Presenter : Rafeeq Kamel Ali Muhaisen Laboratory Supervisor / Chemist Qatar National Cement Co.

Blended cement is type of cement manufactured by mixing various mixtures. Besides clinker and gypsum to Portland cement so many types mixtures where defined by different specifications and other still under development

Blast furnace slag Fly ash Silica fume Rice hull ash Perlite Bentonite Micro silica (natural pozzolana)

Blend cement

Why Blend Cements are Produced

The use of these wastes or by-product from other industries reduce s

Reduce environmental pollution. Recycle waste with advantage and improvement for cement concrete The cost of cement production Used as part of alternative materials to save natural resources Reduce the effects on environmental pollution instead to send for landfill.

Natural Pozzolans

Fly Ash

Fly ash is one of the most widely used supplementary cementing materials in cement concrete and has successfully used in portland cement as minerals admixture and more recently as component of blended cement. Fly ash function either as partial replacement or addition to portland cement and to direct addition to ready mix concrete at the Batch plant or inter ground with cement clinker. Classification ASTM C 595 defines two blended cement in which fly ash is added. Type IP I-PM Fly ash addition 15-40 % Less than 15% ASTM C 618 defines two classes of fly ash to be used in concrete. Class F C Source Anthracite & bituminous Lignite & sub bituminous

ORIGIN

Fly ash produced from the burning of pulverized coal in coal fired boiler furnaces, for producing power electricity. In general there are three types of coal fired furnaces.
Dry-bottom boilers Wet-bottom boilers Cyclone furnaces

Fly ash that produced from the burning of anthracite or bituminous coal is typically pozzolanic class F which meets the physical and chemical requirement.

Pozzolanic properties contain glassy silica and aluminates that in the presence of water and free lime react with calcium in the lime to produce calcium silicate hydrated. PC + H2O CSH (binder) + Ca (OH)2 (by product) PC + FLY ASH + H2O CSH (calcium silicate hydrated) Ca (OH)2 + FLY ASH CSH

Fly ash produced from the burning of the lignite or sub bituminous coal has pozzolanic properties and also has self cementing properties (the ability to harden and gain strength in the presence of water alone-----class C
Component SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 Na2O K2O LOI Bituminous 20-60 5-35 10-40 1-12 0-5 0-4 0-4 0-3 0-15 Subbiuminous 40-60 20-30 4-10 5-30 1-6 0-2 0-2 0-4 0-3 Lignite 15-45 10-25 4-15 15-40 3-10 0-10 0-6 0-4 0-5

For confirming the quality of fly ash that used in Portland cement the following sources of ash should be avoided due to inverse effects on concrete.
Ash from a peaking plant instead of base loaded plant. Ash from plant burning different coals or blend of coal. Ash from plants burning other fuels (wood, chips, tires, trash) blended with coal. Ash from plant using oil as supplementary fuel. Ash from start-up or shut-down phases of operation. Ash from plants not operating at a steady state. Ash that is handling and stored using a wet system.

Physical properties Fly ash consists of fine, powdery particles that are predominantly spherical in shape, solid or hollow and mostly glassy amorphous in nature.
Blaine S.P.Gravity Color 170-1000m2/Kg 2.1-3.0 Tan gray - black

The color of flay ash depending on the amount of unburned carbon in the ash more light color lower carbon content.

Concrete Containing Fly Ash Cement had a benefit to : Workability due to the spherical fly ash particles. Reducing bleeding and less water demand. Increase the ultimate strength. Reduce permeability and chloride ion penetration. Lower heat of hydration. Great resistance to sulfate attack. Reduce dry shrinkage. Reduce the reaction between alkalis and silica in aggregate (ASR).

Concrete containing fly ash cement improve the following properties Work ability:
At a given water cement ratio the spherical shape of most fly ash particles permits great workability than with conventional concrete mixes, when fly ash is used , the absolute volume of cement plus fly ash usually exceed that of cement in conventional concrete mixes. The increased ratio of soiled volume produces a paste with improved plasticity and more cohesiveness. When replacing 25% of Portland cement in concrete all class F fly ash and most C class increase the time of setting. However, some class C ashes may have little effect on or possibly even decrease, the time of setting. Delays in setting time will probably be more pronounced, compared with conventional concrete mixes, during the cooler or colder season.

Time of set:

Bleeding:

Bleeding is usually reduced because of the greater volume of fines and lower required water content for a given degree or workability.

