DBM5018-Business Mathematics Topic 3: Matrices

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Topic 3: Matrices
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sub topics:
3.1 Matrices
3.2 Matrix Operations
3.3 Matrix Products
3.4 Determinants
3.5 Inverses
3.6 Cramers rule
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Objectives:
1. Use matrix notation.
2. Understand what is meant by equal matrices
3. Add and subtract matrices.
4. Perform scalar multiplication.
5. Solve matrix equations.
6. Multiply matrices.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.1 Matrices
Notation for matrices
Definition:
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers denoted by

A
a a a
a a a
a a a
n
n
m m mn
=

(
(
(
(
11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2

The ith row of A is
| |
a a a i m
i i in 1 2
1 s s


The jth column of A is
a
a
a
j n
j
j
mj
1
2
1

(
(
(
(
s s


If a matrix A has m rows and n columns, then we say A is an m by n matrix (written as m n ).

If m = n , then A is called a square matrix of order n, and that the elements
a a a
nn 11 22
, ,...,
are
on the main diagonal of A.

a
ij
is called an entry /element.

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Example: [



], a
12
=

a
31
=

Matrices normally will be denoted by capital letter such as A, B, C and etc.


(

=
4 0 1
2 3 2
A

(
(
(

=
3 5 3
4 1 0
4 2 3
B

2 x 3 matrix 3 x 3 matrix

Order of a matrix
A matrix of order m x n has m rows and n columns.
Example:
Matrix [



]

Matrix [


]

Matrix [

]

Matrix [

]


Equality of matrices
Definition:
Matrices A and B are equal if and only if they have the same size and A
ij
= B
ij
for each i and j
(that is, corresponding entries are equal).

Example: The matrices


A =

(
(
(
1 2 1
2 3 4
0 4 5
and
B
w
x
y z
=

(
(
(
1 2
2 4
4


are equal (A = B), if and only if w = -1, x = - 3, y = 0, and z = 5.

Example:

Given [


] [


]. Find the values for x, y, z and w.

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Transpose of a Matrix
If A is a matrix, the matrix formed from A by interchanging its rows with its columns is called
the transpose of A.

Definition:
The transpose of an m x n matrix A, denoted A
T
, is the n x m matrix whose ith row is the ith
column of A.

Example:
[


]

[


]

[



]

[


]

Example: If A = [1 3 -5], find A
T


Example: If B = [


], find B
T


Example: If C = [



], find C
T


Note:
1. The transpose of an m n matrix A is the n m matrix.
2. A square matrix whose transpose is equal to itself is called a symmetric matrix; that is, A
is symmetric if A
T
= A.
3. A square matrix whose transpose is equal to its negative is called skew-symmetric
matrix; that is, A is skew-symmetric if A
T
= - A .

Properties:
For matrices A, B and scalar c we have the following properties of transpose:
1. (A
T
)
T
= A
2. (A + B)
T
= A
T
+ B
T

3. (AB)
T
= B
T
A
T

4. (cA)
T
= cA
T


Example (Optional): If A and B are both square matrix, simplify [A
T
(B + B
T
)]
T
.







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Types of matrices
Row matrix and column matrix
A matrix is called column matrix. Example: [

], [

]

A matrix is called row matrix. Example: [

], [

]


Null matrix
A matrix with all elements are 0 is called null matrix and denoted by
Example:
[

]

[

]

[


]

[



]


Square matrix
If m = n, a matrix has the same number of rows as columns and is called a square matrix.
Example:
[


] [



]

Diagonal matrix
- is an n n matrix
| |
A a
ij
=
, if a
ij
= 0 for i j = .
- the terms off the main diagonal are all zero.
- Example:

[


] [



] [


] [



]

Scalar matrix
- is a diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are equal.
- Example:
A =

(
(
(
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
;
B =

(
(
(
3 0 0
0 3 0
0 0 3

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Identity matrix
- the scalar matrix,
| |
I a
n ij
=
, where
a
ii
=1
and a
ij
= 0 for
i j =
.
- Example:
I
2
1 0
0 1
=

(
;
I
4
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
=

(
(
(
(

Note:
If
| |
A a
ij
m n
=

and
| |
I a
ij
n
=
, then AI A = and IA A = .

