Revision Exercise

1. Prove by mathematical induction that for all positive integers n,

12 22 32 n2 n( n + 1)
+ + ++ =
1⋅ 3 3 ⋅ 5 5 ⋅ 7 ( 2n − 1)(2n + 1) 2( 2n + 1)

2. Prove by mathematical induction that 7 n + 2 2 n +1 + 3 is divisible by 6 for all positive integers n.

3. Given that a, b and c are real numbers, prove that the equation ( x − a)( x − b) = c 2 has real roots.

4. Let f ( x) = k 2 x 2 + kx + 1 where k ≠ 0 .
(a) Show that the graph of y = f (x) does not cut the x-axis.
(b) Find the least value of f(x).
(c) Sketch the graph of y = f (x) for k < 0.

5. The graph of y = 4 x 2 − 10 x + c lies above the x-axis for all values of x. Find the range of the
possible values of c.
6. (a) Solve 2a + 7 = 3a + 4 .
Hence form a quadratic equation with roots a 2 , a 3 .
(b) If a 2 is one of the roots of the equation ( p + q ) x 2 − 3( p − q) x + 24 = 0 − (∗) and p : q = −3 : 1 ,
find p and q.
(c) Hence find the other root of equation (∗) .

7. Consider two lines L1 : 12 x + 5 y − 6 = 0 and L2 : 12 x + 5 y + 10 = 0 .

(a) Find the distance between L1 and L2 .
(b) Find the equation of a line L which is at a distance of 1 unit from L1 .

8. The equation L : ( 2 − k ) x + (3 + 5k ) y − 3k − 7 = 0 represents a family of straight lines which

pass through a fixed point P for any real value k.
(a) Find the coordinates of P.
(b) Find the equations of the line in the family whose distance from (−1, 0) is 1.
(c) Find the two lines in the family which make an angle of 60° with the line L1 : x + 3 y = 0 .
a2 + b2 − c2 π
9. Given that the area of ∆ABC is , show that C = .
4 4
A

10. In ∆ABC, DA of length 25 is the angle bisector

of ∠BAC. Given that ∠B = 25° and ∠C = 75°, solve ∆ABC.
(Correct your answers to 3 significant figures)
25° 75°
B D C

1
11. (a) Expand ( x 2 − 3 x + 1) n in ascending powers of x up to the third term where n is a positive
integer.
(b) If ( x 2 − 3 x + 1) n (1 − 2 x) 3 = 1 − 30 x + kx 2 + terms involving higher powers of x, find n and k.

A
12. In the figure, AB and BC are the chords of the circle
x 2 + y 2 − 18 x − 8 y + 72 = 0. C is a point on the x-axis,
AB = BC and the coordinates of A and B are (6, 8) and (5, 1) respectively. O

Find C.
B
C
2
13. Consider f ( x) = x + sx + t , where s and t are real numbers.
(a) Find the least value of f (x) in terms of s and t.
(b) If f ( x) = 0 has two roots α and 4α, find s and t in terms of α.
(c) If the least value of f (x) is −9 and α is negative, find the roots of f ( x) = 0

14. Consider a circle with centre P(s, t). A(3, 0), B(0, t) and C(h, k) are points on the circle.
(a) Find the equation of the locus of P.
(b) Form the parametric equation of C such that AC is a diameter of the circle.
(c) Find the equation of the locus of the point C.

cos 2 x − cos 4 x
15. Prove that = tan x .
sin 2 x + sin 4 x
16. (a) Show that (i) sin 3θ = 3 sin θ − 4 sin 3 θ .
(ii) cos 3θ = 4 cos 3 θ − 3 cos θ .

(b) Show that sin 3θ sin 3 θ and cos 3θ cos 3 θ are the roots of the equation

16 x 2 − 16( cos 3 2θ ) x + sin 3 2θ sin 6θ = 0 .

17. Find the general solution of 2 cos 2 θ − 1 = sin θ in radians.
π
18. (a) Rewrite the expression cos θ + sin θ in the form r cos(θ − α) , where r > 0 and 0 ≤ α < .
2
(b) Find the maximum and minimum values of cos θ + sin θ .

19. TC is a tower standing vertically on a horizontal plane ABC and is due north of A.
The bearing of B from C is 20°. If the angles of elevation of T T

from A and B are 40° and 50° respectively, and the distance of N

AB is 100 m, find the height of TC, correct to 2 decimal places.