Pump-ability:
Pump ability is increased by the same characteristic affecting workability, specifically, the lubricating effect of the spherical fly ash particles and the increased ratio of solids to liquid that makes the concrete less prone to segregation.

Strength development:
Previous studies of fly ash concrete mixes have generally confirmed that most mixes that contain class F fly ash that replaced Portland cement at a 1:1 equal weight ratio gain compressive strength, as well as tensile strength, more slowly than conventional concrete mixes for up to as long 60 to 90 days, class F fly ash concrete mixes will ultimately exceed the strength of conventional Portland cement concrete mixes for mixes with replacement ratios from 1:1 to 1.5:1 by weight of class F fly ash to Portland cement that is being replaced, 28 days strength development is approximately equal of conventional concrete. Class C fly ashes often exhibit a higher rate of reaction at early ages than class F fly ashes. Some class C fly ashes as effective as Portland cement in developing at 28-days strength. Both class F and C are beneficial in the production of high strength concrete.

Heat of hydration:
The initial impetus for fly ash in concrete stemmed from the fact that the more slowly reacting fly ash generates less per unit of time than the hydration of the faster than reacting Portland cement thus the temperature rise in large masses of concrete can be significantly reduced. If fly ash is substituted for cement since more of the heat can be dissipated as it develops. Not only the risk of thermal cracking reduced, but also a greater ultimate strength is attained in concrete with fly ash because of the pozzolanic reaction. Class F is generally more effective than class C in reducing the heat of hydration

Permeability
Fly ash reacting with available lime and alkalis generating additional cementitious compound that act to block bleeding channels filling pore space and reducing the permeability of the hardened concrete the pozzolanic reaction consumes calcium hydroxides which is leach able, replacing it with insoluble calcium silicate hydrated the increased volume of fines and reduced water content also play a role.

Resistance to freeze thaw: As with all concrete, the resistance of fly ash concrete to damage from freezing and thawing depends on the adequacy of the air void system, as well as other factors, such as strength development, climate and the use of deicer salt. Special attention must be given to attain the proper amount of entrained air and void distribution. Once fly ash concrete has developed adequate strength, no significant difference in concrete durability has usually been observed. There should be more tendencies for fly ash concrete to scale in freezing and thawing exposure than conventional concrete. Provided the fly ash concrete has achieved it designed strength and has the proper air void system.
Sulfate attack:

Class F fly ash will generally improve the sulfate resistance of any concrete mixture in which it is included some class C fly ashes to sulfate deterioration are reportedly a function of the ratio of calcium oxide to iron oxide.

Alkali silica reaction ASR: Class F fly ash is effective in three ways in substantially reducing alkali silica expansion it produces a denser, less permeable concrete and when used as cement replacement it reduces total alkali content by reducing the Portland cement, alkalis react with fly ash instead of reactive silica aggregate class F fly ash more effective than class C fly ash because of their higher silica content which can react with alkalis.

Slag or ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS),widely used in concrete projects, using slag cement to replace a partial of Portland cement in concrete mixture and make concrete better and improvement in concrete workability, easer finish ability, higher later compressive strength, flexural strength lower permeability, improved resistance to aggressive chemical light color more consistence, plastic and harden properties.

Slag manufacturing:
Slag is by product from iron manufacturing, by using blast furnace, the furnace continuously charged from the top with oxides, fluxing materials and fuels, two product produced molten slag and iron , iron is collected on the of the hearth, the molten slag is float on the top of the molten iron, both trapped separately the molten slag diverted to granulator which mean rapid quenching with water to change slag to raw material granules here the rapid cooling prohibited the formation of crystal and form glassy nonmetallic silicate and alumina silicate of calcium, the granules dried and then ground to suitable fineness.

The need of slag in concrete

The addition of slag cement in concrete from 20 80 % depending on the type of application and by the requirement for strength, durability, time of set, heat of hydration, the resistance of concrete mixture to alkali silicate reaction and sulfate attack, and chloride penetration.

Concrete containing slag cement

Concrete containing slag cement should be proportion according to ACI 211.1

Slag cement Portland cement

Specific gravity 2.94 2.85 3.15

Concrete containing slag cement

The difference in specific gravity have mean greater volume of slag cement will be used to replace the same mass of Portland cement, more fines give a mixture more easer to place finish and consolidate, higher percentage of coarse aggregate can be used to increase strength and reduce water demand without affecting plastic properties. Generally water demand for any given slump may be reduced up to 5% and slag cement should always include when calculating water cement ratio. The effect of chemical admixture on concrete containing slag cement is the same effect of admixture with Portland cement doesnt contain carbon for that there is no effect on air content. Concrete containing slag cement has lower heat of hydration depending on percentage of slag replacement which is beneficial in summer it's allow more time for placing and finishing.

