Dental Materials

Dr Hanan AlZraikat BDS, PhD in Dental material science

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Course information Course Title Course Number Credit hours Prerequisites Instructor/Coordinator Lecture venue and time Dental Materials Dent 203 Two None Dr Hanan AlZraikat Tuesday 2:15-4:15 pm, Science hall 2

Laboratory sessions venue and time Prosthodontic lab : Sunday:8.00-10.00 am Monday: 8.00-10.00 am Tuesday: 8.00-10.00 am Wednesday: 8:00-10:00 am Office Location Office Phone Office Hours E-mail Postgraduate dental hospital. Level 1 23975 Upon appointments. Available times are: 1.00-2.00 pm Tuesday
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hjsa@just.edu.jo

Text Book and Resources Dental materials. Clinical applications for dental assistants and dental hygienists. Introduction to dental materials Applied Dental Materials. C. D. Hatrick Saunders publications 1st ed 2nd ed 8th ed 11th ed

2003

Van noort J.F. McCabe Kenneth J.Anusavic e Robert G. Craig John M. Powers John C. Wataha

Mosby Blackwell Scientific Publications Sunders publications

2002

Phillips Science of Dental Materials

2003

Dental materials, properties and manipulation

Mosby

8th

2004

Assessment policy

Weight

Theory exams;

80 % of the total mark divided as follows: Midterm = 35% Final = 45%

Laboratory sessions assessment

15% of the total mark

Quizzes

5% of the total mark.

Week
1. 2.

Lecture title
Introduction into the course Oral-cavity (1) considerations; Properties of Materials

Areas of interest

Reference/chapter

To identify factors inside the oral cavity that affect selection and performance of dental material To become familiar with material properties

Reference books and lecture notes

3.

Impression materials

Hydrocolloid systems Rubber systems Compound systems Others

Reference books

4. 5.

Midterm Exam: Tuesday 10/7/2012- 2.15-3.15 pm

Gypsum and investment materials Impression plaster Dental plaster Dental stone Special die stone Investment materials Different sources of dental waxes and properties Waxes used in clinical and laboratory applications Handling of waxes Denture base materials Denture relining materials Alternatives to conventional materials

Location: 10H1,2,3 Reference books

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Waxes

Reference books

7.

Polymers

Reference books

Laboratory sessions Week

2.

Lab. subject
Introduction to dental materials And laboratory sessions regulations

Areas of interest Laboratory session regulations Students groups identification Quiz

3.

Impression Materials

To identify different types of impression material, their properties, uses and the correct method of mixing them: oHydrocolloid systems oRubber systems oCompound systems oQuiz To identify different gypsum materials, their properties and how to mix them: oPlaster oStone oDie stone oInvestment material To identify waxes used in dental laboratories and clinics and their properties Quiz To identify dental acrylic materials compositions and their properties used as: oDenture base material oDenture relining materials 6 oDenture teeth Quiz

4.

Gypsum and waxes

5.

Polymers

Oral environment and patient consideration

The oral environment represents a challenge to the success of dental materials. Understanding these challenges and limitations, is essential for a successful treatment. Materials must be biocompatible, aesthetic and durable.

Intraoral factors
Force and stress: a. Compressive: crushing biting forces b. Tensile: biting force stretches a material c. Shear: e.g. an incisor used for cutting

c
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 Resisting these forces creates stress within the material, which may lead to deformation, strain. Dental materials can withstand one type of stress while fail under another. But failure usually occurs after repetitive force application i.e. fatigue failure.

Moisture and acid levels: Intraoral pH depends on diet and acid producing bacteria. Moisture.
Interaction with moisture: Some materials take up water, color, odor, tastes of foods and beverages (e.g. resins, acrylic).

Metals (except noble metals) are affected by acid and moisture, i.e. corrosion, tarnish

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Galvanism: an electric current transmitted between two dissimilar metals. Temperature: Dimensional changes (expansion/contraction) Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). Percolation: definition and consequences. Thermal conductivity and insulators (pulp sensitivity). Exothermic rxn of restorative material.

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Retention: the ability of the material

to maintain its position and resist displacement Mechanical Chemical Bonding (micromechanical/chemical). Affected by:
Wetting Viscosity Film thickness Surface characteristics: cleanliness, moisture contamination, texture, energy.
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Micromechanical retention with dentine

Rough enamel surface Resin tags

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 Adhesion: Chemical bond to enamel &dentine by ion

exchange

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Microleakage: the seepage of harmful materials through the gap between tooth and restoration. Can cause:
Staining Recurrent caries Sensitivity

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Shrinkage outcomes

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Biocompatibility: dental material must not have an adverse effect on living tissue
Materials used on hard tissue vs. soft tissue Short term vs. long term exposure Small doses vs. high doses (fluoride treatment) Adverse effects maybe due to materials itself or the breakdown of its components.

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Amalgam tattoo

Fluoroses

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Esthetics
Color components:
Hue: dominant color of wavelength detected

(tooth color is seen in yellow and brown range)

Chroma: color intensity or strength Value: how bright or dark a color is.

Transparent vs. opaque Shade guide

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Shade guide

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Conditions for assessing restorations:

Dry field Good lighting Sharp explorer Radiographs Magnification Good knowledge of material

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End of part one

Reference: Dental materials Clinical applications for dental assistants and dental hygienists (ch. 2)

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Material properties
Physical properties: properties based on the laws of mechanics, optics, thermodynamics, electricity etc.
(Phillips science of dental materials)

A. Rheological properties (ref. Introduction to dental

materials ch.1.8)

Definition: The study of flow or deformation of materials. Solids: elasticity and viscoelsticity Liquids: viscosity = shear stress/shear rate

Consider extrusion of a fluid from syringe.

