Radar Trainer NV2001

Learning Material Ver 1.1

Designed & Manufactured by:

141-B, Electronic Complex, Pardesipura, Indore- 452 010 India, Tel.: 91-731- 4211500, Telefax: 91-731-4202959, Toll free: 1800-103-5050, E-mail: info@nvistech.com Website: www.nvistech.com

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Radar Trainer NV 2001 Table of Contents

1. Introduction

3 4 5 6 7 13 15

2. Features 3. Technical Specifications 4. About Software 5. Concept of Doppler Radar and Theory 6. Theory of Operation 7. Experiments a. Experiment 1 Study of the working of Doppler Radar

b. Experiment 2 17 Determination of the velocity of the object moving in the Radar range c. Experiment 3 Understanding the principle of Doppler Radar of Time and Frequency measurement with the help of moving pendulum 19

d. Experiment 4 Study of the alarm system by using Radar e. f. Experiment 5 Study of the object counting with the help of Radar Experiment 6 Study of the detection of vibration of different Tuning forks

21 22 24 26

g. Experiment 7 Determination of the rotation per minute (RPM) of a moving object h. Experiment 8 Study the effect of different types of materials on Radar receiving or detection 8. Warranty 9. List of Service Center 10. List of Accessories

28

30 31 32

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Introduction NV2001 Radar Trainer is very useful training system for laboratory to understand the concept of Radar and its working principle. Radar or Radio Detection and Ranging is probably the most prevalent application of Microwave technology. In its basic operation, a transmitter sends out a signal, which is partly reflected by a distant target and then detected by a sensitive receiver. If a narrow beam antenna is used, the targets direction can be accurately given by the position of the antenna. The radial velocity of the target is related to the Doppler shift of the return signal. The Radar systems are used in civilian, military and scientific applications. The word RADAR is an acronym cairned in 1942 (II world war) by U.S. Navy for Radio Detection and Ranging. It is basically a means of gathering information about distant objects or targets by sending electromagnetic waves at them and analyzing reflected waves or echo signals. Radar can detect static or mobile objects or targets and is the most effective method for guiding a pilot with regard to his location in space and also for plane for similar purposes. The reradiated energy on being received back at the Radar station gives information about the location of target. The location of target includes range, angle and velocity parameters. The range is the distance of the target from station; a Pulse Radar System is to be used for this purpose. But angle and velocity could be easily find out by Doppler Radar.

Roof mounted antenna in the raised position

Figure 1 For stationary location of the target, the received power must be appreciable high. Accordingly, the amount of power required to be radiated by the Radar Transmitter must be tremendous, typically few kW to MW. Such high power at high frequencies can be generated using magnetrons.
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Features Complete hardware and software setup to demonstrate the Radar concept Signals study on software as well as on CRO with the help of test points given on trainer Provided with attractive LCD display for counts. Real time fan RPM measurements and vibration measurements with the help of tuning forks Tripod stand provide for height and level matching A complete accessories setup for all experiments LED Indication for Doppler echo signal On board alarm for detection Learning Material CD

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Technical Specifications

Transmitting Frequency Output Power Operating Voltage Antenna IF Output Power Supply Software Display Window: Time Domain window

: : : : : :

10 GHz 10 to 15mW 8.6V or adjustable Horn Audio range 230V 10%, 50Hz

Display the Doppler frequency in time domain. Display the Doppler frequency in frequency domain. User interface for 1. Start/Stop the Display 2. Allows setting of time base and amplitude range on display window. 3. Allows Printing of Doppler frequency 4. Measurement of Doppler frequency

Frequency Domain window

Control Panel window

System Requirements O/S RAM Space Required Screen Resolution Hardware Platform

: : : : : : Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp 64 MB and onwards 10MB 1024 x 768 pixels Pentium machine with sound port

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About Software This software is used to display and measure the Doppler frequency detected by the Radar trainer.
Installation Help:

1. 2.