Improvement on concrete containing slag cement

Time of set Time of set is the time which penetration resistance reaches specific value according to ASTM class C 403.
Penetration resistance Initial : 500 psi Final : 4000 psi

The initial time of set means at which a concrete surface can bear the weight of an individual with minimum indentation when water comes into concrete with hydraulic cement a chemical reaction ( hydration ) combines water with cement forming chemical compound increasing the strength of the material and changing it from plastic, moldable to a solid capable of withstanding substantial load.

Saw cutting joints:

Means creating joints in concrete joints are an effective way to control cracking due to shrinkage. Joint need for cutting when concrete reaches enough strength, to keep it from raveling, but before internal stress in the concrete becomes great enough to initiate crack. When using concrete containing slag cement it's important to know that time of set maybe increased and early strength development may take longer. The higher percentage of slag cement used and the lower the ambient temperature, the more pronounced this effect will be.

Saw cutting joints

In the summer when moderate to high temperature are the normal mixture containing up to 50% slag cement have been used in success. In cold season the percentage of slag cement may have need to be decreased in order to achieve the early strength necessary to provide an adequate window for saw cutting. The saw cut is delayed 30 minutes for every 10% of slag cement replacing Portland cement with cold mixture temperature, the delay may be longer, this delay can be adjusted thought the use of accelerating admixture heated water or heated aggregate.

Reducing permeability
Which is the measure of how easy it for water, air, other substance such as chloride ion to enter concrete. Permeable concrete is a principal reason for Concrete deterioration due to reinforcing steel corrosion And other deterioration mechanisms

Reducing permeability Reducing permeability by using slag cement the reaction of cement with water.
PC +H2O ------------ CSH + Ca (OH)2
The Permeability is related to proportion of CSH to Ca (OH) 2 in the cement past more CSH formation the lower permeability using slag cement it will react with Ca(OH)2 to form CSH . Concrete with lower permeability can generally be achieved by substituting 25-65% slag cement.

Sulfate Attack
Principle factor that effect the rate and severity of sulfate attack.

1, Permeability of the concrete. 2, Concentration of the sulfate in the waterborne solution. 3, C3A content 4, Ca (OH)2 content

One of the most methods to of protecting against sulfate attack is to reduce the alumina content by limiting the C3A in Portland cement.

The use of slag cement reduce the likelihood of sulfate attack in three way Slag cement does not contain C3A so its addition in concrete dilutes the total amount of C3A in the system. Slag cement reduces concrete permeability, making it harder for sulfate to penetrate into concrete. Slag cement reacts with excess Ca (OH)2 to form additional CSH which provide strength and holds the concrete together this decrease the total amount of Ca(OH)2 in the system. Alkali silica reaction ASR) is the chemical reaction between the alkalis in the Portland cement and certain siliceous aggregate. These aggregate when placed in highly alkaline solution and in the presence of water and calcium will expands, it causes the concrete to crack, as the concrete deterioration, and more water enters to fuel the reaction. This cycle continues until the concrete deterioration past the point of serviceability.

Factors that affect the rate and severity of ASR:

Potential reactivity of the aggregate. Alkali content of the cement. Amount of water 5age in the concrete. Number of wet/dry cycle.

The use of slag cement well reduce the potential of ASR occurring by

Top size of the aggregate.

Reducing the total alkalis in the system thus reducing the alkali silica ratio. Consuming alkalis in the hydration process making them unavailable for the alkali silica reaction. Reducing pore size and mobility of the alkali. Reducing the pore liquid that reacts with the aggregate.

Reducing Thermal Stress In Mass Concrete: Mass concrete is any volume of concrete with dimension large enough to require that measures be taken to cope with the generation of heat and attendant volume change to minimize cracking cement hydration generates heat. Heat dissipates from concrete slowly the thicker the section the longer it will take the interior to cool this can result in large temperature differential between the concrete surface and its interior the concrete is then subject to high thermal stresses which can result in cracking and loss of structural integrity. There are three generally accepted methods for reducing thermal stress in concrete 1. Reduce the total cementations content 2. Reduce the Portland cement content 3. Slow down the hydration process thought the use of various admixtures or cooling the concrete

Concrete Containing Slag Cement

When slag cement is incorporated in a concrete mixture less heat is generate and thermal stress is reduced. Due to increased strength with slag cement the total cementitious content can be reduce Portland cement content is reduced by the percentage of slag cement used and hydration characteristic of slag cement are such that the early rate of heat generation and peak temperature of the concrete are reduced.