Symmetry matrix
A square matrix where elements

is called a symmetry matrix.

Example:
[


] [



]

Upper triangular
- is an n n matrix
| |
A a
ij
=
, if a
ij
= 0 for i > j .
- Example:
A =

(
(
(
1 3 3
0 2 5
0 0 3


Lower triangular
- is an n n matrix
| |
A a
ij
=
, if
a
ij
= 0
for i < j.
- Example:
A =

(
(
(
1 0 0
2 2 0
3 5 3


3.2 Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Definition:
If A and B are both m x n matrices, then the sum A + B is the m x n matrix obtained by adding
corresponding entries of A and B; so that (A + B)
ij
= A
ij
+ B
ij
. If the size of A is different from the
size of B, then A + B is not defined.

Example:
1. If A = [


] and B = [


], find A + B.
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2. If [


] [


], find A + B.

3. If [



] [



], find A + B.

4. If A = [


] and B = [

], find A + B.

Matrix Subtraction
Definition:
The difference of two m x n matrices A and B, is the m x n matrix A B in which each element is
the difference of the corresponding elements of A and B.

Example:
If A = [


] and B = [


] then, A B = [


]

Example: Find the difference for the following
1. [


] [


]

2. [


] [


]

3. [

] [

]

Scalar Multiplication
If A is m x n matrix and k is a real number, then by kA we denote the m x n matrix obtained by
multiplying each entry in A by k so that (kA)
ij
= kA
ij
. This operation is called scalar
multiplication, and kA is called a scalar multiple of A.

Example: [



] = [
() ()
() ()
() ()
] = [



]

Example: Find [


]

Algebraic Properties
Theorem (Properties of Matrix Addition):
a) A B B A + = +
b) A B C A B C + + = + + ( ) ( )
c) There is a unique m x n matrix

such that A + O
mn
= A for any m x n

matrix A. The matrix

is called the m x n zero matrix.

d) For each m x n

matrix A, there is a unique m x n matrix D such that A + D = O
Where D = - A and that the matrix A is called the negative of A.
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Theorem (Properties of Scalar Multiplication):
If r and s are real numbers and A and B are matrices, then
a) r sA rs A ( ) ( ) =
b) ( ) r s A rA sA + = +
c) r A B rA rB ( ) + = +
d) A rB r AB rA B ( ) ( ) ( ) = =

3.3 Matrix Products
Matrix Products
Definition:
Let A be an m x n matrix and B be an n x p matrix. Then the product AB is the m x p matrix with
entry (AB)ik given by
()

If the number of columns of A is not equal to the number of rows of B, then the product AB is not
defined.

Note: AB BA

Example:
| | | |
1 1
1 3
3 1
. 1

+ + =
(
(
(

cr bq ap
r
q
p
c b a

2
2
3
4
2 3 4
2 3 4
2 3
3 1
2 1
.
a b c
d e f
a b c
d e f

(
(
(
=
+ +
+ +

def ined not is BA However
du cr dt cq ds cp
bu ar bt aq bs ap
AB
u t s
r q p
B
d c
b a
A
,
. 3
3 2 3 2 2 2
(

+ + +
+ + +
=
(

=
(

=

Numerical example:
1. [

] [

]

2. [

] [

]
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3. [


] [



]

4. [



] [



]


Example: The price (in dollars per unit) for three textbooks are represented by the price vector
[

]. A university bookstore orders these books in the quantities given
by column vector [

] . Find the total cost (in dollars) of the purchase.