Instructions followed by the user for real time signal display software. Insert the real time Doppler Radar trainer software CD into CD drive. It automatically installs the software into specify installed location (by default c:\programfiles\ installed location) of users PC. Execute the Doppler Radar trainer software application from start menu/ Doppler Radar trainer software/ Radar.exe To acquire the Doppler frequency on display window of software stereo cable is used connected between PC interface point given on the Radar system trainer and Line/ Mic in socket provided on users PC.

3.

4.

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Concept of Doppler Radar and Theory A number of Radar systems are sufficiently unlike the re treated so far to be dealt with separately. They include first of all CW Radar, which makes extensive use of Doppler effect for target speed measurements. A simple Doppler Radar sends out continuous sine waves rather than pulses, as the one shown in fig. It uses the Doppler Effect to detect the frequency change caused by a moving target and displays this as a relative velocity. Doppler Effect: When the target is moving relative to Radar, an apparent shift in the carrier frequency of the received signal will result. This effect is called the Doppler Effect and it is the basis of continuous wave (CW) Radar.

Figure 2 The Doppler frequency is given by

OR

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Block Diagram of CW Doppler Radar

Figure 3 Where

Fd = Doppler frequency Ft = transmission frequency. Vr = Relative velocity of target with respect to Radar.
= Wavelength of transmitted wave.

C = Velocity of light. The transmitter generates a continuous oscillation of frequency Fo that is radiated by the antenna. The target intercepts a portion of this radiated energy and the receiving antenna collects the reradiated energy. If the target is in motion with a velocity (Vr) relative to the Radar, the received signal will be shifted in frequency from the transmitted frequency Fo by an amount Fd. The plus sign for an approaching target and minus for a receding target. The received echo signal (Fo Fd) enters the Radar via the antenna and is mixed in a detector mixer with a portion of the transmitter signal Fo to produce the Doppler frequency Fd. The purpose of using a amplifier is to eliminate the echo from stationary targets and to amplify the Doppler echo signal to a level where it can operate an indicating device such as a frequency counter.