Compressive And Flexural Strength

Concrete containing slag cement providing higher compressive and flexural strength comparing with Portland cement concrete improved strength make it easer to achieve specified safety factor of the concrete mixture and can provide engineering with a tool to optimize concrete element design it provide enhanced material properties allowing producer to optimize concrete mix design.

Compressive And Flexural Strength

Slag cement increase the compressive and flexural strength of conventional concrete and is often a vital component in producing high strength concrete at 28day strength generally increase as the percentage of slag cement increase up to about 50% slag as a percent of cementations material when Portland cement react water it form CSH hydrated and Ca(OH)2 CSH is the glue binder compound provides strength and hold the concrete together calcium hydroxide is the by-product of Portland cement hydration that does not contribute to strength when slag cement is used as a part of the cementations material in concrete mix it react with water and calcium hydroxide to form CSH the additional CSH densifies the concrete matrix enhancing strength.

Silica fume
Silica fume is a byproduct of producing silicon metal or ferrosilicon alloys. One of the most beneficial uses for silica fume is in concrete. Because of its chemical and physical properties, it is a very reactive pozzolan. Concrete containing silica fume can have very high strength and can be very durable. When specified, is simply added during concrete production. Placing, finishing, and curing silica-fume concrete require special attention on the part of the concrete contractor.

ORIGIN OF SILICA FUME

Silicon metal and alloys are produced in electric furnaces as the raw materials are quartz, coal, and woodchips. The smoke that results from furnace operation is collected and sold as silica fume, rather than being land filled. Perhaps the most important use of this material is as a mineral admixture in concrete. Silica fume consists primarily of amorphous (non-crystalline) silicon dioxide (SiO2). The individual particles are extremely small, approximately 1/100th the size of an average cement particle. Because of its fine particles, large surface area, and the high SiO2 content, silica fume is a very reactive pozzolan when used in concrete. The quality of silica fume is specified by ASTM C 1240.

High-strength concrete is a very economical material for carrying vertical loads in high-rise structures. Until a few years ago, 6,000 psi concrete was considered to be high strength. Today, using silica fume, concrete with compressive strength in excess of 15,000 psi can be readily produced, used silicafume concrete with a specified compressive strength of 12,000 psi in columns reaching from the ground. Assistance in specifying silicafume concrete for high strength or increased durability can be obtained from the major admixture suppliers.

The greatest cause of concrete deterioration in some countries today is corrosion induced by deicing or marine salts. Silica-fume concrete with low water content is highly resistant to penetration by chloride ions. More and more transportation agencies are using silica fume in their concrete for construction of new bridges or rehabilitation of existing structures. Silica-fume concrete does not just happen; a specifier must make a conscious decision to include it in concrete to achieve desired concrete properties. Silica Fumes

Silica fume for use in concrete is available in wet or dry forms. It is usually added during concrete production at a concrete plant. Silica fume-concrete has been successfully produced in both central-mix and dry-batch plants. Assistance is readily available on all aspects of handling silica fume and using it to produce consistent, high-quality concrete. Silica-fume concrete should be transported, placed, finished, and cured following the good concreting practices outlined by the American Concrete Institute. Flatwork containing silica fume concrete generally requires less finishing effort than conventional concrete. Silica-fume concrete is placed, consolidated, and textured with little or no waiting time between operations. To gain the most benefits from using silica fume, the concrete must be cured effectively. Silica Fumes

 Lowering concrete permeability.

ADVANTAGES OF SILICA FUME IN CONCRETE

Increase concrete durability. It can use in all type of high strength concrete. Increase ultimate strength gain. Improve bond strength to steel. Reduce alkalis silica reaction. Provides excellent resistance to sulfate and seawater attack. Reduce steel corrosion. Improve frees/thaw durability of concrete.

INTRODUCTION
Rice hull ash cement is cement made from the addition of rice hull ash to cement which contain silica in high content after burning processes of rice husk.

