Suresh Than A Kod Imf Ke 2009

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MODELING AND SIMULATION OF GRID CONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM USING MATLAB / SIMULINK
SURESH A/L THANAKODI
A project report submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Engineering (Electrical-Power)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
NOVEMBER 2009
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Dedicated with deep gratitude feeling to Paramahamsa Nithyananda The embodiment of all the existential and non-existential energy That ever guiding the path towards enlightenment in blissful
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of God, the world begins and so this master project, hence to HIM the Most Blissful I would like to extend my gratitude. With HIS help, guidance and permission this master project came to existence. Thank you again Nithyananda (Eternal Bliss). I also would like to use this space to extend my gratitude to those that had rendered help, guidance, moral support and prayers in championing this project.
I would like to dedicate my appreciation to my supervisor Assoc.Prof Md.Shah Majid to accept me as a student and also not forgetting Puan Hjh Hasimah Abd Rahman whom had been there always to guide me and provide me with plenty of inputs in order to achieve better results in this project. Thank you again to both of them from bottom of the heart.
My sincere thank you to my parents, family members and also to those very close to my heart. Without their guidance and support, I would not have made this far in my life. Every moment with them will be cherished and also motivates me to go further into a new dimension in this life. Thank you again to all my family members including nithyananda family members.
Last but not least, I would like to express my gratitude to all my lecturers, to all my friends including faculty staff and Meteorological department especially Pn.Zureen Norhaizatul Che Hassan to made this project possible.
Thank you again
ABSTRACT
Photovoltaic System is a huge topic that can be researched and studied on such as the arrangement of PV array is one of the issues that can be studied. Besides that, the control techniques can as well be delved into. Another important area that makes concern to the PV world would be the maximum power point tracker (MPPT) for PV to maximize the sun energy, and so many more can be said in these advanced millennia. Yet in this research work, the scope has to be scaled down in appreciation to the given time. This research project would mainly concern on the different PV technologies (amorphous silicon, polycrystalline) and their effect to the system in terms of energy output. Besides that, this project work would be designed nearly to the BIPV-PTM projects that have been implemented in Malaysia in order to verify the energy output results from the modeling and simulation activities. The project works will emphasis on Malaysias temperature and solar radiation. On the other hand, having so much respect to the given time, the grid connected PV system modeling may not have protection system to be included in the design and only the best inverter model would be chosen for the simulation purpose. Overall findings indicate that the modeling using MATLAB / SIMULINK can be further used for investigation and make improvement in order to identify which best technologies to be implemented. The polycrystalline PV System yields higher energy output compared to the amorphous silicon technology is another finding thru this project.
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ABSTRAK
Sistem Fotovoltaik merupakan satu tajuk besar yang boleh dikaji dan dipelajari dari pelbagai aspek seperti jenis susunan panel, cara pengawalan dan sebagainya. Disamping itu, penemuan dalam sistem penjejakan titik operasi maksima (MPPT) turut menyumbang kepada perkembangan sistem fotovoltaik ini. Namun begitu, projek ini hanya membincangkan perbezaan teknologi fotovoltaik (amorphous silicon, polycrystalline) dan impaknya terhadap penghasilan tenaga elektrik. Projek ini juga dimodelkan serupa dengan projek yang telah dibangunkan oleh Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (PTM) secara praktikal melalui projek Sistem Bangunan Berintegrasikan Sistem Fotovoltaik.(BIPV). Tujuan pemodelan sebegini adalah untuk menentusahkan tenaga elektrik yang dijana melalui pemodelan sistem. Projek ini memberi penekanan kepada suhu dan radiasi solar Malaysia. Sistem perlindungan tidak diberi penekanan dalam projek ini dan penyongsang terbaik dipilih dalam aktiviti pemodelan ini. Secara amnya, melalui projek ini, didapati pemodelan menggunakan perisian MATLAB / SIMULINK, amat relevan dan boleh diguna pakai serta ditambah baik untuk mengenalpasti teknologi fotovoltaik yang sesuai diimplemen di Malaysia. Melalui projek ini juga, didapati teknologi polycrystalline menjana tenaga elektrik yang tinggi berbanding dengan teknologi amorphous silicon.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
TITLE STUDENT DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS
PAGE ii iii iv v vi vii ix xi xvii
INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 Project Background Research Objective Research Scope Methodology Thesis Outline
1 1 4 5 6 10
LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Malaysias Next Potential Energy Different technology of Photovoltaics Electrical Equivalent of Solar Cells Grid Connected PV System
11 12 14 19 24
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2.5 2.6 2.7
Solar Cell and its Characteristics Converters and Inverters Related Works
26 34 39
3.
MODELING USING MATLAB / SIMULINK 3.1 3.2 Introduction Building the Mathematical Modeling and Circuit
44 44 46
4.
SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Introduction Simulation of Single Junction and Verification Case Study 1 Case Study 2
56 56 58 63 66
5.
CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION 5.1 5.2 5.3 Introduction Summary Suggestion
70 70 70 71
REFERENCES
73
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Summarize the different technology in Thin Film technology 14
2.2
PV module characteristic for standard technologies
32
2.3
The Switches State for a full bridge single phase inverters 39
4.1
Details of Case Study 1
63
4.2
Energy Output with
= 0.45
64
4.3
Energy Output with
= 0.50
65
4.4
Energy Output with
= 0.55
65
4.5
Details of Case Study 2
67
4.6
Energy Output with
= 0.45
67
4.7
Energy Output with
= 0.50
68
4.8
Table 4.8: Energy Output with
= 0.55
69
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.0
Methodology Flow Chart
1.1
Flow Chart for Literature Review
1.2
Flow Chart on Simulation
2.0
Map of Solar Irradiation for Malaysia
12
2.1
Resources Energy Trend
13
2.2(a)
Single junction amorphous
14
2.2(b)
Cells deposited onto a glass sheet are laterally connected in series 14
2.3
Multiple-junction stacked or tandem solar cells where two or more current-matched cells are stacked on top of one another 15
2.4(a)
Mixed-phase microcrystalline/amorphous material
16
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2.4(b)
Single-phase polycrystalline film
16
2.5
Crystalline silicon on glass (CSG) unit cell structure
17
2.6
Device schematic for a cadmium telluride cell
18
2.7
Basic CIS (copper indium diselenide) cell structure
18
2.8
Summary on how solar cells work
19
2.9
Model for single solar cell
20
2.10
A typical current-voltage (I-V) curve for a solar cell
21
2.11
The PV from cell to module
22
2.12
PV module consists of parallel and series cells
23
2.13
Solar cells array consist of Mp parallel branches each with Ms Modules in series 23
2.14
Series-parallel configuration for PV generator
24
2.15
Grid-connected PV System
24
2.16
A detailed Grid-Connected PV System
25
2.17
Characteristic I-V curve of a practical photovoltaic device 26
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2.18
Characteristic I-V curve of the photovoltaic cell
27
2.19(a)
Characteristic shown on the influence of ambient irradiation 28
2.19(b)
Characteristic shown on the influence of cell temperature
28
2.20(a)
The I-V curve responses with two identical cells connected in series 29
2.20(b)
The I-V curve responses with two identical cells connected in parallel 29
2.21
Electrical characteristics of Sharp NE-80EJEA solar cell
31
2.22
Electrical characteristics of Sharp NE-80EJEA solar cell
31
2.23
The Schematic of a Buck Converter
35
2.24
Connection of Inverter
37
2.25
Fullbridge Voltage Source Inverter
38
2.26
Equivalent circuit models of PV cell
40
3.1
First stage in modeling the solar cell `
45
3.2
Second stage in modeling the solar cell
45
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3.3
Third stage in modeling the solar cell
46
3.4
Parameter for resistor block
47
3.5
Mathematical Modeling Implementation for Io
48
3.6
Mathematical Modeling Implementation for Ipv
48
3.7
Mathematical Modeling Implementation for model current Im 49
3.8
Mathematical model for cell temperature (Tc)
50
3.9
The cell temperature block after subsystem process
50
3.10
An Example of the menu after Mask Process
51
3.11
PV array modeling
51
3.12
Circuitry Design for PV
52
3.13
Mask of PV Array
52
3.14
The PV Menu after Mask Process
53
3.15
The energy block and after masking process
54
3.16
The Menu of the energy block
54
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3.17
The Whole PV System with Load
55
4.1
Setting the Simulation Parameter
57
4.2
Configuring the simulation parameter
57
4.3
The I-V curve from BP Solar MSX-60 datasheet Simulation Output when the Tc = 0 C and Sx = 1kW/m2
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4.4
59
4.5
Simulation Output when the Tc = 25 C and Sx = 1kW/m2 59
4.6
4.7
4.8
Simulation Output when the Tc = 25 C and Sx = 0.4kW/m2 61
4.9
4.10
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4.11
4.12
Energy Output with
= 0.45
64
4.13
Energy Output with
= 0.50
65
4.14
Energy Output with
= 0.55
66
4.15
Energy Output with
= 0.45
68
4.16
Energy Output with
= 0.50
68
4.17
Energy Output with
= 0.55
69
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LIST OF SYMBOLS
PV TNB PTM BIPV kWp kWh d.c a.c

r p
Photovoltaic Tenaga Nasional Berhad Pusat Tenaga Malaysia Building Integrated Photovoltaic System kilowatt peak kilowatt hour direct current alternating current PV module efficiency at reference temperature (Tr = 25 oC) Temperature coefficient for module efficiency (% / oC) Surrounding Temperature Reference Temperature (25 oC) Reference Temperature (25 oC)
Tc Tr Tr
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Project Background
Photovoltaic System (PV) is getting popular by day as the crude oil price increases and unstable in the global market. Furthermore with green peace movement, and the consciousness of mankind has heightened up regarding green energy, photovoltaic maybe one of the solution for better as well cleaner energy as it is naturally harness from the Sun energy. Although the technology is mainly well known in the space mission, yet its still an alien for domestic usages. This is due to the high initial cost, generation efficiency and reliability [1]. On the other hand, to answer the cry for alternative energy has made the PV system again popular among the researchers. Having said so, the rural areas where the grid connection is extremely expensive, PV Systems have been implied to give hope to these areas, while for the urban life, the PV Water Heater is common and can be found on the roof of the houses.