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Figure 4 Ever been caught speeding by a Police Radar gun? Ever wanted to know how fast you can pitch a cricket ball or how fast you can ride your bike? Ever watched those moving maps of the rainfall across the country? If you answered "yes" to any of the above, then you know something about Doppler Radar. Basically, Doppler Radar is a good way of measuring the speed of motion of an object as it moves toward and away from the Radar source. It works by combining the Doppler effect with a fairly standard pulsed Radar unit. Like most Radar systems, it works best on objects larger than 5-10 centimeters in size, as the most effective radio frequencies tend to be between 1 and 10 cm in wavelength. The chief applications of Doppler Radar fall into two main categories: large, bulky professional systems for measuring the speed of clouds and precipitation, used in weather forecasting and analysis, and smaller, handheld systems used by Police and sports coaches to measure the speed of objects such as cars and trucks, or sports balls. Many of the cheaper systems in the latter category are not true Doppler Radar Systems at all more on this later. Advances in Radar techniques, such as phased array systems, polarized Radar and more accurately focused beams, have improved weather analysis to the point where modern forecasters can identify small tornados forming within a large cloud mass and obtain data on precipitation motion (and hence wind speeds), both in the direction of the Radar pulse, and perpendicular to it.Doppler Radar is used on a national scale to obtain wind speed data in the regions (typically a few hundreds of km) surrounding each of a number of static weather stations. Each station gives only the wind speeds in the radial direction. This information is used routinely in weather forecasting and monitoring, and is the source of those animated weather maps shown on TV forecasts. Although individual raindrops are usually quite small, Radar can detect large sheets of rain (or snow) quite easily, because a lot of small Radar targets behave more or less the same as one
large one.
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Measuring the speed of cars or sports balls: For a few hundred dollars you can buy a Radar gun, which is designed to measure the speed of a sports ball: a tennis ball during serve or a baseball when it is pitched. These are used routinely by sports coaches to assess the improvements in performance by their athletes. The gun is a basic system, based on pulsed Radar technology. The gun sends out stream of Radar pulses, each of which might be 1 microsecond long, repeated at 1millisecond intervals. Thus, the gun only emits Radar energy for about 0.1 percent of the time it is being used. Each pulse flies out of the gun, encounters an obstacle (such as a tennis ball) and is reflected back, as an echo. The gun measures the time difference between the outgoing pulse and receipt of the echo. This gives a measure of the range of the ball. There are two ways to get at the speed of the ball. The easiest is to take consecutive pulses, and see how the distance changes with time. The more sophisticated way is to measure the change in frequency in the reflected Radar pulse as it arrives back at the gun. Cheaper Radar systems tend to use the former method. It is reasonably accurate, as a lot of pulses can be sent out in a short time and the differences can be averaged to get a good measure of speed. More sophisticated systems use the later method that is the true Doppler-Radar technique. As the Radar pulse is fired, it has a known frequency. When it is reflected from a stationary object, then the pulse comes back with the same frequency, but if it the target is moving away from the gun, then the reflected wave is at a slightly longer wavelength (lower frequency) than the outgoing pulse. Of course, if the target is moving toward the gun, then the reflected pulse is at a higher frequency than the outbound pulse. Early Police Radar guns tended to use the true Doppler-Radar Technique, but newer guns use a laser system. These are not Doppler-based, but calculate speed by measuring the range of the object at a series of intervals. These laser-based systems are more accurate than the Radar-based technologies, as the laser beam remains compact, even at a distance, whereas the Radar beam tends to spread out, allowing objects apart from the target to confuse the measurement. Looking at the weather: The trouble with Radar in terms of weather systems is that Radar can only measure motion in the line joining the Radar source with the target. If there is any motion across that direction, either vertically or horizontally, then it simply does not register on the Radar picture. What Radar is very good at is in getting a very broad field view of the weather conditions, and this more than makes up for its limitations in other areas.
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However, this ability only to see motion in the radial direction was a severe limitation in first generation Radar systems and the scientists and weather forecasters have thought hard about how to get a better idea of the total wind field. There are three basic approaches to this. The first is relatively simplistic and uses simple weather models to guess what the other (horizontal) component of velocity is doing. There are two main standard models Volume Velocity Processing (VVP) and (extended) Velocity-Azimuth Display (E)VAD. These can give an estimate of the kinds of wind patterns that are likely to occur, based on the radial data from a single Doppler Radar station. The second method uses a second or third Doppler Radar station and some heavy computing power to give actual speeds over the ground. These methods are called double Doppler (from 2 stations) and triple-Doppler (three stations). If you probe any given patch of sky with two Radar beams from different locations, then you can work out exactly how the rain is moving in two horizontal axes with relatively simple geometrical methods. A third beam will improve overall accuracy, and may give data in the vertical direction as well. The third method is to use very sophisticated Radars, such as phased array systems and other modern techniques to get information about the circumferential speeds from single weather Radar. These tend to be expensive and experimental at present. One of the most promising approaches is to use a series of passive transponders at geographically separate locations to pick up multiple echos from a single transmitted pulse. Where it is important to measure small, localized wind speeds (such as on an airfield), laser-Doppler anemometry offers greater accuracy and higher resolution. Laser- Doppler systems use exactly the same principles of operation as Doppler Radar, but are usually based on CO2 lasers operating in the infrared region. Infrared light passes through clouds better than visible light, but is absorbed by water vapors, so laser- based systems do not have the same range as microwave Radars. Lasers, operating at very short wavelengths rely on reflections from tiny aerosols: dust particles floating in the air. Radar bands and an explanation of where they are used: L-Band S-Band : 1-2 GHz, 15-30 cm wavelength. Mostly used for clear-air turbulence studies. : 2-4 GHz, 08-15 cm wavelength. Used for long- and short- range weather surveillance. The WSR-88Ds (Nexrad) is S- band. Not easily attenuated but require large dishes and motors.