Rice husk is an agro-waste material containing organic substances and about 20% of silica by mass. And after burning processes and sieve silicon dioxide can reach up to 93%. The most important property of RHA is highly reactive pozzolanic materials suitable for use in mix with Portland cement replacement. The type of silicon dioxide in RHA is non-crystalline (amorphous).
Rice Hull Ash / RHA

Origin of RHA
Rice husk is the protective layer coating which protect the rice seeds during the growing, and it is hard materials indigestion to human. Besides silica it contains cellules, hemi-cellules, and lignin.

In the past, rice husk was burned in the field and causing environmental pollution, from here research and study started to find the proper solution to recycle these waste in different industry.

Manufacturing
To have RHA suitable to be used in cement and concrete must be burned at temperature from 650800C for long time. Temperature must not exceed 800C to avoid the formation of crystalline silica, and burn all the cellules to produce gray-colored ash.

Now a days new processes were developed to burn rice husk in order to reduce environmental pollution rather than send it to landfill.

The addition of RHA to cement

RHA as supplementary materials have a good super-pozzolan property, which make it suitable for big mass concrete to improve the strength and make special concrete mix

Chemical and physical property of RHA

According to the chemical analysis, the RHA has a high level of silicon dioxide, approximately 93% and the specific gravity is about 2.162.31gm/cm3 and the average size distribution is 12.34um. Thus the RHA is finer than cement and should be expected to work not only a pozzolanic role but also a micro filler effect. SO3 0.10 Na2O K2O 0.02 0.72

compound SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Result % Specific gravity g/cm3 2.16 - 2.31 93.00 0.18 0.43 1.03 0.35

Particle size um 12.30

Blain cm2/g 16196

Passing # 325 % 96.6

The addition of RHA to Portland cement improved the following characteristic: Resistance to acid attack
RHA cement is exposed to a mixture of 10% hydrochloric acid and 10% sulfuric acid and is found to have more resistance than OPC. It is the silica present in the RHA which combines with the calcium hydroxide and reduced the amount susceptible to acid attack as well as reducing permeability

Resistance to chloride penetration The RHA uses in the manufacturing of concrete for the marine environment by replacement about 10% to Portland cement can improve resistance to chloride penetration as the result shown in the below table.

Resistance to chloride penetration

Accelerated chloride diffusity (m2/s*E-12) control 0.6 0.5 0.4 2.4 1.7 1.3 RHA 1.0 0.3 0.1 Electrical resistivity (ohm m) control 31 44 53 RHA 63 107 172 Effective chloride diffusity (m2/s*E-12) control 63 2.5 0.6

Water binder ratio

Setting time
The addition of RHA to Portland cement is found that speed up setting time, and water requirement is greater than Portland cement as shown on the comparison between Portland cement and RHA cement in table below. Water requirement 29 litre 36 litre Initial setting 105 min 113 min

Compressive strength
The addition of RHA at 35% replacement had improved the RHA cement early strength and due to its higher %age of silica, the RHA cement also had a higher compressive strength at later strength. On other hand the addition of RHA up to 50% the strength at 28 days can be considerably reduced. The result shown in table 5&6 describe the improvement of early strength comparing with OPC when replaced 3% of RHA. Final setting 225 min 180 min Type OPC RHA

Type OPC RHA

Note: the addition of RHA here is 35%

Chemical & physical comparison between OPC & RHA Cement Compound SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 Na2O K2O CL OPC 19.93 4.85 3.16 62.8 2.49 2.81 0.17 0.80 0.061 97%OPC + 3% RHA 22.00 4.90 3.07 60.71 2.42 2.68 0.18 0.83 0.054
OPC LOI IR F.CaO Blain 90 mic retain w/c T.alk Initial setting Final setting expansion 2-days 7-days 28-days 27.60 0.70 160 min 210 min 0.5 mm 22.20N/mm2 36.42N/mm2 45.23N/mm2 23.49 N/mm2 36.26 N/mm2 43.87 N/mm2 1.60% 0.63% 1.74% 3118 cm2/g OPC+RHA 1.70% 3.32% 1.63 3309 cm2/g 0.93% 28.40 0.73