Currently, more than 3500MW of photovoltaic system have been installed all over the world [2]. Referring to the results from Earth Policy Institute (EPI), the
2 world production of solar PV cells increased 32% in 2003, compared to the most recent 5-year average of 27% a year. Production increased to 742 MW, with cumulative global production at 3145 MW at the end of year 2003, enough to meet the electricity niche of one million homes. Referring to the EPI, this extraordinary growth is driven to some degree by improvements in materials and technology, but primarily by market introduction programs and government incentives [2].This fact can clearly conclude that this solar energy (photovoltaic) is a very promising as next generation energy source.
On the other hand, in Malaysia there are plenty of sectors join hands in promoting the photovoltaic including the government as well with the private sectors. Some of the projects are pilot project by TNB (Tenaga Nasional Berhad) whereby 6 pilot plants was installed during 1998 2001 in various places in Malaysia such as in Uniten, Port Dickson and Subang Jaya [3]. Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (PTM) is another building integrated with photovoltaics, using polycrystalline (47.28kWh) and amorphous (6.08kWh) [3]. This is inevitable evidence that shows solar energy is one of the practical renewable energy sources for Malaysia.
In this context, lots of research needs to be done in order to achieve a reliable and efficient energy. Looking at the grid connected system, whereby the system mainly consists of photovoltaic (PV) modules, inverter, battery, and switching point for the utility [4]. Different types of photovoltaic cell will yield different energy output, meanwhile the controlling technique of inverter is very crucial in championing the PV system. Inverter design should consider the size and capacity of the plant, on the other hand choosing the right controlling technique is needed as well in order to achieve an efficient renewable energy system.
There are many types of inverter used in converting the direct current (d.c) produced by the PV to alternating current (a.c). The conversion is a must in order to suit the AC grid system that have been implemented and practiced for so long. Some of the types that can be used are multilevel inverters such as flyback capacitor, neutral
3 point clamped multilevel inverter, diode clamped inverter and many more. Each topology has its own plus point and drawbacks depending on the usage of it. Applying certain controlling techniques to the inverters such as Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM), Step Modulation etc, the efficiency of the conversion can be obtain up to an optimum level. Hence this is another part for research in the PV Grid-Connected system.
On the other hand, there are many types of technology used in producing the photovoltaic cell, such as using the Silicon Photovoltaic (crystalline silicon, nanocrystalline), Thin Film solar cells (amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, gallium arsenide, copper indium gallium deselenide) and Concentrating Photovoltaic (multijunction cells) [5]. As said above, the different types and topologies of photovoltaic gives different energy output, such as the amorphous silicon typically efficiency is 6%-8%, while multicrystalline is 11% - 14%, and mono-crystalline is 12% - 17%, etc [6]. Hence in this work, the major part of research will be a study on the impact of the different topologies of PV cells on the energy output generated.
Besides that, its a common knowledge that, the PV system has different seasonal pattern behavior depending on the temperature as well as the solar irradiation. Due to the different temperature co-efficient of voltage and current the PV system has different output. Yet, to simplify the work of manufacturer mostly, the PV modules are rated at STC (standard test conditions) of solar irradiation as 1000 Wm-2, while the spectrum is fixed and related to a sun-spectrum at air mass of 1.5 (AM = 1.5). The STC temperature operating for the PV cell is at 25oC which does not relate to the practical world especially to Malaysia. Hence this project aims to have some practical simulation work to suit to Malaysian tropical weather and climate.
In promoting, grid connected photovoltaic system by building integrated photovoltaic system (BIPV) the Malaysian government has been very supportive via Malaysian Industrial Development Authority (MIDA) in terms of tax holiday, industry park and many more incentives. Besides that competitive electricity tariff
4 (USD 4-6 cents / kWh) is another plus point in the blooming of PV system industry. Political and economic stability in Malaysia act as a catalyst for this new industry [7]. As a conclusion, its worthwhile to research on this photovoltaic system as it is the next generation energy source, while its green and promotes to cleaner world. On top of that, this research work is in line with the government aspiration on becoming a greener nation with a renewable energy source. This in return will mark Malaysia another step higher in the eyes of the world. Impact of different topologies and technology of PV will be the main concern on this research work. Although the single cell and multijunction solar types have different energy output in various technology, yet the research in terms of comparison have to be conduct in finding the advantages and disadvantages of the system as well the behavior of the system to the Malaysian climate. These are the issues pertaining to this research work.
1.2
Research Objective
Following are the objectives that hopefully to be achieved at the end of this project implementation. Those objectives are: To study solar cell circuit model To model and simulate a single junction solar cell To determine energy output of different PV technologies.
5 1.3 Research Scopes
In accomplishing this research, the work has been divided into few parts. As for the beginning part, the literature review on the photovoltaic theory, topology and its operation as well grid-connected PV system will be glanced thru to have a better understanding on the system as a whole. On the second stage after the understanding of theory, modeling and building up the equivalent electrical circuit shall commence at once. As to mark the end of the work, the simulation result using the single junction cell will be used to determine the energy output (kWh) using the input parameters temperature and solar radiation obtained from Malaysian Meteorological Data (MMD).
As mention above the general scope and flow of this research work, the single cell PV shall be modeled first and simulated. Then it will be verified using the I-V curve of a manufacturers data sheet. After all the verification process done, the modeling part for Malaysian context shall be done and analyzed.
In this work, PV cells from amorphous silicon and polycrystalline silicon types will be used. The first one represents the thin film technology and the later part the silicon technology. These technologies will the major research on this project. The simulation later part will be done to Malaysian solar irradiation and temperature value.