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C-Band

: 4-8 GHz, 04-08 cm wavelength. Used for short-range weather surveillance (e.g., near airports). Portability means they're often used in research field programs. Nice tradeoff between X- and S-Bands. Nearby bands are often used for microwave communications links. : 8-12 GHz, 2.5-4 cm wavelength. Used for very short-range work; very sensitive to smaller particles and thus useful for studies of early cloud development. However, attenuated rapidly as they pass through storms. Share some space with police speed Radar. : 12-18, 27-40 GHz, 1.7-2.5, .75-1.2 cm wavelength. Actually two bands, split downs the middle by a strong water vapor absorption line. Similar comments as with X-bands, above. Also share space with police Radar.

X-Band

K-Band

The CW Radar can be used to measure the speed of automobiles, shells, guided missiles etc. it can be used to detect movement of troops, vehicles even in dark and in the dark and in the bad weather. Unlike pulsed Radar CW Radar is able to detect an aircraft in spite of fixed objects. However practical application of CW Radar is limited by the fact that several targets at a given bearing tend to cause confusion. Also range discrimination may be achieved only by very costly circuit complexity. Further it is the maximum power it transmits and this places a limit on its maximum range. Also it is not capable of indicating the range of the target and can show only its velocity. CW Doppler Radar has other advantages like it uses low transmitting power, low power consumption, and small size. Hence it can be used for mobile applications. It can be used by police Radars and in aircraft navigation for speed measurement and as rate of climb meter. Radar works under the Doppler theory to determine speed. This theory results in a shift from the initial frequency when it is reflected off as object moving. The Radar give emits a radio signal at known frequency and measure the change in that frequency after its bounced off a moving object and returned to the Radar instrument. For example a train blows its horn as it passes by you. The pitch of the horn changes as the train passes by. That is the audio Doppler effect. The sounds frequency changes as the train moves away from you. Christian Doppler predicted that a relationship existed between the frequency of received electromagnetic waves and the motion of the source of those waves. The Doppler effect stated simply, says that transmitted energy reflected off an object will be changed in frequency in direct proportion to the relative motion between the transmitter and reflecting object.

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Doppler Radar sensors are unsurpassed for the reliable detection of pedestrians in motion. However for curbside and crosswalk pedestrian detection, pedestrians are often not moving enough to be continuously detected by conventional microwave device. Therefore, other pedestrian detection technologies have often been employed including infrared and ultrasonic. However these technologies have their drawbacks as well including susceptibility to background noise temperature variation and colour variation. The result has been that, unit now traffic engineers have had to make uncomfortable performance compromises. With the introduction of microwave sensors, microwave sensor has revolutionized pedestrian detection. With Doppler Radar technology, even the smallest of pedestrian movement is sufficient to maintain detection. Mounting is usually accomplished using poles already in place. Mounting heights can be upto 12 feet depending on how far the pole is from the target detection area. Theory of Operation NV2001 Radar Trainer is a complete training system for teaching and learning in the laboratory. It consists of trainer board, which contains the circuitry for Doppler signal processing and transmitter and receiver box with horn antenna and a tripod. A tripod is useful in changing the height of Radar as an angle of Radar. NV2001 trainer unit contains 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. CW Transmitting Oscillator. Transmitting and receiving horn antenna. Mixer Audio amplifier and filter Alarming circuit Object counting circuitry LED indication A comparator for making a pulse over a predefined threshold

CW transmitter oscillator generates the oscillation of frequency 10GHz. A horn antenna is feeded with this signal output of oscillator also it is given to the mixer block where it is working as local oscillator input of mixer. Another input for mixer is RF signal, which is reradiated signal from target or object with the shift in frequency of oscillations and this shift in frequency is called Doppler frequency. This is the IF output of mixer, which is in audio range.