50° B
20°
C
40° 2
1 0 0  m

A
Solution
12 22 32 n2 n( n + 1)
1. Let P(n) be the proposition “ + + ++ = ”.
1⋅ 3 3 ⋅ 5 5 ⋅ 7 ( 2n − 1)(2n + 1) 2( 2n + 1)
For P(1),
12 1 1(1 + 1) 1
L.H.S. = = R.H.S. = =
1⋅ 3 3 2[2(1) + 1] 3
∴ P(1) is true.
Assume P(k) is true for some positive integer k.
12 22 32 k2 k ( k + 1)
i.e. + + +  + =
1⋅ 3 3 ⋅ 5 5 ⋅ 7 ( 2k − 1)(2k + 1) 2( 2k + 1)
For P(k+1),
12 22 32 k2 ( k + 1) 2
Then + + ++ +
1⋅ 3 3 ⋅ 5 5 ⋅ 7 ( 2k − 1)(2k + 1) [ 2( k + 1) − 1][2( k + 1) + 1]
k ( k + 1) (k + 1) 2 k ( k + 1)(2k + 3) + 2( k + 1) 2 ( k + 1)(2k 2 + 3k + 2k + 2)
= + = =
2( 2k + 1) (2k + 1)( 2k + 3) 2( 2k + 1)(2k + 3) 2( 2k + 1)(2k + 3)
(k + 1)(k + 2)( 2k + 1) ( k + 1)(k + 2) (k + 1)[(k + 1) + 1]
= = =
2( 2k + 1)(2k + 3) 2( 2k + 3) 2[(2( k + 1) + 1]
∴ P(k + 1) is also true.
By the principle of mathematical induction, P(n) is true for all positive integers n.
2. Let P(n) be the proposition “ 7 n + 2 2 n +1 + 3 is divisible by 6”.

For P(1), 7 + 2 3 + 3 = 18 which is divisible by 6.

∴ P(1) is true.
Assume P(k) is true for some positive integer k.
i.e. 7 k + 2 2 k +1 + 3 = 6 N , where N is an integer.
For P(n+1),
Then 7 k +1 + 2 2( k +1) +1 + 3 = 7 ⋅ 7 k + 2 2 ⋅ 2 2 k +1 + 3
= 7(7 k + 2 2 k +1 + 3) − 3 ⋅ 2 2 k +1 − 18 = 7(6 N ) − 6 ⋅ 2 2 k − 18
= 6 ⋅ 7 N − 6( 2 2 k + 3) = 6(7 N − 2 2 k − 3) which is divisible by 6.
Hence P(k + 1) is true.
By the principle of mathematical induction, P(n) is true for all positive integers n.
3. The equation may be expanded and rewritten as
x 2 − ( a + b) x + ab − c 2 = 0
The discriminant = [−( a + b)] 2 − 4(1)(ab − c 2 )
= a 2 + 2ab + b 2 − 4ab + 4c 2 = a 2 − 2ab + b 2 + 4c 2 = (a − b) 2 + 4c 2

3
 ∵ (a − b) 2 ≥ 0 , (a − b) 2 + 4c 2 ≥ 0
∴The discriminant ≥ 0

∴The equation has real roots.

4. (a) ∆=k 2 −4( k 2 )(1)

=−3k 2

<0 ( k ≠0)
∴The graph of y = f (x) does not cut the x-axis.
(b) f ( x) = k 2 x 2 + kx + 1
−k −1
The least value occurs when x = 2
=
2k 2k
−1 −1 −1 1 1 3
f( ) = k 2 ( ) 2 + k( ) + 1 = − + 1 =
2k 2k 2k 4 2 4
3
∴The least value of f (x) is .
4 y

(c) When x = 0,
f ( x ) = k 2 (0) 2 + k (0) + 1 y = k 2x 2 + kx + 1

=1
∴ y-intercept is 1. 1
3
The graph of the function y = f (x) is as follows: 4
x
O

5. Since the graph lies above the x-axis for all values of x,
∴ ∆<0
100 25
(−10) 2 − 4( 4)(c) < 0, 16c > 100, c> =
16 4
25
∴ c>
4

6. (a) For 2a + 7 = 3a + 4 ,
we have the condition 3a + 4 ≥ 0 .
2a + 7 = 3a + 4 or 2a + 7 = −(3a + 4)
− 11
a =3 a=
5
− 11
As the value of a obtained should satisfy the condition 3a + 4 ≥ 0 , a = is rejected.
5
∴ a=3

4
 Since a 2 and a 3 are the root of a quadratic equation, we have
( x − a 2 )( x − a 3 ) = 0
( x − 9)( x − 27) = 0
x 2 − 36 x + 243 = 0

(b) Since a 2 is the root of the equation(*),

( p + q )(9) 2 − 3( p − q)(9) + 24 = 0
54 p + 108q + 24 = 0......(1)
p
and p : q = −3 : 1 , = −3, p = −3q
q
Substitute p = −3q into (1),
4
− 162q + 108q + 24 = 0, q =
9
4 4
Q p = −3q , ∴ p = −3( ) = −
9 3
(c) Let b be the other root of equation(*).
2 3( p − q )
Sum of roots = a + b =
p+q
9 + b = 6, b = −3

∴ The other root of equation(*) is − 3 .