As for the accomplishment of this project, the project will be extended up to the verification thru actual monitored Malaysian Building Integrated Photovoltaic (MBIPV) system.
6 1.4 Methodology
The approach that has been applied in championing this project can be divided into two major segments. The first segment is the literature review and the second part is on the circuitry modeling and simulation. In the beginning, the literature review will help to understand the photovoltaic cell by understanding their types, and identifying all the PV system components. Then literature part will continue as the studies will be extended to different technology of single cell for amorphous and polycrystalline cells.
Later on the literature review continues up to grid components as well studies on the inverter models for the grid conducted concurrently. On the other hand, the meteorological data is also gathered in order to make this research work to be contextualized for Malaysian environment. Site visiting to MBIPV is also part of the literature review as well to gather data for the literature review on the simulation software also done in order to be able to use the software effectively.
On the second part, the single junction cell will be simulated and verified thru manufacturer data sheet using I-V curve. After all verification successfully done, the modeling and simulation part for inverter shall take place. After all the major components of grid connected PV successfully done, the component shall be interconnected and simulated to the Malaysian context. After completion of the system simulation, using few bench marks the results will be analyzed. Following are the summarized flow chart on this project.
Figure 1.0: Methodology Flow Chart
Figure 1.1: Flow Chart for Literature Review
Figure 1.2: Flow Chart on Simulation
10 1.5 Thesis Outline
This theses will is a compilation of many chapters that will elaborate in stages the research work that have been carried out. As in general this theses mainly consist of five main chapters; introduction, literature review, circuitry buildings and simulation using MATLAB / SIMULINK software, simulation results analysis and conclusion.
In chapter I, this thesis will discuss the research project in collectively. This chapter explained the crucial aspect of the research work such as background studies, objectives, research scopes, and methodology as well the thesis outline will also be discussed finally.
Chapter II completely dedicated to literature review about the grid connected PV system. This chapter will be solely theoretical in detail discussing on the types photovoltaic cell, inverters, and the whole system about it. In this academic scribbling some of the controlling techniques for inverters will be discussed as well. In this section the related works also will be discussed.
Chapter III will be explaining on how the circuit modeling being development using the MATLAB / SIMULINK. The single cell for both amorphous and polycrystalline will be developed first. All the components used in building the models shall be included as well to add value in the academia world.
Chapter IV will be discussion in depth on the obtain simulation results. The result will be analyzed in terms of energy output and also verification using the online monitored data gathered from Malaysian Building Integrated Photovoltaic (MBPIV).
Conclusion and suggestion in improvising this research work shall be detailed out in Chapter V.
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
Thru this chapter, hopefully it will give some idea to the reader regarding the different technologies of photovoltaic cells and different modeling techniques as well. Besides that, basic concepts regarding photovoltaic will be reviewed as well as the power electronics converters. On the other hand, the inverters and grid connected PV system also shall be discussed. In addition, related works regarding to this research project work also will be conferred in depth. Its an honor to be the medium of knowledge manifestation from the universe.
12 2.1 Malaysias Next Potential Energy
Before cruising any point beyond this, it would be very crucial; to know that solar can be identified as a next potential energy for Malaysia. Malaysias geographical factor as it lies in the tropical region between 1N and 7N, and 100E and 119E makes it possible to have approximately 6 hours of sunshine per day [11]. The temperature is hot and humid throughout the year with heavy rainfall. with the range of rainfall is 2032-2540mm, temperature 21-32C, relative humidity 80-90%, solar radiation 12-20 MJ/m2 and wind speed 2-22 m/s is very suitable and feasible condition to capture solar energy for the electricity usage [11].
Figure 2.0: Map of Solar Irradiation for Malaysia [7]
According to a research done by National University Malaysia, the Ultraviolet radiation pattern in Malaysia has been divided to five types as stated below Sunshine everyday Cloud or Rain everyday Cloud pattern is not stable everyday Rain in the evening UV radiation is more than UV constant
13 As such the same study also stated that ultra-violet pattern in Malaysia for sunshine 15.7%, rain 13.7%, cloudy 51%, rain in the evening 16.5% and ultra-violet radiation more than ultra-violet constant are 2.8%. Having said so, the potential of PV system application at Malaysia is very high. Currently, there many Building Integrated Photovoltaic Systems (BIPV) projects are being carried out thru Malaysia. Some of the projects are: Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (PTM ZEO) SMK (P) Sri Aman Petaling Jaya Monash University
Figure 2.1: Resources Energy Trend [12]
From Figure 2.1, it can clearly deduce that the natural sources are depleting in years to come and this eventually results on the cost of energy production. It can also clearly see the trend moves towards renewable energy especially on photovoltaic system. Hence, as a conclusion, the photovoltaic system can be the next best energy source for Malaysia.
14 2.2 Different technology of Photovoltaics
There are many types of technology in thin film photovoltaic technology. For an example in this thin film technology there is Silicon based and Chalcogenidebased cells. Table 2.1 shows the summary of the types that shall be discussed in this topic.