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Figure 5 The transmitted signals are of low power approx. 10 to 15mW. This is the reason for shorted range of Radar. It works under the range of 3-5 meter, but here it is assumed that there were no other movements as interference in this or nearby area. For better results, operate it in the range of 1 to 3 meter. Filter circuit is used to filter the noise in the Doppler echo signal it is a low pass filter. Amplifier is used to amplify the signal so that a good magnitude of signal could be achieved on display (either PC or any CRO) for further analysis of this signal. If digital storage oscilloscope is used then it will be very easy to capture low frequency signal. The output of amplifier is analog audio signal. This signal is further processed in a comparator, where a predefined reference is adjusted, when the signal is beyond the threshold the pulse is generated at the output of this comparator block. This received pulse is having the frequency equals to the Doppler echo. Now this pulse can be given to LED for indication of an object. Also it is given to a buzzer that beeps when pulse is received. This beep sound indicates the object or target movement in the Radar range. The same pulse is feed to an object counter, which counts the pulses incoming to it. And we know that the pulses will come only when an object is moved from Radar range, so we can count that how many objects are passed through Radar range. Different types of accessories are provided with this trainings system to generate the speed or movement so that Doppler Radar and its applications can be studied.

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Experiment 1
Objective:

Study of the working of Doppler Radar Procedure: 1. Take a tripod stand from the suitcase. 2. Fit the Trans-receiver unit on the tripod stand and adjust the suitable height for experiment. 3. Connect the SMPS supply to the trainer NV2001. 4. Connect the din connector cable from trainer board (left side of trainer) to Trans-receiver unit. 5. Firstly Switch On the SMPS supply and then Power switch on the trainer board. (after switch on Power switch near LED will be glow.) Note: Power switch is provided only for ON or OFF at the time of experiment & SMPS switch is a main switch. 6. Switch On the buzzer on trainer board and set Level Potentiometer in fully clockwise direction. 7. Connect a CRO probe on test point of Doppler Frequency Signal (fd) and wave your hand or reflected in front of antenna. 8. For maximum gain detection adjust the Detection Adjust potentiometer in such a way that moving object in front of antenna can be detected with beep sound and also observe the signals on the Oscilloscope/DSO. 9. If any noise is observe on CRO then adjust the Level Potentiometer to reduce the noise. Note: Since all the reflected signals (Fd) are of very low frequencies and always we have to capture the events, so it is better to use PC with the software NV2001 provided to observe the waveforms instead of using analog scopes. (Digital storage oscilloscopes may be used) 10. Procedure for using Software a) Install the software and open it. b) Connect the audio cable from EP socket (left side of trainer) to line In/MIC in input (sound card input) of PC.

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c) Select Start Acquisition on the software window. d) If any noise is occur on software window then again adjust the Level potentiometer to reduce the noise. e) Now we can observe the waveform on PC. For measurements we have to select Stop Acquisition and then we can measure the frequency and time by selecting Doppler frequency calculation. f) We can also observe the waveform in frequency and time domain.

Figure 6

11. In this way we can perform all experiments. Please note that this is low power transreceiver for educational experimental purpose only. 12. Observe the Doppler frequency on CRO/PC. It is generated because of waving the hand or object. We can move any object in front of it, Doppler echoes will be always there. 13. This experiment gives the general working of trainer.

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Experiment 2 Objective: Determination of the velocity of the object moving in the Radar range Procedure: 1. Follow the procedure as given in experiment 1 from step 1 to 9. 2. Connect the audio cable from EP socket (left side of trainer) to line In/MIC in input (sound card input) of PC. 3. Open the software window. (If software is not installed then first install it.) 4. Select Start Acquisition on the software window. 5. If any noise is occur on software window then again adjust the Level potentiometer to reduce the noise. 6. Keep the Sliding Platform for moving the object in front of Radar antenna. 7. Connect the metallic object on the sliding platform.

Figure 7

8. When object is moved slowly from right to left or left to right corresponding Doppler frequency can be observed and measured on test point fd We know that

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Figure 8

9. Once the Doppler frequency is measured, velocity of object can be found out very easily. 10. Repeat the experiment by moving the object fast.

Figure 9

11. Observe the change in Doppler frequency and the velocity of object.

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Objective: Understanding the principle of Doppler Radar of time and frequency measurement with the help of moving pendulum.

