CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO

COMPUTER

Prepared By: Vipul Vekariya M.E(Computer) MEFGI, Rajkot.

COMPUTER

It is a electronic data processing machine which accept the data from outside the world in the form of input and manipulates, calculates, computes on the basis of a set of instructions supplied and stored in memory and give s desired result in the form of output to the user. Computer is an information processing machine. A programmable machine. The two principal characteristics of a computer are:

1)It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner. 2)It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program).

HARDWARE

The physical component of the computer.

STORAGE DEVICE

MOUSE

KEYBOARD

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF CPU

SOFTWARE It refers to the set of instruction that gives direction to a computer to perform certain specific task. software which help the user to utilize the various capabilities of computer system for specific purpose. Example: 1) BASIC, C, C++ 2) loader and linker 3) editor 4) compiler 5) operating system

TYPES OF SOFTWARE
System software: it helps run the computer hardware and computer system. It control the internal computer function. Reading data from input device Transmit information to output device I/O management, CPU time to user Helps hardware component work together. Operating system compiler Loader,linker,interpreters

DEFINITIONS Compiler: which translate higher level program to machine level program. Assembler : which translate lower program to machine level program. Loader: which load OS part and object part in to main memory for execution purpose. Linker: which bind symbolic code of source and library file to make executable program. Interpreter: which translate line by line high level program in to low level programs.

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

A software designed for user specific need is called application software.

industrial automation business software video games educational software medical software military software

FIRMWARE

Firmware, which is software programmed resident to electrically programmable memory devices on board mainboards or other types of integrated hardware carriers.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

CPU Arithmetic & logic unit

I/P Device

Control Unit

O/P Device

MEMORY

Storage device

ARITHMETIC LOGICAL UNIT:

All calculations are performed in the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) of the computer. It also does comparison and takes decision. The ALU can perform basic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc and does logic operations viz, >, <, =, 'etc. Control unit It controls all other units in the computer. The control unit is generally referred as the central nervous system of the computer that control and synchronizes its working. it control all the device attached to the computer system.

CPU( CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT)

The control unit and ALU of the computer are together known as the Central Processing Unit (CPU). The CPU is like brain performs the following functions: It performs all calculations. It takes all decisions. It controls all units of the computer. Memory: It store the temporary data used by the computers. RAM ROM

STORAGE DEVICE
It store the data permanent in the device. Hard disk. CD, USB drive

Output Device The output unit of a computer provides the information and results of a computation to outside world. Printers, Visual Display Unit (VDU) are the commonly used output devices. Input Device: o It transmit the data in to computer memory unit. Keyboard, scanner,

ADVANTAGE OF COMPUTER
Speed Vast Storage media Diligence & Maintenance Accuracy Time factor Versatility Permanent

LIMITATION OF COMPUTER
Computer can not operate without human beings. It can not identify the problem of the world. It can not identify the I/P & O/P. It can not design & develop own software. Computer can not interpret and use store information in computer.

DISADVANTAGE OF COMPUTER
Required clean and dust free environment Required skilled staff for operating Data insecurity They normally do not question the accuracy or truth of input information.

OPERATING SYSTEM
It is a system software which manages the hardware as well as interact with user and provide different services to user program. Process management I/O management Memory management File management CPU management Example; Vista, window XP, Linux

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
It is a vocabulary and set of grammatical rules for instructing computer to perform specific task. Machine Language or lower level language Assembly level language High level language

MACHINE OR LOWER LEVEL LANGUAGE

Programs are written in 0s and 1s forms( binary language). Which are directly understand by computer system. Advantage: Program execution is faster in comparison with others. Size of code is compact and small. It occupies less memory. disadvantage: It require depth technical knowledge to debug program. Difficult to understand.

MIDDLE LEVEL LANGUAGE

It is also called an assembly language. This language used mnemonics in place of 0s and 1s to represent code. The mnemonics refers to a memory aid. Coding in this language is time consuming This language is machine oriented.

HIGHER LEVEL LANGUAGE

The language whose instruction closely related to human language and mathematical notation. Advantage: Easy to learn Require less time to write Provide better documentation Easy to maintain

FLOW CHART
It is a graphical representation of sequence of any problem to solve by computer programming language. It is used to prepare first before writing any program. Through flowchart it is easy to understand logic and sequence of problem. After drawing flowchart it becomes easy to write any program.

Start or end of the program

PROCESS

Input or output operation

Decision making branching

Connector

Magnetic Tape

Magnetic Disk

Off-page connector

Flow line

Annotation

Display