Table 2.1 Summarize the different technology in Thin Film technology
Thin Film Technologies Silicon based Single junction amorphous silicon Multiple junction amorphous silicon Crystalline Silicon on Glass Chalcogenide-based cells Cadmium Sulphite (CdS) Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Copper Indium deselenide (CIS)
In the thin film technology it can be divided into two major parts which is silicon based and chalcogenide based. As for beginning look at silicon based which consists of single junction amorphous silicon, multiple junction amorphous silicon and crystalline silicon on glass. Below in Figure 2.2 (a) is the single junction amorphous silicon and Figure 2.2 (b) is the individual cells deposited onto a glass sheet are laterally connected in series by the approach shown [8].
Figure 2.2 (a): Single junction amorphous, Figure 2.2 (b): Cells deposited onto a glass sheet are laterally connected in series
15 In the early 1980s the calculators and digital watches have been using the amorphous silicon solar. At that time, many efforts were carried out but currently Kaneka and Mitsubishi are the companies that successfully supplies single junction amorphous silicon [8]. This is due to its characteristics that in the low temperature the amorphous silicon allows 10% hydrogen to be incorporated. Quality of the material is improved in the presence of the hydrogen atom [8]. The amorphous silicon is not very conductive hence the transparent conductive tin oxide layer between the silicon and the glass being used and connected in series as depicted in Figure 2.2(b)[8].
The next is the multiple junction amorphous silicon devices, where it is designed in thinner layers to accommodate the decreased material quality under light exposure such as in single junction amorphous. Its made possible by stacking two or more cells on top of one and another as in Figure 2.3. In effort to boost its performance the upper cells bandgap is made larger compared to the lower cells [8].
Figure 2.3: Multiple-junction stacked or tandem solar cells where two or more current-matched cells are stacked on top of one another
As discussed above, by increasing the bandgap of the uppercell theres a change in performance and the earliest effort made in reducing the bandgap by alloying it with germanium. This result in the performance was around the 67% range, compared to the best of the single junction amorphous silicon (a-Si). Currently
16 theres another way of doing it whereby an a-Si as top cell combined with a bottom cell which consists a mixture of amorphous and microcrystalline as in Figure 2.4. This technology can improve the performance by 8-10%. This cell is still in small scale and hasnt been commercialized yet. [8]
Figure 2.4 (a): Mixed-phase microcrystalline/amorphous material; Figure 2.4(b): Single-phase polycrystalline film
Another type of solar cell is crystalline silicon on glass as depicted in Figure 2.5 whereby this technology uses high temperature to transform the amorphous silicon material to polycrystalline. This technology has some similarity with the polycrystalline wafer. The advantage of this technology is that the material is more conductive and theres no need for a transparent conducting oxide that results in cost reduction. The instability possessed by a-Si is also solved using this material [8]. The glass texture is also another plus point in this technology as it allows the silicon layer to be very thin.
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Figure 2.5: Crystalline silicon on glass (CSG) unit cell structure.
A fault tolerant metallization approach and the use of higher grade borosilicate float glass compared to the soda-lime glass have improved the ruggedness in the CSG technology compared to the module.
Earlier the discussions were on the silicon based, now lets have a preview on the Chalcogenide-based cells. The Chalcogenide-based cells kick off with the cadmium sulphite technology in the early 1980s. Yet this technology was beat down by the biggest contender at the time; amorphous silicon. Besides that, the instability issue with cadmium sulphite was another major issue. When the amorphous silicon was going thru dark ages as it had problem with commercialization, this technology had a good time and became famous.
BP solar and Matsushita were manufacturing Cadmium Telluride solar cell and then later move on to other technology due to environmental issues. The toxicity of cadmium was one of the reasons. A layer of cadmium sulphide is deposited from solution onto a glass sheet coated with a transparent conducting layer of tin oxide. This is followed by the deposition of the main cadmium telluride cell by as variety of techniques including close-spaced sublimation, vapour transport, chemical spraying, or electroplating.[8]. The cadmium telluride structure has been depicted in Figure 2.6.
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Figure 2.6: Device schematic for a cadmium telluride cell
Copper Indium diselenide known as CIS technology has demonstrated 19.5% efficiency in experiments yet its hard to commercialize. CIS technology generally involves deposition onto a glass substrate and then interconnected as in Figure 2.7 [8]. An additional glass top-cover is then laminated to the cell/substrate combination. Research are being conducted in order to replace the thin layer of CdS as many environmental controversy issues submerged as noted earlier. Yet the CIS technology is one of available resources as reserves of indium would only produce enough solar cells to provide a capacity equal to all present wind generators [8].
Figure 2.7: Basic CIS (copper indium diselenide) cell structure
19 2.3 Electrical Equivalent of Solar Cells
Earlier in sub topic 2.2 the discussion were about types of solar cells in terms of materials, but in this sub topic the discussion will be on the solar cell equivalent electrical circuits and their mathematical equations in depth. Before going deep in the topic, lets have some basic on how the solar cell works. As discussed earlier since the solar cell are made of specially treated silicon whereby positive (on the backside) while the negative part (facing the sun), when the sun light (radiation) hits the solar cell, the electrons gets excited and loose creating the electron-hole pairs [9].
This phenomena when extended by attaching the electrical wires on positive and negative part creating a close loop while then results in current flows which known as electric photocurrent (I PH). This is clearly shown in Figure 2.8 courtesy of PV Industry Hand Book by PTM.