Experiment 3

Procedure: 1. 2. Follow the procedure as given in experiment 1 from step 1 to 9. Record and measure the signal gain at test point fd on DSO, at fixed time base position of 500msec/div and fixed amplitude 3times (or any fixed parameter). Hang the pendulum on stand. Now move the pendulum in front of Radar antenna in the direction of horn antenna.

3. 4.

Figure 10
5.

You can observe a very low frequency signal on DSO/CRO. Measure the time period of the signal. Case 1 (for example) As we know that theoretically the time period T of pendulum is given by

6. 7.

Where, = Length of the string g = Gravitational constant = 9.8m/s2 Take = 333 mm = 0.333 m

So T = 1.15 s
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Now from captured signal on CRO it can be observe that when pendulum is moving to and fro then Doppler Radar draws the signal twice, so we have to measure the time period between any first and third pulse or peak of the signal, as cursors are in following figure.

8.

Case 2 Take = 258 mm = 0.258 m

Figure 11

So T =1.01 s Now capture the signal in this position on CRO.

Figure 12 Results are changing by changing the length. It means Radar is detecting for very small objects also, with the accurate results too. 9. Also measure the time period T of pendulum on software window.

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Objective:

Experiment 4

Study of the alarm system by using Radar Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Take a tripod stand from the suitcase. Fit the Trans-receiver unit on the tripod stand and adjust the suitable height for experiment. Connect the SMPS supply to the trainer NV2001. Connect the din connector cable from trainer board (left side of trainer) to Trans-receiver unit. Firstly Switch On the SMPS supply and then Power switch on the trainer board. (after switch on Power switch near LED will be glow) Note: Power switch is provided only for ON or OFF at the time of experiment & SMPS switch is a main switch. 6. 7. 8. Switch On the buzzer on trainer board and set Level Potentiometer in fully clockwise direction. Connect a CRO probe on test point of Doppler Frequency Signal (fd) and wave your hand or reflected in front of antenna. For maximum gain detection adjust the Detection Adjust potentiometer in such a way that moving object in front of antenna can be detected with beep sound and also observe the signals on the Oscilloscope/DSO. If any noise is observe on CRO then adjust the Level Potentiometer to reduce the noise.

9.

10. Connect the audio cable from EP socket (left side of trainer) to line In/MIC in input (sound card input) of PC. 11. Open the software window.(If software is not install then first install it.) 12. Now observe the signal on CRO or software window. 13. Now if you wave your hand in front of Radar as if any object is passed from Radar range, then you can hear beep sound from buzzer. It tells us that some thing is passed through Radar range i.e., it is alarming us. 14. Now if any object is moving towards Radar then we can observe that pulses are generated and along with it buzzer sounds continuously.
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Experiment 5 Objective: Study of the object counting with the help of Radar Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Take a tripod stand from the suitcase. Fit the Trans-receiver unit on the tripod stand and adjust the suitable height for experiment. Connect the SMPS supply to the trainer NV2001. Connect the din connector cable from trainer board (left side of trainer) to Trans-receiver unit. Firstly Switch On the SMPS supply and then Power switch on the trainer board. (After switch on Power switch near LED will be glow). Note: Power switch is provided only for ON or OFF at the time of experiment & SMPS switch is a main switch. 6. 7. 8. Set Level Potentiometer in fully clockwise direction. Connect a CRO probe on test point of Doppler Frequency Signal (fd) and wave your hand or reflected in front of antenna. For maximum gain detection adjust the Detection Adjust potentiometer in such a way that moving object in front of antenna can be detected with beep sound and also observe the signals on the Oscilloscope/DSO. If any noise is observe on CRO then adjust the Level Potentiometer to reduce the noise

9.