Replacement of RHA for silica fume in high strength concrete

Silica fume or micro silica is the most commonly used minerals admixture in high strength concrete. Though difficult to handle, expensive, transport, and mix, it has become the most favorite for high strength concrete. The American society for testing and materials (ASTM) place RHA in the same class as silica fumes that of highly reactive pozzolan. The ASTM cited result demonstrates that RHA strength concrete and RHA could potentially replace silica fume. One of the major characters of RHA is then high water demand and coarseness compound with condensed silica fume. To solve this problem RHA need to be ground finely for at least I hour depending on grinding processes in to particles of 8-10um and a super plasticizer added to reduce water requirement. In field application of Arch dam using two test block of RHA concrete using this additive. Three years later there was no evidence of scaling or cracking, yet the surrounding plain shot Crete was severely damage

WHAT IS PERLITE
Perlite is an that has relatively high content. It occurs naturally and has the unusual property of greatly expanding when heated sufficiently. Perlite is a generic term for naturally occurring siliceous volcanic rock. The distinguishing feature which sets perlite apart from other volcanic glasses is that when heated to a suitable point in its softening range, it expands from four to twenty times its original volume. This expansion process is due to the presence of two to six percent combined water in the crude perlite rock. When quickly heated to above 1600o F (870o C) the crude rock pops in a manner similar to popcorn as the combined water vaporizes and creates countless tiny bubbles in the softened glassy particles. It is these tiny glasssealed bubbles which account for the amazing lightweight and other exceptional physical properties of expanded perlite.

The expansion process also creates one of perlite's most distinguishing characteristics: its white color. While the crude perlite rock may range from transparent to light gray to glossy black, the color of expanded perlite ranges from snowy white to grayish white. Expanded perlite can be manufactured to weigh from 2 lbs/ft3 (32 kg/m3 ) to 15 lb/ft3 (240 kg/m3 ) making it adaptable for numerous applications in the construction, industrial, chemical, horticultural and petrochemical industries. A unique use for perlite is in cementing, oil, gas, water and geothermal wells.

WELL CEMENTING A lubricating mud consisting of water, clay, pozzolans and other materials is used to facile Tate drilling of oil, gas, water and geothermal wells. This lubricating mud is forced out through the bottom of the drill casing and the space between the well bore and the casing is cemented to prevent the intrusion of corrosive waters and other contaminants into the well.

WHY PERLITE CEMENT?

Well cementing materials such as diatomaceous earth, pozzolan, fly ash and glass beads do not have the lightweight properties exhibited by perlite concrete unless concentrations of bentonite or gel, as it is referred to, are added to the cement. A disadvantage of large concentrations of gel is that they are not compatible with heat. Because perlite cement is not affected by heat and little material is lost in cementing operations due to its ability to bridge voids, perlite cement provides more effective and less costly well cement. The dry weight of perlite is only 8 lb/ft3 (128 kg/M3) as opposed to 25-100 lb/ft3 (400-1600 kg/M3) - the dry weight of the other materials.

ADVANTAGES OF USING PERLITE WELL CEMENT 1. Lighter density 2. Aids in bridging 3. Heat compatible 4. Lower costs 5. Insulating qualities

Typical Physical Properties Color Refractive Index Free Moisture, Maximum pH (of water slurry) Specific Gravity Bulk Density (loose weight) Mesh Size Available Softening Point Fusion Point Specific Heat Thermal Conductivity at 75F (24C)
White 1.5 0.5% 6.5 - 8.0 2.2 - 2.4 As desired but usually in the 2-25 lb/ft3 range (32-400 kg/m3) As desired, 4-8 mesh and finer 1600-2000F (871-1093C) 2300-2450F (1260-1343C) 0.2 Btu/lbF (387 J/kgK) .27-.41 Btuin/hft2F(.04-.06 W/mK)

Solubility .......Soluble in hot concentrated alkali and HF Moderately soluble (<10%) in 1N NaOH Slightly soluble (<3%) in mineral acids (1N) Very slightly soluble (<1%) in water or weak acids

Typical Perlite Well Cement Aggregate Screen Size Mesh 8 16 30 50 100 200 I.S.O. (mm) 2.4 1.2 0.6 0.3 0.15 .075 % Passing 100.0 75.0 40.0 14.0 4.0 1.1

TYPICAL CHEMICAL ANALYSES* Silicon Aluminum Potassium Sodium Iron Calcium Magnesium Traces Oxygen (by difference) .....Net Total Bound Water 33.8 7.2 3.5 3.4 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.2 47.5 97.0 3.0

All analyses are shown in elemental form even though the actual forms present are mixed glassy silicates. Free silica may be present in small amounts, characteristic of the particular ore body.