Figure 2.8: Summary on how solar cells work (courtesy from Pusat Tenaga Malaysia)
As for the kick start, the understanding on the operation and electrical equivalent circuit of single solar cell will be discussed. Referring to Figure 2.9, without the sun light (dark), the solar cell shall function as a normal diode. If any external supply connects to it, the solar cell will function and produce the diode current (ID). In the dark, the solar cell will not produce any electric current or voltage. This solar cell model consists of a current source (Iph), series resistance (Rs) which
20 representing the resistance inside the each cell as well in the connection between the cells, and a diode [9]. The difference between I ph and ID will give the net current output from the solar cell.
Ipv
Figure 2.9: Model for single solar cell
The mathematical equation can be represented as in equation 2.1. The equation is actually using Kirchhoff Current Law (KCL) and also diode Shockley equation. The m is the representation of idealizing factor, k Boltzmans gas constant, Tc will be absolute temperature of the cell, e will be electric charge, and V will be the voltage implied across the cell. Io is saturation current in dark surroundings and depends on the temperature [9].
(2.1)
The solar cell has certain parameters, such as short circuit current, open circuit voltage, maximum power point, maximum efficiency, and fill factor. Short circuit current is the best current produced when the solar cell under short circuited situation which means the voltage as zero. In other word Isc = Iph. Then another parameter of solar cell is open circuit voltage. This open circuit voltage can be obtained during night time (dark) whereby the current produced is zero and related to voltage drop across the diode.
21 It can also represented by mathematical equation such as in equation 2.2 whereby
is known as thermal voltage and Tc is the absolute cell temperature.
(2.2)
Maximum power point is another parameter that being used in the solar cell operation whereby it states the maximum power dissipated at the load. Referring to Figure 2.9 courtesy from Model for Stand Alone PV system by Anca D Hansen, the maximum operating point is depicted in the said figure.
Figure 2.10: A typical current-voltage (I-V) curve for a solar cell.
Maximum efficiency is another parameter for solar cell need to be considered as well. Maximum efficiency in the solar cell context means the ratio between incident light power and maximum power. The equation 2.3 depicts clearly and as Ga is the ambient irradiation as well the A is the cell area.
(2.3)
22 Fill factor (FF) is another parameter used in the solar cell analysis. Fill factor can be defined as how close the I-V curve can get close to be a square wave. Another definition of fill factor is the ratio of maximum power that can be delivered to the load compared to Isc and Voc. In equation 2.4, the formula is shown clearly.
(2.4)
The PV system normally uses solar panels, which is in arrays. There are many types of PV system, starting from a cell up to arrays. This is shown in Figure 2.11.
Figure 2.11: The PV from cell to module
23 In ensuring protection for solar cells and electrical connectors from the raging environment the cells were grouped together into modules As depicted in Figure 2.12, the manufacturer normally supplies the module with Npm(number of parallel module) and in the each branch with N sm (number of cells in series).
Figure 2.12: PV module consists of parallel and series cells
As shown in Figure 2.13, the PV modules in Figure 2.12 now are connected in arrays. Figure 2.13 clearly shows that an array with Mp (module in parallel) parallel branches each with Ms (module in series).
Figure 2.13: Solar cells array consist of Mp parallel branches each with Ms Modules in series
24 The arrangement of the module is also plays a big role in terms of efficiency. In the Figure 2.14, show different types of module connection. The A configuration have demonstrated efficiency up to 97.2% while configuration B efficiency at 96.8% and C at 96.2% [10].
Figure 2.14: Series-parallel configuration for PV generator
2.4
Grid Connected PV System
In this subtopic the detail explanation on how the solar cell being bring into the big picture of energy generation will be discussed in depth. A grid connected PV system also known as utility interactive PV system, whereby it feed solar electricity directly to a utility power grid. For a general knowledge about we are discussing, kindly refer to Figure 2.15.
Figure 2.15: Grid-connected PV System
25
This grid connected PV System, consists of a PV Generated, an array of PV modules converting solar energy to DC electricity and an inverter also known as a power conditioning unit that converts direct current generated by PV to alternating current for the grid usage. Surge protector and load are also the grid-connected PV components.
When the sun shines, the DC power generated by the PV modules is converted to AC electricity by the inverter. This AC electrical power can either be supply the systems AC load and the excess energy output transmit to the utility grid. Figure 2.16 will give basically the detail component about the grid connected PV system.
Referring to Figure 2.16, a first protection level is formed by fuses and blocking diodes between the PV array output and the main DC conductor. Surge protection elements have to be included at the inverter input and output as well. The grid-connected PV system can be classified by its sizing whereby from 1-10kWh is considered as small scale and normally for the domestic usages. While medium size is defined from 10kWh to 100kWh and these kind of system is known as building integrated PV (BIPV). The system with output of 500kWh MWh is considered as large size and normally operated by electric companies [11].
Figure 2.16: A detailed Grid-Connected PV System
26 2.5 Solar Cell and its Characteristics
This subtopic will be discussing in depth about the solar cell and its characteristics. The I-V curve, crucial parameters from manufacturers datasheet, effect on the I-V curve when theres change on solar radiation and temperature as well the mathematical equation used for modeling in this project shall be discussed in this subtopic which will help to have deeper understanding in verifying the solar modeling later part of the project.
Figure 2.17: Characteristic I-V curve of a practical photovoltaic device [13]
Figure 2.17, depicting the solar cell I-V curve of a practical photovoltaic device where it is clearly notice that when voltage is short circuit, the short circuit current (Isc) happens and also practically given in the manufacturers data sheet. On the other hand when the circuit is open, theres no current flow and the point is known as the open voltage (Voc) also given by the manufacturers datasheet. Another parameter also available to us thru the data sheet is the maximum current and voltage point. These three main points will be used later part in verifying our modeling.