10. If you wave your hand from Radar range then it will generate the Doppler echo signals. 11. Switch On the buzzer on trainer board. 12. Note as you switch ON the counter then it will take some readings. Ignore this reading and reset the counter switch with the help of Reset switch. 13. Now pass the object from Radar range or wave your hand as like object is passing. 14. We can compare the number of pulses on the CRO/ Software Window or events captured on CRO with the number of objects passed. Some errors may be occur because of low speed, other reflection, and also depends on conductivity of objects etc.
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Figure 13

15. You can see or observe if objects are small, possibility of error is increased. 16. This experiment can be done by different metallic and non metallic object and results can be observed.

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Objective:

Experiment 6

Study the detection of vibrations of different tuning forks Procedure: 1. Follow the procedure as given in experiment 1 from step 1 to 9. 2. Connect the audio cable from EP socket (left side of trainer) to line In/MIC in input (sound card input) of PC. 3. Open the software window. (If software is not installed then first install it.) 4. Select Start Acquisition on the software window. 5. If any noise is occur on software window then again adjust the Level potentiometer to reduce the noise. 6. Record and measure the signal gain at test point fd on DSO/PC, at any fixed time base and fixed amplitude knob position to visual the waveform properly. 7. Take any tuning fork, Example 1 Frequency = 256 Hz. 8. Now just stroke it for generating the vibrations and bring it in front of the Radar antenna.

Figure 14

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9. Observe the result.

Figure 15 10. Measure the frequency of pulses generated because of Doppler echoes

due to vibrations of tuning fork. (For measuring Doppler frequency selects any one peak & second peak of the signal) 11. Compare the results of Doppler frequency and tuning fork frequency (written on it). Example 2 Tuning fork frequency = 288 Hz.

Figure 16
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Experiment 7 Objective: Determination of the Rotation per minute (RPM) of a moving object (Fan) Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Follow the procedure as given in experiment 1 from step 1 to 9. Connect the audio cable from EP socket (left side of trainer) to line In/MIC in input (sound card input) of PC. Open the software window. (If software is not installed then first install it.) Select Start Acquisition on the software window. If any noise is occur on software window then again adjust the Level potentiometer to reduce the noise. Connect a fan at full speed in front of Radar at a suitable distance from antenna to get the proper deflection in the form of Doppler frequency.

Figure 17 7. Now measure the Doppler frequency at test point fd CRO or software window.

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Figure 18

Note: For measuring Doppler frequency select any one peak & sixth peak of the signal. Frequency is .. Hz. Now we know that, Frequency (Hz) = Cycles or Rotation per second Now, Frequency (Hz) x 60 = Rotation per minute It means RPM calculated by Doppler frequency is approximately equal to the actual RPM of fan.

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Experiment 8
Objective:

Study the effect of different types of materials on Radar receiving or detection Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Follow the procedure as given in experiment 1 from step 1 to 9. Connect the audio cable from EP socket (left side of trainer) to line In/MIC in input (sound card input) of PC. Open the software window. (If software is not installed then first install it.) Select Start Acquisition on the software window. If any noise is occur on software window then again adjust the Level Potentiometer to reduce the noise. Take Sliding Platform for moving the object and adjust it in front of Radar antenna at suitable distance. Take a metallic object and slide it on the platform. Record and measure the signal gain at test point fd, at fixed time base position and fixed amplitude (or any fixed parameters).

Figure 19

9.

Connect an acrylic sheet as an object and repeat the experiment at fixed parameter as pre defined.

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Figure 20

10. You can observe the change in signal gain. 11. Connect a Teflon sheet as an object and repeat the experiment at fixed parameter as pre defined.

Figure 21
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Warranty 1) We guarantee the product against all manufacturing defects for 24 months from the date of sale by us or through our dealers. Consumables like dry cell etc. are not covered under warranty. The guarantee will become void, if a) b) c) d) 3) The product is not operated as per the instruction given in the learning material. The agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not followed. The customer resells the instrument to another party. Any attempt is made to service and modify the instrument.

2)

The non-working of the product is to be communicated to us immediately giving full details of the complaints and defects noticed specifically mentioning the type, serial number of the product and date of purchase etc. The repair work will be carried out, provided the product is dispatched securely packed and insured. The transportation charges shall be borne by the customer.