7. (a) The distance between L1 and L2 is

10 − ( −6) 16
d= units = units
12 2 + 5 2 13
(b) Let the equation of L be 12 x + 5 y + k = 0
k − ( −6) k+6
= 1, ∴ = ±1
12 2 + 5 2 13
k +6 k +6
=1 = −1
13 or 13
k =7 k = −19
∴The equation of L is 12 x + 5 y + 7 = 0 or 12 x + 5 y − 19 = 0

8. (a) Rewrite the equation (2 − k ) x + (3 + 5k ) y − 3k − 7 = 0 as (2 x + 3 y − 7) + k ( − x + 5 y − 3) = 0 .

Therefore the given equation represents a family of straight lines passing through the
intersection of
2 x + 3y − 7 = 0......(1) and − x + 5y − 3 = 0......( 2)
∴ (1) + 2 × ( 2), 13 y − 13 = 0

5
 y =1
Substitute y = 1 into (1),
2x + 3 − 7 = 0
x=2

∴ The coordinates of P are (2, 1) .

( −2 + k )(1) + (3 + 5k )(0) − 3k − 7
(b) =1 ∴ (−2k − 9) 2 = ( 2 − k ) 2 + (3 + 5k ) 2
2 2
( 2 − k ) + (3 + 5k )

4k 2 + 36k + 81 − 4 + 4k − k 2 − 9 − 30k − 25k 2 = 0

11k 2 − 5k − 34 = 0
(11k + 17)(k − 2) = 0
17
∴ k =− or 2
11
17
When k = − , the equation of the line is
11
17 39 52 26
2 x + 3y − 7 − ( − x + 5y − 3) = 0, x− y− =0
11 11 11 11
i.e. 3x − 4 y − 2 = 0
When k = 2, the equation of the line is
2 x + 3y − 7 + 2(− x + 5 y − 3) = 0, i.e.
y =1
∴ The required equations of the lines are 3x − 4 y − 2 = 0 and y = 1 .
1
(c) Slope of L1 = −
3
8 k −3
k −2
5 k +3
+ 13 3( 5 k + 3)
tan 60° = , 3=
1+ ( k−2
)(− 13 )
5k +3
14 k +11
3( 5 k + 3)

8k − 3 8k − 3
∴ = 3 or =− 3
14k + 11 14k + 11
(8 − 14 3 ) k = 3 + 11 3 or (8 + 14 3 ) k = 3 − 11 3
3 + 11 3 3 − 11 3
k= or k=
8 − 14 3 8 + 14 3
3 + 11 3
When k = , the equation of the line is
8 − 14 3

3 + 11 3
2 x + 3y − 7 + ( − x + 5y − 3) = 0, (13 − 39 3 ) x + (39 + 13 3 ) y − 65 + 65 3 = 0
8 − 14 3
(1 − 3 3 ) x + (3 + 3 ) y − 5 + 5 3 = 0

3 − 11 3
When k = , the equation of the line is
8 + 14 3

6
 3 − 11 3
2 x + 3y − 7 + ( )(− x + 5 y − 3) = 0, (13 + 39 3 ) x + (39 − 13 3 ) y − 65 − 65 3 = 0
8 + 14 3
(1 + 3 3 ) x + (3 − 3 ) y − 5 − 5 3 = 0

ab sin C ab sin C a 2 + b 2 − c 2
9. Area of ∆ABC = ∴ =
2 2 4
2ab sin C = a 2 + b 2 − c 2
By the cosine formula, c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
∴ 2ab sin C = a 2 + b 2 − a 2 − b 2 + 2ab cos C
π
tan C = 1 ∴ C=
4
10. ∠A = 180° − 25° − 75° = 80°
∠A
∠BAD = = 40°
2
∠ADB = 180° − 25° − 40° = 115°
sin 115°
By the sine formula, c = 25 ⋅ = 53.6 (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)
sin 25°
∠ADC = 180° − 115° = 65°
sin 65° = 23.5
∴ b = 25 ⋅ (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)
sin 75°
sin 40° sin 40°
BD = 25 ⋅ , DC = 25 ⋅
sin 25° sin 75°
∴ a = BD + DC = 54.7 (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)