For a solar cell, the non-linear relationship means the maximum power point has to be determined by calculating the product of the voltage and output current. In order to extract maximum power from the solar cell, the solar cell must always be
27 operated at or very close to where the product of the voltage and output current is the highest. This point is referred to as the maximum power point (MPP), and it is located around the bend or knee of the I-V characteristic [13].
Figure 2.18: Characteristic I-V curve of the photovoltaic cell [13]
From Figure 2.18 it can be concluded that photovoltaic is a non-linear device and using Figure 2.19 a great height of understanding can be achieved as the Ipv is the light generated current and the Id is the diode current and I is the net cell current composing both Ipv and Id.
Referring to Figure 2.17, it can also be understood that from the operating characteristic of a solar cell consists of two regions: the current source region, and the voltage source region.[10]. Whereby in the current source region, the internal impedance of the solar cell is high and this region is located on the left side of the current-voltage curve (0, Isc.).
While the voltage source region, where the internal impedance is low, is located on the right side of the current-voltage curve (Voc, 0). As can be observed from the characteristic curve, in the current source region, the output current remains almost constant as the terminal voltage changes and in the voltage source region, the terminal voltage varies only minimally over a wide range of output current [10].
28 According to the maximum power transfer theory, the power delivered to the load is maximum when the source internal impedance matches the load impedance [14]. For the system to operate at or close to the maximum power point (MPP) of the solar panel, the impedance seen from the input of the maximum power point tracker needs to match the internal impedance of the solar panel. Although controlling these points can produce a better voltage yield yet, the temperature and solar radiation is just unpredictable. Thats another reason why many research are being also conduct to have smart solar system.
Figure 2.19(a): Characteristic shown on the influence of ambient irradiation [15] Figure 2.19(b): Characteristic shown on the influence of cell temperature [15]
When the solar radiation changes the current produced is also change accordingly for an example when the solar radiation increase increases, clearly from Figure 2.19(a) clearly depicts that the short circuit current will increase and vice versa. Figure 2.19(b) shows the response from solar cell when theres a change on the temperature. When the cell temperature decreases the open circuit voltage shifts to a lower voltage and thus the changes in solar radiation and temperature shifts the maximum power point operation, which can influence the overall performance. Thru this Figure 2.19(a) and (b), it can be concluded that solar radiation and cell temperature are two most important parameters that should be considered while modeling the photovoltaic.
29 Normally in the practical world, solar cell can be connected in many different manner as discussed earlier it can be connected in series or parallel. Figure 2.20 shows the responses on the I-V curves when the two identical cells are connected in series and in parallel. Referring to Figure 2.20, for a series connection, the voltage would be increased and the analysis would be adding the voltages for each current, while for parallel connection, current of each individual cell can be add up at each voltage in order to arrive at the same response as depicted in Figure 2.20.
Figure 2.20 (a): The I-V curve responses with two identical cells connected in series Figure 2.20 (b): The I-V curve responses with two identical cells connected in parallel
As the discussion on the solar cell characteristics and also on how the surroundings factor effect on the solar cell have come to an end. It would be very helpful in modeling and verification if the right understanding about standard testing condition well known as STC in reading the manufactures data sheet is understood. STC conditions known as the reference vertical irradiance E o with a typical value of 1000W/m2, the cells reference temperature for performance rating, To with a typical value of 25 C and a tolerance of 2C; and a specified light spectral distribution with an air mass, AM =1.5. The air mass (AM) figures provide a relative measure of the path the sun must travel through the atmosphere.[16]
30 Furthermore in supplying the performance parameters at the Standard Test Conditions manufacturers also provide performance data under the Nominal Operating Cell Temperature (NOCT) [16]. This is known as the temperature reached by the open circuited cells in a module under the following conditions: Irradiance on cell surface is 800W/m2 [16] The ambient temperature is 20 C (293 K) [16] Wind speed is 1m/s with the mounting is open back side [16] According to Evans, 1981 formula the cell temperature Tc (oC) is related to the mean monthly ambient temperature, Ta (oC) and this formula will be used in this project to as a parameter input, and given in the expression below
(2.5)
where (NOCT) is the Nominal Operating Cell Temperature and
is the monthly
clearness index (range between 0.2 for a very overcast climate and 0.8 for a very sunny climate) [16]
As for familiarization, Figure 2.21 is taken from Sharp NE-80EJEA solar cell which depicting its electrical characteristics and the important parameter that need to be used during the modeling time for an example number of cells and the connection type This literature will come in handy to understand the modeling process in Chapter 3 later on. Besides that Figure 2.22 also were included in order to familiar the reader with the I-V curve, and these is the type of graph from manufacturer which will be helpful during verification process after the modeling. The I-V curve clearly also shows to us on how the solar radiation will play its role in the current generated from the solar cells.