4)

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List of Service Center Baroda Guwahati Flat No. A/1, Mudra Complex, Avijit Roy Building, A.K. Dev Behind Sudha Hotel, Ellora Park, Road, Fatashil Ambari, Near Baroda-390023 (Gujarat) jalaram Mandir, Tel: +91-0265-3089505 Guwahati-25 Assam Fax : +91- 0265-3089506 Mobile: 09435144068 email : baroda@scientech.bz email: guwahati@scientech.bz New Delhi First Floor, C-19, F.I.E., Patparganj Industrial Area, Delhi-110092 (INDIA) Ph: 011- 22157370, 22157371, Fax: +91-011-22157369 email: ndel@scientech.bz Mumbai E Type, Bldg No. 5/1/3, Sector 1,Vashi, Navi Mumbai-400703 Ph: +91-022-27826616, 65266616 email: mumbai@scientech.bz Bangalore 202/19, 4th Main Street, Ganganagar, Bangalore - 560032 Ph.: +91-080-41285011 T.Fax: +91-080-41285022 email: bangalore@scientech.bz Jaipur Flat No. G-2, S-101, Bhagat Vatika North, Civil Lines, Jaipur - 302006 (Raj.) Mobile: 097998-10236 email: jaipur@scientech.bz Indore 94, Electronic Complex, Pardesipura, Indore-452 010 Tel: 91-731-2570301/02, 4211100, Fax: 91-731-2555643 E-mail: info@scientech.bz Kolkata AC-101, Prafullla Kanan, Near Kestopur Bus Stop, Krishnapur, Kolkata- 700059 (West Bengal) Tel: +91 33-65266800 Mob: 9433029888 email: kolkata@scientech.bz Lucknow First Floor, 279/54/20/A, Chuhar Singh Colony, Pan Dariba, Lucknow (U.P.) Mobile: 09918670737 email: lucknow@scientech.bz Chandigarh 201, 2nd floor KMB Hospitality Services, SCO 19, Near Kabir Petrol Pump, Ambala-Zirakpur Highway Zirakpur, Mohali - 140603 Ph.: 0172-6530329 email: chandigarh@scientech.b z Orissa Plot No-67 (1st Floor) Aerodrom Area,Vimpur mouza Near Vimpur Primary School Bhubaneswar- 751020 Mobile: 09238307873 email: orissa@scientech.bz

Hyderabad Cochin/Kochi Plot No. 24, Flat no. 203, Laxmi C/o Pragalbha Residency, Chandragiri Valsan,Poriyamadathil house, Housing Society, Trimulgherry ABMS Lane, Asoka Road, Secunderabad- 500015. Near Mathrubhumi, Kaloor, Ph:040-27740147,9247712763 Kochi - 682 017 email: hyd@scientech.bz Ph: 0484-2409441 email: kochi@scientech.bz Pune 105/106, 1st floor, Ajinkyatara, Ganesh Mala, Sinhgad Road, Pune - 411030 Ph.: +91-020-24254244/55 Fax: +91-020-24254244 email: pune@scientech.bz Chennai Flat C, 1st Floor, Old No. 49 New No. 64, Bajanai Koil Street, Sriram Nagar Extention, Pallipattu, Chennai-600113 Tel: 044-43514212, 43514213 email: chennai@scientech.bz

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List of Accessories 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Audio Cable for PC Line In input ...........................................................1 No. Din connector cable (5Pin)......................................................................1 No. SMPS Supply...........................................................................................1 No. Tripod Stand ............................................................................................1 No. Fan with Stand.........................................................................................1 No. Sliding Platform ......................................................................................1 No. Different objects .3 Nos. Trans-receiver Unit + Horn Antenna ......................................................1 No. Pendulum ................................................................................................1 No.

10. Tuning Forks2 Nos. 11. Tuning Fork Pad...1 No. 12. Stand for moving the Pendulum .............................................................1 No. 13. Learning Material + Software CD...........................................................1 No.

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