11. (a) ( x 2 − 3 x + 1) n = [ x( x − 3) + 1] n
n ( n − 1) 2 9n ( n − 1) 2
= 1 + nx ( x − 3) + x ( x − 3) 2 +  = 1 − 3nx + [ n + ]x + 
2 2

9n( n − 1) 2
(b) ( x 2 − 3 x + 1) n (1 − 2 x) 3 = {1 − 3nx + [n + ] x + }(1 − 6 x + 12 x 2 − 8 x 3 )
2
9n 2 − 7 n 2
= 1 − (6 + 3n) x + (12 + 18n + )x + 
2
Q ( x 2 − 3 x + 1) n (1 − 2 x) 3 = 1 − 30 x + kx 2 + 
∴ 6 + 3n = 30 , n=8

9(8) 2 − 7(8)
12 + 18(8) + =k
2
k = 416

7
12. (a) x 2 + y 2 − 18 x − 8 y + 72 = 0
− 18 −8
The centre = ( − , − ) = (9, 4)
2 2
Let (x, 0) be the coordinates of C.
x 2 − 18 x + 72 = 0
( x − 12)( x − 6) = 0
x = 12 or x = 6
AB = (6 − 5) 2 + (8 − 1) 2 = 50 , BC = (5 − x ) 2 + (1 − 0) 2
50 = 25 − 10x + x 2 + 1, x 2 − 10x − 24 = 0 ( AB = BC)
( x − 12)( x + 2) = 0, x = 12 or x = −2 (rejected)

∴ The coordinates of C are (12, 0).

(b) AC = (6 − 12) 2 + (8 − 0) 2 = 10
1 1
Q Radius = ( −18) 2 + ( −8) 2 − 4(72) = 100 = 5
2 2
∴ AC is the diameter.
8 − 0 4 −1
Q m AC ⋅ m BO = ⋅ = −1
6 − 12 9 − 5
∴ AC ⊥ BO
1 1
∴ Area of ∆ABC = AC ⋅ BO = (10)(5) = 25 square units
2 2
(c) Shortest distance from O to BC = distance from O to the mid-point of BC
5 + 12 1 + 0 17 1
Mid-point of BC = ( , ) =( , )
2 2 2 2
17 2 1 5 2
∴ Shortest distance from O to BC = (9 − ) + (4 − ) 2 =
2 2 2

13. (a) ∆ = [ 2( m + 1) 2 ] 2 − 4( m)[ −8(17m − 1)]

= 4( m + 1) 4 + 32m(17 m − 1)
Since m is a positive integer, i.e. m ≥ 1
∴ 17 m − 1 > 0 and (m + 1) 4 > 0
32m(17m − 1) > 0 4( m + 1) 4 > 0
∴ 4( m + 1) 4 + 32m(17 m − 1) > 0
∴ ∆>0
∴ α and β are distinct real numbers.
− 2(m + 1) 2 8(1 − 17 m)
(b) α+β= , αβ =
m m

8
 − 2( m + 1) 2 8(1 − 17m)
(8 − α)(8 − β) = 64 − 8(α + β) + αβ = 64 − 8( )+
m m
64m + 16m 2 + 32m + 16 + 8 − 136m 16m 2 − 40m + 24 8
= = = ( 2m 2 − 5m + 3)
m m m

(c) If 8 < α < β , then (8 − α)(8 − β) > 0

8
( 2m 2 − 5m + 3) > 0, 2m 2 − 5m + 3 > 0, ( 2m − 3)(m − 1) > 0
m
3
m> or m < 1 (rejected)
2
∴ The minimum value of m is 2 .

14. (a) PB = PA
s = (s − 3) 2 + t 2 , s 2 = (s − 3) 2 + t 2 , 6s − 9 − t 2 = 0
2
∴ The equation of locus of P is y − 6 x + 9 = 0.

