnh sn xut tt hn : l ci tin cc quy phm lm vic ,cc ni quy vn hnh v ghi chp l lch quy trnh cng ngh nhm chy cc thit b my mc hiu qu cao hn v to ra lng cht thi t hn. +) Ci tin thit b : l c nhng thay i nh ngay bn trong thit b v cc b phn sn xut hin c hoc u t ng k hn nhm chy quy trnh vi hiu sut cao hn v t l to ra cht thi t hn. +) Thay i cng ngh : c nhng thay i v quy trnh sn xut mt cch khoa hc sn xut c hiu qu hn ,p dng nhng tin b khoa hc mi nht vo lnh vc sn xut nhm gim thiu ti a cht nhim ra mi trng . II.Ti sinh cht thi : a/ Thu hi v ti s dng ti ch :ti s dng cc nguyn liu ,nng lng b thi b trong cng 1 qu trnh hoc s dng cho mt cng on khc trong cng ty. b/Sn xut cc sn phm ph hu ch : thay i qu trnh sinh ra cht thi chuyn dng vt liu b thi b thnh dng vt liu c th ti s dng hoc tun hon cho mc ch khc. III.Ci tin sn phm : C th ci tin cc c tnh ca sn phm nhm gim thiu cc tc ng ti mi trng trong qu trnh sn xut ra sn phm hoc cc c tnh ca bn thn sn phm trong khi s dng v sau khi s dng ( thi b). Cu 2::iu kin lao ng, cc yu t nguy him v c hi pht sinh trong sn xut I.iu kin lao ng : " L tng th cc yu t v kinh t ,x hi,t chc ,k thut,t nhin qua quy trnh cng ngh ,cng c lao ng ,i tng lao ng,con ngi lao ng v s tc ng qua li gia chng to ra iu kin cn thit cho hot ng con ngi trong qu trnh sn xut " .iu kin lao ng nh hng rt ln ti sc khe v tnh mng con ngi . II. Cc yu t nguy him v c hi pht sinh trong sn xut : L nhng yu t vt cht c nh hng xu,nguy him ,c nguy c gy tai nn hoc bnh ngh nghip cho ngi lao ng trong mt s iu kin lao ng . .Cc yu t vt l .Cc yu t ha hc .Cc yu t sinh vt .Cc yu t bt li v mi trng lm vic .Cc yu t khng thun li v tm l.

Cu 3:Phn tch tc ng ca dng in i vi c th ngi I.Tc ng ca dng in i vi c th : Khi c th chm vo vt dn in th s c kh nng chu s tn thng gy ra bi dng in chy qua. Khi dng in chy qua c th ngi s gy ra cc tc ng: Tc ng nhit gy t nng cc m v mi trng sinh hc ca c th, dn n s qu nhit ca ton b c th v ph hu ton b qu trnh trao i cht. S tc ng nhit hc gy bng cc phn khc nhau ca c th. Tc ng in phn gy phn hu mu, huyt tng v cc dung dch sinh l khc ca c th ngi dn n s ph hu trm trng cc thnh phn l ho ca cc c quan trong c th, lm cho chng khng cn kh nng thc hin c nhim v ca mnh c na. Tc ng sinh hc gy s khn khch ca cc m v ph hu cc qu trnh ni in sinh trong c th. -- Tc ng sinh hc gy s khn khch ca cc m v ph hu cc qu trnh ni in sinh trong c th. II. Cc nhn t nh hng ti tc ng ca dng in i vi c th con ngi : Dng in i qua c th con ngi gy ta nhng phn ng sinh l phc tp hu hoi b phn thn kinh iu khin cc gic quan bn trong ca con ngi, lm t lit c tht, sng mng phi, t lit c quan h hp v tun hon mu, ngng tr qu trnh lu thng mu. Tm li, tc hi v hu qu ca dng in i vi c th con ngi gy nn trn nhiu mt nhng quan trng nht l ph hu c quan tun hon v h hp (tim ngng p, ngng th). a/. in tr ca ngi