Example: A contractor builds three kinds of houses, model A, B, and C, with a choice of two
styles, Spanish or contemporary. Matrix P shows the number of each kind of house planned for a
new 100-home subdivision:






The amounts for each of the exterior materials used depend primarily on the style of the house.
These amounts are shown in matrix Q (concrete is measured in cubic yards, lumber in units of
1000 board feet, brick in thousands, and shingles in units of 100 square feet):






Matrix R gives the cost for each kind of material:

[




]


a) What is the total cost for each model of house?
b) How much of each of the four kinds of material must be ordered?
c) What is the total cost for material?
d) Suppose the contractor builds the same number of homes in five subdivisions. What is
the total amount of each material needed in this case?
Spanish Contemporary
Model A 0 30
Model B 10 20 = P
Model C 20 20
Concrete Lumber Brick Shingles
Spanish 10 2 0 2 = Q
Contemporary 50 1 20 2

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Theorem (Properties of Matrix Multiplication):
If A, B, and C are of the appropriate sizes, then
a) A BC AB C ( ) ( ) =
b) ( ) A B C AC BC + = +
c) C A B CA CB ( ) + = +

3.4 Determinants
Determinant
The determinant of an n by n matrix will be written as follows
det(A) = |A| =

a
11
a
12
a
13
. . . a
1n

a
21
a
22
a
23
. . . a
2n

: : : a
ij
:
a
n1
a
n2
a
n3
. . . a
nn




Determinant of a square matrix
input output
A A
square matrix real number ( = determinant of A )

Definition:
If A = [a
11
] is a square matrix of order 1, then |A| = a
11
.

Example: If A = [6], then |A| = 6.

Definition:
If
A
a a
a a
=

(
11 12
21 22
is a square matrix of order 2, then
A
a a
a a
a a a a = =
11 12
21 22
11 22 12 21
.

Examples: Evaluating determinant of order 2.
1.
4 3
1 2

2.
1 0
2 3


3.
1 0
0 1

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4.
1
0
y
x


Minor and Cofactor

A minor M
ij
of the matrix A is the n -1 by n -1 matrix made by the rows and columns of A except
the ith row and the jth column is not included.

Example: Find minor M
12
and M
21
for determinant below
a. |

| b. |

|

The cofactor of a
ij
, denoted by c
ij
and is given by c
ij
= (-1)
i+j
M
ij


Example: Find cofactor c
12
and c
21
for determinants below
a. |

| b. |

|

Note: The only difference between a cofactor and a minor is the factor
( )
+
1
i j
.

For example, given the matrix

a a a
a a a
a a a
11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33

(
(
(


the cofactor of the entry
a
21
,
c
a a
a a
a a a a
21
2 1 12 13
32 33
12 33 13 32
1
1
=
=
+
( )
( )( )


and cofactor of the entry
a
31
,
c
a a
a a
a a a a
31
3 1 12 13
22 23
12 23 13 22
1
1
=
=
+
( )
( )( )


Evaluating Determinants of a square matrix A of Order n (n > 2)

To find the determinant of any square matrix A of order n (n > 2), select any row (or column) of
A and multiply each entry in the row (column) by its cofactor. The sum of these products is
defined to be the determinant of A and is called a determinant of order n.


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Example: Evaluating a Determinant of Order 3 by Using Cofactors
Find A if
A =

(
(
(
12 1 3
3 1 1
10 2 3


Properties:
1. If each of the entries in a row (or column) of A is 0, then
A = 0.

2. If two rows (or columns) of A are identical,
A = 0.

3. If A is upper (or lower) triangular, then A is equal to the product of the main diagonal
entries.

3.5 Inverse of a Matrix
Definition:
An n x n matrix A is called invertible, or nonsingular, if there exists an n x n matrix B such that
AB = BA = I
n
. B is called an inverse of A. Otherwise, A is called singular or noninvertible.

Find the Multiplicative Inverse of a 2 x 2 matrix
If
(

=
d c
b a
A , then
(

a c
b d
bc ad
A
1
1
. The matrix A is invertible if and only if ad - bc=0.
If ad - bc =0, then A does not have an inverse.