(b) P is the mid-point of AC.

h +3
s= , h = 2 s −3......(1)
∴ 2
k +0
t= , k = 2t......( 2)
2

∴ h = 2 s − 3, k = 2t

(c) h = 2s −3 and k = 2t satisfy the equation 6s − 9 − t 2 = 0......(3)

h+3 k
By (b), s=
and t =
2 2
h+3 k
Substitute s = and t = into (3),
2 2
h+3 k k2
6( ) − 9 − ( ) 2 = 0, 3h + 9 − 9 − = 0, 12h − k 2 = 0
2 2 4
2
∴ The equation of the locus of C is y − 12 x = 0.
2x + 4x 2 x − 4x
− 2 sin( ) sin( ) sin 3x sin( − x ) sin 3x sin x
cos 2x − cos 4 x 2 2
15. = =− = = tan x
sin 2 x + sin 4 x 2x + 4x 2x − 4 x sin 3x cos(− x ) sin 3x cos x
2 sin( ) cos( )
2 2

16. (a)(i) sin 3θ = sin(θ + 2θ) (ii) cos 3θ = cos(θ + 2θ)

9
 = sin θ cos 2θ + cos θ sin 2θ = cos θ cos 2θ − sin θ sin 2θ
3 2
= sin θ − 2 sin θ + 2 sin θ cos θ = 2 cos 3 θ − cos θ − 2 sin 2 θ cos θ
= sin θ − 2 sin 3 θ + 2 sin θ − 2 sin 3 θ = 2 cos 3 θ − cos θ − 2 cos θ + 2 cos 3 θ
= 3 sin θ − 4 sin 3 θ = 4 cos 3 θ − 3 cos θ

(b) Sum of roots = sin 3θ sin 3 θ + cos 3θ cos 3 θ = (3 sin θ − 4 sin 3 θ) sin 3 θ + ( 4 cos 3 θ − 3 cos θ) cos 3 θ
= 3 sin 4 θ − 4 sin 6 θ + cos 4 θ( 4 cos 2 θ − 3) = 3 sin 4 θ − 4 sin 6 θ + (1 − sin 2 θ) 2 [ 4(1 − sin 2 θ) − 3]
= 3 sin 4 θ − 4 sin 6 θ + (1 − 2 sin 2 θ + sin 4 θ)(1 − 4 sin 2 θ)
= 3 sin 4 θ − 4 sin 6 θ + 1 − 4 sin 2 θ − 2 sin 2 θ + 8 sin 4 θ + sin 4 θ − 4 sin 6 θ
= 1 − 6 sin 2 θ + 12 sin 4 θ − 8 sin 6 θ = (1 − 2 sin 2 θ) 3 = cos 3 2θ
Product of roots = (sin 3θ sin 3 θ)(cos 3θ cos 3 θ) = sin 3θ cos 3θ sin 3 θ cos3 θ
1 2 sin θ cos θ ⋅ 2 sin θ cos θ ⋅ 2 sin θ cos θ sin 6θ sin 3 2θ sin 6θ sin 3 2θ
= sin 6θ ⋅ = ⋅ =
2 8 2 8 16
∴ The equation with roots sin 3θ sin 3 θ and cos 3θ cos 3 θ is
sin 6θ sin 3 2θ
x 2 − cos 3 2θx + =0
16
16 x 2 − 16 cos 3 2θx + sin 6θ sin 3 2θ = 0

17. 2 cos 2 θ − 1 = sin θ

2(1 − sin 2 θ) − 1 − sin θ = 0
− 2 sin 2 θ − sin θ + 1 = 0
2 sin 2 θ + sin θ − 1 = 0
(sin θ + 1)(2 sin θ − 1) = 0
1
sin θ = −1 , or sin θ =
2
π π
θ = nπ − ( −1) n or θ = nπ + ( −1) n , where n is any integer.
2 6

18. (a) r cos(θ − α) = r cos θ cos α + r sin θ sin α = (r cos α) cos θ + ( r sin α) sin θ
As cos θ + sin θ = r cos(θ − α) ∴ r cos α = 1 , r sin α = 1
π
r = 12 + 12 = 2 , tan α = 1, α=
4
π
∴ cos θ + sin θ = 2 cos(θ − )
4
π
(b) Let y = cos θ + sin θ = 2 cos(θ − )
4

10
 π π
Since − 1 ≤ cos(θ − ≤1, ∴ − 2 ≤ 2 cos(θ − ) ≤ 2
4 4
∴The maximum value of y is 2. The minimum value of y is − 2 .
19. Let h be the height of TC
AC = h cot 40°, BC = h cot 50°
∠ACB = 180° − 20° = 160°
In ∆ABC , by the cosine formula,
AB 2 = AC 2 + BC 2 − 2( AC )( BC ) cos ∠ACB
100 2 = ( h cot 40°) + ( h cot 50°) 2 − 2( h cot 40°)(h cot 50°) cos 160°
100 2
h2 =
cot 2 40° + cot 2 50° − 2 cot 40° cot 50° cos 160°
h = 49.98 m (corr. to 2 d.p.)

11