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Viscosity: resistance of a liquid to flow. The ways in which materials flow or deform under stress are important to their use in dentistry.

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 Thixotropy: for some liquids, the viscosity may change at a particular shear rate, so, the viscosity for an increasing shear rate is different from the viscosity for a decreasing shear rate (the gel become liquefied under repeated pressure such as when shaken, stirred or vibrated). A thixotropic fluid displays a decrease in viscosity over time at a constant shear rate. A shear thinning fluid displays decreasing viscosity with increasing shear rate.

Viscoelasticity: intermediate behaviour between elastic solid and viscous liquid. Depends on the amount of load, and duration of the load applied. (elastomeric impression materials), so, to prevent permanent deformation, these materials should not be loaded for a long time

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B. Mechanical properties (ref. Dental Materials,

properties and manipulation)

Properties defined by the laws of mechanics; the physical science that deals with energy and forces and their effects on bodies. Maximum biting force decreases from molars to incisors. Average biting force
1st and 2nd molars = 580 N Bicuspids (premolars) = 310 N Cuspids (canines) = 220 N Incisors = 180 N

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 To compare the performance of materials irrespective of their shape or size, an objective standard is needed. This standard is stress and strain. Description of mechanical properties depends on these two. Stress = force/unit area (compressive, tensile, shear) Strain: the deformation per unit of length as a result of force = deformation/length (e.g. rubber vs. gold alloy)
Force (N) 111 111 111 111 Area (mm) Stress (MPa) 645 64.5 6.45 0.645 0.1724 1.724 17.24 172.4
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Stress-strain curves are a convenient way to compare materials mechanical properties whether in compression, tension or shear, especially when strain is independent of the length of time the load is applied

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 Strain-time curves are sometimes used when strain depends on the time the load is maintained (e.g. alginate, rubber impression material)

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Values resulting from stress-strain curves:

Elastic modulus = stress/ strain (MPa), a measure of stiffness Proportional limit: measure of stress allowed before permanent deformation occurs. Ultimate strength: maximum amount of strength a material can withstand without breaking.

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 Other mechanical properties Elasticity: the ability to stretch and not break (impression material and undercuts)
Elastic (recovery immediate) vs. viscoelastic (recovery slow or with some degree of permanent deformation

Toughness Resilience Creep

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Hardness: resistance to wear or abrasion (enamel and porcelain are among the hardest). Hardness is measured using several tests such as Knoop, or Vickers hardness tests Fatigue properties (refer to slides only): Materials are subjected to intermittent stress over long period of time, stress is small, but over time, failure may occur by a fatigue process. This involves the formation of microcracks, resulting from stress concentration at a surface fault, so crack propagates until fracture occurs. Final fracture occurs at a low stress level.

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Fatigue is studied in 2 ways:

1. Fatigue life: application of stress cycles at a certain amount and frequency and observe number of cycles needed to cause failure. 2. Fatigue limit: select a number of cycles (e.g. 10 000) and determine the value of the cyclic stress which is required to cause fracture within this number of cycles.

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Ultimate strength values of selected dental materials

Material Dentine Enamel Amalgam Gold alloys Composite Porcelain Tensile strength 98 10 48-69 414-828 34-62 40 Compressive strength 297 400 310-483 ----200-345 150

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C. Thermal properties: (ref. Dental Materials, properties

and manipulation)

Materials have different rates of conducting heat. (Metals vs. plastics and ceramics).
Thermal conductivity: its a measure of heat transferred through a material or rate of heat flow. Compare Enamel and dentine to dental amalgam. Coefficient of thermal expansion (explained previously)

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Insulation

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D. Electrical properties:
manipulation)

(ref. Dental Materials, properties and

Galvanism: generated electrical current a patient can feel resulting from dissimilar metals present in a solution that contains ions (e.g. oral cavity)
Corrosion: can result from
adjacent dissimilar metals. Galvanic action can cause the metal to dissolve resulting in pitting and roughness. Chemical corrosion

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E. Solubility and sorption: (ref. Dental Materials,

properties and manipulation)

important criteria for dental materials selection. Laboratory studies are used to evaluate and rank materials. Sorption includes:
Absorption vs. Adsorption

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F.

Wettability: (ref. Dental Materials, properties and manipulation) measure of the affinity of a liquid for a solid indicated by spreading of a drop of the liquid on a solid. wettability is observed by shape of a drop of liquid on solid surface identified by contact angle: Low contact angle = high wettability (hydrophilic if liquid is water) High contact angle = low wettability (hydrophobic if liquid is water)

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Good wetting of a solid by a liquid with low contact angle (left), poor wetting forming a high contact angle (right).

liquid

liquid

solid

solid

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G. Optical properties: (ref. Introduction to dental materials)

Every object we see is as a result of reflectance of light from that object reaching an extremely sensitive photodetector, namely the eye. This is characterized by: Color:
(Hue, value, chroma). Perception of color is subjective. Cone cells in retina are sensitive to light, rod cells are sensitive to brightness, both send signals to the brain. Visible light wavelength is 380-780 nm The light we see is a combination of wavelengths

Translucency: Translucent materials allows some light to pass, absorbs some, and scatters the rest Opaque material does not transmit light, but absorbs and scatters it. Surface texture: the polishability of a material is an important criteria for selection
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Important terms to know: *Metamerism: change of color of an object due to a change in light source *Fluorescence: the ability of an object to absorb light near ultraviolet and then release light in a longer wavelength range wavelength

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Shade guide and selection

A (reddish brown) B (reddish-yellow) C (grey) D (reddish grey)

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H. Biological properties: (ref. applied dental materials

ch.2)

Primary requirements of any dental material:

Non-toxic Non-irritant Should not have carcinogenic or allergic potential If used as filling material should be harmless to pulp

Biological evaluation of dental materials:

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3

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