Thn th ngi gm: Da, tht, xng, mu, thn kinh to thnh. Trong in tr ca da l ln nht m in tr ca da li do in tr ca lp sng trn da quyt nh. in tr ca ngi l mt i lng rt khng n nh khng ch ph thuc vo trng thi sc kho ca c th tng lc m cn ph thuc vo mi trng xung quanh, iu kin tn thng v..v in tr ca ngi c th thay i trong phm vi t 600 _n vi chc K. Gi tr in tr ca ngi ph thuc vo cc yu t: Da m t do tip xc vi nc hay do m hi cng lm cho in tr ngi gim. Din tch tip xc ca da vi in cc tng ln hay p lc tip xc tng ln khin cho in tr ngi gim. Thi gian tn ti dng in qua ngi lu cng lm cho in tr ca ngi gii v da b t nng s m hi khin in tr cch in ca da s gim.

in p qua ngi tng cng lm cho in tr ca ngi gim: Vi U 30V th da ngi s b chc thng Vi U = 250V th lp da coi nh b bng ht

Trong tnh ton an ton in th c th coi in tr ngi bng 1000.

b/. ng i ca dng in. Nu trn ng i ca dng in m c cc c quan quan trng nh tim, phi, no th s nguy him s v cng ln v chng s nhn s tc ng trc tip ca dng in. ng i ca dng in cng c ngha quan trng v lng dng in qua tim hay qua c quan h hp ph thuc vo cch tip xc ca ngi vi mch in. Cc nh khoa hc Lin X lm th nghim nhiu ln v ghi c cc kt qu sau: n chn. Tay qua tay: 3,3% dng in tng i qua tim. Tay phi chn tri: 6,7% dng in tng i qua tim. Chn chn: 0,4% dng in tng i qua tim.

Phn ln dng in qua tim qua trc dc m trc ny nm trn ng t tay phi

Tuy nhin cng khng nn ngh dng in i t chn n chn l khng nguy him v khi cc bp tht b co bp n n ng do ng i ca dng in s thay i. c/. Cng dng in. Gi tr ca dng in cng cao th s nguy him cng ln. Dng xoay chiu nguy him hn dng 1 chiu. Xt bng sau: Tr s dng in (mA) 0,6 1,5 2 3 37 8 10 Tc dng dng in xoay chiu 50 60Hz Bt u thy ngn tay t Ngn tay t rt mnh Bp tht co li v rung Tc dng ca dng in mt chiu Khng c cm gic g Khng c cm gic g au nh kim chm cm thy

nng Tuy kh ri khi vt c in nhng Nng tng ln vn ri c. Ngn tay, khp tay, lng bn tay cm thay au. Tay khng ri khi vt c in, au kh Nng cng tng ln, tht co th. qup li nhng cha mnh C quan h hp b t lit. Tim bt u Cm gic nng mnh. Bp tht p mnh c tay co rt, kh th C quan h hp b l lit ko di 3 giy C quan h hp b t lit hoc di hn, tim b t lit n ngng p.

20 25 50 80 90 100

Ta c th phn ra thnh cc ngng: + Ngng cm nhn: I 1,5mA: Tr s ti thiu m con ngi cm nhn c c dng in i qua ngi. + Ngng bung th: I 10mA: Tr s ln nht m ngi c th ri khi c ngun in. + Ngng rung c tim: L tr s ti thiu ca dng in qua c th ngi gy nn hin tng rung c tim. Ngng rung c tim khng ch ph thuc vo tr s ca I m cn ph thuc vo thi gian tc ng:

Thi gian cn ngn th ngng cng cao:

0,116
I= Vi Mng < 50kg

0,116
I= Vi mng =70 T< 0,5s th ngng rung t 500mA

d/. Tn s dng in: Di gc nguy him th tn s 50-60 Hz c mc nguy him cao nht. Tn s cao mc nguy him s gim i. C ch ny c th tm gii thch: Lc t in p mt chiu vo t bo, cc phn t trong t bo b phn thnh nhng Ion khc du v b ht ra ngoi mng t bo. Nh vy phn t b cc ho v v ko di ngu cc. Cc chc nng sinh vt- ho hc ca t bo b ph hoi n mc nht nh. By gi nu t ngun xoay chiu vo th Ion cng chy theo 2 chiu khc nhau ra pha ngoi mng t bo. Nhng lc dng in do i chiu th chuyn ng ca Ion ngc li. Nu 1 tn s no y ca dng in, tc Ion c trong 1 chu k chy ngc 2 ln b rng ca t bo th trng hp nay ng vi mc kch thch nhiu nht, chc nng sinh vt ho hc ca t bo b ph hoi nhiu nht. Vi dng in c tn s cao th khi dng in i chiu ion khng kp p vo mng t bo. Nu tn s cng tng ln th ng i ca ion cng ngn th mc nh hng n t bo cng t. Lc tn s cao th in trng khng nh hng n chuyn ng ca ion, t bo khng b kch thch nhiu. e/. nh hng ca nguyn t thi gian Thi gian tc ng cng lu th cng nguy him do thi gian tng lm cho in tr gim v lp da b nng dn, lp sng trn da b tiu hu, v th tc hi ca dng in ddoois vi c th ngi tng. Khi dng tc ng trong thi gian ngn th tnh cht nguy him ph thuc nhp p ca tim.

Mch p ca ngi bnh thng 60-80 ln/ pht, mt chu k co gin ca tim khong 1 giy. Trong c khong 0,4s tim ngh lm vic, oqr thi im ny tim rt nhy cm vi dng in chy qua n. Nu t > 1s th th no cng trng vi thi im ni trn dn n nguy him. f/. in p Ingi = Ungi Rngi

in p qua ngi cng ln th dng in qua ngi cng cao, s nguy him cng tng. VI. in p tip xc cho php Ngi ta khng dng khi nim dng in an ton v dng in qua ngi ph thuc vo nhiu yu t. S dng khi nim in p cho php v mi mng in u c 1 in p cho php v mi mng in u c mt in p nht nh UCPVN = UUPLX = 12V, 36V, 65V ph thuc vo mi trng lm vic + U = 12V: Dng cho mi trng c bit nguy him + U = 36V: Dng cho mi trng c nguy him cao, mi trng c bi kim loi + U = 65V: Dng trong mi trng khng c nguy him cao, mi trng lm vic bnh thng * Mi trng c bit nguy him - c bit m t ( m chim ti 100%) - Ni c tc dng ho hc - Ni va c m t va c bi kim loi * Mi trng nguy him cao - m t ( m chim khong 75% tr ln) - C bi kim loi dn in * Mi trng c nguy him khng cao l mi trng khng thuc loi trn. Cu 4: Phn tch tc hi ngh nghip v cc bin php phng trnh cc tc hi ngh nghip trong phn xng lp rp c kh.

+) Cc tc hi ngh nghip trong phn xng lp rp c kh : 2.1. Nguyn nhn ic ngh nghip l mt bnh do ting n ca mi trng lao ng, c cng cao trn mc gy hi, tc dng nh mt vi chn thng m, trong mt thi gian di, gy tn thng khng hi phc c quan Corti ca tai trong (c quan thnh gic). 2.2. Triu chng lm sng + Giai on u : mt mi thnh gic. y l giai on thch ng, xy ra t v tun n vi thng sau khi tip xc vi ting n. Bnh nhn cm thy tai, cm gic tc tai nh b nt tai, c cm gic nghe km vo cui hay sau gi lao ng. Ton thn suy nhc, mt mi, nhc u, mt ng. + Giai on tim tng Giai on ny ko di hng nm t 5 7 nm, ngi bnh khng v cc triu chng ch quan v ton thn thong qua, v li h vn nghe r c ting ni to ni n o, ch cm thy hi tr ngi khi nghe m nhc v nghe km tn s cao. + Giai on tim tng gn hon ton Ngi bnh kh chu khi nghe v khng nghe c ting ni thm + Giai on ic r rt : giai on ny, ting ni to cng kh nghe. Bnh nhn tai thng xuyn, ni chuyn kh khn. Bnh ic ngh nghip :

-Ting n cao c th tc ng n tn cng thn kinh duy tr thng bng tin nh

-Ting n cao lm nhc u ,bnh mn tnh tng ln,km n,thiu mu, bch cu a nhn i toan gim -Ting n nh hng n sinh hot cuc sng con ngi v x hi. -Ting n gy tai,nh hng tim mch,lm x cng thnh mch,c th mt mi d gy tai nn lao ng, tip xc lu c nguy c nh hng n tm thn,thn kinh. +) Cc bin php phng trnh : + Bin php k thut - Gim ting n t ngun pht sinh.