Example: Find the inverse of the given matrix, if exist.
a)
(

3 1
5 2
b)
(

2 2
3 3


Example:

A =

(
2 3
2 2
,
B =

(
(
1
3
2
1 1


Since
AB BA I = =

(
=
1 0
0 1
2
, B is an inverse of A
B A =
1


Theorems:
1. The inverse of a matrix, if it exists, is unique.
2. If A and B are both invertible (nonsingular) n n matrices, then AB is invertible and that
( ) AB B A

=
1 1 1
.
3. If A is an invertible matrix, then A
1
is also invertible and that
( ) A A

=
1 1
.

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Finding The Inverse of Order 3 Matrix By Using Cofactor Method
For a matrix of order 3,

A
a a a
a a a
a a a
=

(
(
(
11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33


the inverse of a matrix is given by

| |
| |
A
A
Cofactors of A
A
c
A
c c c
c c c
c c c
T
ij
T

=
=
=

(
(
(
1
11 21 31
12 22 32
13 23 33
1
1
1


Note:
| |
c
ij
T
is called the adjoint of A (adj A).
Thus,
A
A
adj A

=
1
1


Example:
Find A
-1
if it is invertible, given that [



].

Solution:
















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Solving Systems of Linear Equations By Using the Inverse
Recall from previous topic:
- A system of equations is a collection of two or more equations, each containing one or
more variables
- A solution of a system of equations consists of values for the variables that reduce each
equation of the system to a true statement
- To solve a system of equations means to find all solutions of the system
- When a system of equations has at least one solution, it is said to be consistent;
otherwise, it is called inconsistent.

Examples of systems of linear equations:

= +
= +
2 6 4
5 2
y x
y x

=
= +
= + +
0
9 4 2 3
6
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
x x x
x x x
x x x


In general, a system of m linear equations in n unknowns can be conveniently written as:


m n mn m m
n n
n n
b x a x a x a
b x a x a x a
b x a x a x a
= + + +
= + + +
= + + +

2 2 1 1
2 2 2 22 1 21
1 1 2 12 1 11



We define
n m
mn m m
n
n
a a a
a a a
a a a
A

(
(
(
(

2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11

1
2
1

(
(
(
(

=
n
n
x
x
x
X

1
2
1

(
(
(
(

=
m
m
b
b
b
B

Thus, a system of linear equations can be written in matrix form: AX = B
where A is called the coefficient matrix of the system.
If b b b
m 1 2
0 = = = = , then the system is called a homogeneous system of linear
equations. Otherwise, it is called nonhomogeneous system.

Solving a system of linear equations using the Inverse:

Linear system :
AX B = where A is n n matrix

Suppose A is invertible, multiply both sides by A
1

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B A X
B A X I
B A AX A
n
1
1
1 1

=
=
=


Thus, X A B =
1
- a solution to the linear system
- a unique solution if A is invertible (nonsingular)

Example: Solve the following system by using the inverse

= +
= +
= +
9 2
36 4
8 8 2
y x
y x
z x


Solution:
We define:
(
(
(

=
0 1 2
0 4 1
8 0 2
A

(
(
(

=
z
y
x
X
(
(
(

=
9
36
8
B

First, find
1
A if A is invertible.























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3.6 Cramerss Rule
Solving Linear Systems of Equations in Two Variables Using Determinant (Cramers Rule)
If
2 2 2
1 1 1
c y b x a
c y b x a
= +
= +
then
2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
b a
b a
b c
b c
x =
and
2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
b a
b a
c a
c a
y =
where 0
2 2
1 1
=
b a
b a


Solving Three Equations in 3 Variables Using Determinants
If Then

3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
d z c y b x a
d z c y b x a
d z c y b x a
= + +
= + +
= + +

. , ,
D
D
Z
D
D
y
D
D
x
z
y
x
= = =

Where

3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
d b a
d b a
d b a
D
c d a
c d a
c d a
D
c b d
c b d
c b d
D
c b a
c b a
c b a
D
z y
x
= =
= =
,
,



Example:
a) Evaluate the determinant of
(
(
(

0 1 1
1 2 0
1 0 3

b) By using Cramers rule, solve the following system for x only. [note: you can use the
determinant in part (a)]
3
5 2
1 3
= +
= +
= +
y x
z y
z x