Describe the various colourant and the reactions involved, along with the controls necessary, to deposit an insoluble

colourant, with in cellulosic fibre. Compare the qualities of each colourations obtained

Introduction
In cellulosic fibres, there are many methods used in dyeing process. When dyeing a fabric from cellulose or any other fibre type, dyestuff should be strictly attached to fibre, to have good fastness property. These dye stuffs make some kind of bonds to get stuck with fibres. Hydrogen bonds, van der walls bonds, and covalent bonds are some of them. To make this type of bonds, first of all dye stuffs should be solubilized in water solution. In dyeing of textile materials, every used dyes are not soluble in aqueous medium. Therere some water insoluble dyes also used in textile dyeing industry. After having some chemical treatments, they take from their water soluble form for further processing. We discus here how to make a dyed fabric from water insoluble colourants, and the reactions involved in that process and their qualities.

Following are the mostly used dyes for textile materials. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Vat dyes. Disperse dyes. Sulfur dyes. Coupling dyes. Pigment dyes. Reactive dyes. ( Reactive dyes are difference from other dyes, because water soluble reactive dye molecules react with fibres and then they become water insoluble. Thats why this dye class has taken into water insoluble category. )

Some stages of dyeing process have discussed below.

The dyestuffs in dye bath, continually move to the fibre interface. When they get close to the fibre, dye molecules become slower. The dye solution on the fibre surface is nearly motionless. They make a surface layer on fibre. Dyestuffs movement to the fibre surface is depended on diffusion. The diffusion rate of dye solution is depended on diffusion boundary layer. To increase diffusion rate, it must be reduce the thickness of diffusion boundary. The dyestuffs combine with fibre on its surface, by bonding hydrogen bond and van der waals attraction.

There is some repulsion between dye ion and negatively charged cellulosic fibre. If this repulsion is lower than attraction between and dyestuff, dyestuffs can migrate to the fibre. In reactive dyeing, it uses salts to improve this.

Dye molecules diffuse from the fibre surface to the interior of fibre. Diffusion will continue until they come to an equilibrium of dye concentration in Fibre and in dye. Increasing the dyeing temperature can enlarge the diffusion of dye molecules in the interior of fibre. It results to increases the dyeing rate. When dyeing with reactive dyes, dyestuffs are react with fibres during the diffusion.