- Gim ting n bng cch cch ly ngun pht sinh ting n hoc bc kn my gy n nhiu. - Gim ting n bng hp thu b mt v phn x ti ch. - B tr my mc, sp xp dng c hp l. -Cc thit b my mc thng xuyn tra du m,thay bi,thay trc quay.l tng nht l t ng ha trong sn xut. + Bin php phng h c nhn. - Nt tai : c th bng sp, bng bng, cao su xp do, kim loi. - Chp tai : Tai chp hay m chp. C th sp xp ngh ngi xen k vi lao ng : lao ng mt gi ngh 15 pht hay hai gi ngh na gi. Ti ni lao ng cn b tr cc phng yn tnh cng nhn ngh ngi. i vi nhng ngi mt mi thnh gic hay phi lao ng ni c ting n cng qu cao, c th iu tr bng b tr ngh ngi trong mt s ngy hoc vi tun l. +) Tc hi hn in : -Ngi lao ng ht hoc nut phi khi hn cha oxit kim loi,cc cht c hi ng li ph nang phi gy ung th. -Cc ht mn ca khi lm kh hng ,nga hng dn n kh th ,tc ngc ,ho c m. -Cc oxit kim loi gy st gi l st kim loi -Tip xc lu di,nng cao c nguy c b bnh bi phi silic ,bnh bi phi st ,bnh nhim c ,mangan -Nhit cao gy say nng.Tia la in kch thch bnh sm da ngh nghip +) Bin php an ton : -Nh xng phi thng thong,c h thng x l hi khi hn ph hp vi v tr lm vic ca ngi lm vic -Cc my hn xa cch nhau 3-4m -phi eo knh hn,khu trang c b lc kh,lc bi thch hp -Khng tuyn dng ngi c bnh phi mn tnh,hen,bnh v mt..

-Hng nm khm bnh u n cho ngi lao ng -Mi nm o mi trng lao ng mt ln.

Cu 5: Tnh mc n cho php ca mt phn xng

Bi lm : Ta c: f= 1000 Hz Tra bng 2.14 ta uc L= 6(dB/km) M ta li c: Lr = Ln - 20lgr (L.r)/1000 8 (dB)

=> Ln = Lr + 20lgr + (L.r)/1000 + 8 (dB) =75+ 20lg190 + (6.190)/1000 +8 = 129.72 (dB)

Cu 6: Tnh ton thit k tng cch m.

Bi lm : Ta c mc n tng cng ca L3 v L4 l: L34 = L4 + L34 ( Do L4 > L3 )

Ta c: L4 L3 = 103 100 = 3 Tra bng 2.12 ta c : L34 = 1.83 =>L34 = 103 + 1.83 = 104.83 (dB)

Mc n tng cng ca L2 v L34 l : L234 = L34 + L234 Ta c: L34 L2 = 104.83 98 = 6.83 Tra bng 2.12 ta c : L234 = 0.90 => L234 = 104.83 + 0.9 = 105.73 (dB) T ta c:

L = L234 + L Ta c: L234 L1 = 105.73 96 = 9,73 Tra bng 2.12 ta c: L = 0,57 => L = 105.73 + 0.57 = 106.3 Ta c : L0 = 74 (dB) => R = L L0 = 106.3 - 74 = 32.3 (dB) Chn loi tng ngn 1 lp c trng lng l G ca 1m2 vt liu < 200 kg/m2 T ta c cng thc: R = 13,5lgG + 13 => lgG = (R 13)/13,5 = 1,43 => G = 26.92 (kg/m2) < 200 (kg/m2) Nh vy ta chn loi vt liu c trng lng l 26.92 kg/m2

Cu 7: Xc nh ri theo phng ngang v phng ng.

Bi lm L1= 8.5 H=6 K=1.2 L= = 6.01 (m)

tg = L/H = (6.01)/6 =1.00 => =45 => cos = 0,71 ri theo phng ngang ti A do 4 bng n gy ra do : Eng=