31
Figure 2.21: Electrical characteristics of Sharp NE-80EJEA solar cell
Figure 2.22: Electrical characteristics of Sharp NE-80EJEA solar cell
32 The efficiency, of the solar module is another crucial criterion that needs to
consider before selecting the module. This efficiency mostly influence by the temperature. The equation of the efficiency and energy of the solar module are shown as following and Table 2.2 shows to us the PV module characteristics for standard technologies [17]
x [1
(Tc Tr)/100]
(2.6)
whereby given
r p
= PV module efficiency at reference temperature (Tr = 25 oC) = Temperature coefficient for module efficiency (% / oC)
Tc = Surrounding Temperature Tr = Reference Temperature (25 oC)
Table 2.2: PV module characteristic for standard technologies NOCT (oC) 45 45 50 46 47 / oC)
PV module type Mono-Si Poly-Si a-Si CdTe CIS
r (5)
p(%
13.0 11.0 5.0 7.0 7.5
0.40 0.4 0.11 0.24 0.46
In order to determine the effectiveness of PV system the efficiency of the PV module plays a big role. Theres plenty of factor that can affect the efficiency of the PV system such as natural climatic conditions of the place where the system is to be used, optimal matching of the system with the load, appropriate spatial placement of the modules (placing the modules at an optimal inclination angle to the horizontal plane) and availability of a concentrator (reflector) and or solar tracking mechanism in the system [17].
33 This project will emphasize more on the energy delivered by the PV array, Ep, and energy that available to the load Ea. As both these parameter are given by the formula as in equation 2.7 and equation 2.8. In addition to that, as the energy pass thru the inverter there will some losses depending on the inverters efficiency which is given by the equation 2.9 and after the energy travel thru the grid, there will be some energy absorption in the grid that need to be considered which is given in the equation 2.10 [15].
(2.7)
whereby given:
= array average efficiency = area of the array = solar radiation
Ep = energy delivered by the PV array
(2.8)
whereby given:
p c
= miscellaneous PV array losses = other power conditioning losses
Ep = energy delivered by the PV array EA = energy available to the load
(2.9) whereby given: EA

inv
= energy available to the load = inverter efficiency
34 (2.10)
whereby given: Edlvd

abs
= energy delivered to load = PV energy absorption rate = energy available to the load
Egrid
2.6
Converters and Inverters
The rise of power electronics in the industry have always been a factor for the growth in the PV system. As for that, this literature review will be incomplete without the power electronic discussion. As gratitude and to pay some tribute for the works done in the power electronic world some basic power electronics shall be covered here. The role of power electronic converters is to provide power to the user in a suitable form at high efficiency. Power electronic converters are needed in PV systems to convert direct current (DC) voltage to the required values and to convert from DC to alternating current (AC) and vice versa [18]. In addition they control the charging and discharging of batteries in systems where batteries are storage elements especially for the standalone PV system
One of the simplest power electronics circuits is the buck converter and basically consists of an inductor, a power electronic switch (usually a MOSFET or an IGBT) and a diode. It may have a capacitor to smooth the output. Its function is to step down DC voltage as depicted in Figure 2.23.
35
Figure 2.23: The Schematic of a Buck Converter [18]
If the switch is turned on and off repeatedly at very high frequencies (10kHz ! 100MHz) and assuming that in the steady state the output will be periodical then[18]:
vo(t + T) = vo
(2.11)
io(t + T) = io
(2.12)
The current in the load is given by IR = Vo/R. The average DC component of the capacitor current must be equal to zero otherwise the capacitor voltage will be increasing and there will be no periodic steady state. If the switch is turned on and off repeatedly at very high frequencies such as 10kHz to 100MHz and assuming that in the steady state the output will be periodical then:
(2.13)
Likewise the DC component of voltage across the inductor has to be zero:
(2.14)
36 The duty ratio D is defined as the fraction of the switch period during which the switch is on given by:
(2.15)
The average voltage across the inductor will be given by:
(2.16)
After solving we will get
(2.17)
It can be seen that the output voltage is always less than or equal to the input voltage (0 D 1). The converter may operate in the continuous conduction mode CCM or the discontinuous conduction mode DCM. In the CCM the inductor current is always greater than zero while in the DCM the inductor current is zero during certain portions of the switching period. In some applications both modes may be mixed. The filter inductor that determines the boundary is given by [18]:
37
(2.18)
Typically D = 0:5, R = 10, and f = 100 kHz, the boundary is Lb = 25H [18]. Thus for any inductance larger than this value the buck converter will operate in the continuous conduction mode. In order to limit the ripple across the dc output voltage Vo to a value below a specific value Vr, the filter capacitance C must be greater than in the equation 2.19. The key design for buck mainly lies in the equation 2.18 and equation 2.19.
(2.19)
Next we will view on the inverter, inverter is basically quite famous and a hot topic in the world of power electronics. In PV world, inverter plays a key point role as its efficiency is also taken into accountability for the success of PV system. Due to the PV output is in DC form, the inverter will convert the DC to AC current. The inverter is characterized by the power dependant efficiency. Inverter plays the important role by keeping the voltage on AC side constant as well to perform power conversion from the input to output at efficient rate. The formula is given by equation 2.20 [9].
Figure 2.24: Connection of Inverter
38
(2.20)
There many inverters topologies, from three level up to multilevel inverters are there for usage and there are also several topologies exist for both single phase and multi-phase inverters. For an example is a full bridge single phase inverter shown in Figure 2.25. It consists of four switches that are turned is such a way that within a branch the upper and lower switches are never on at the same time to avoid shortcircuiting the DC source.
Figure 2.25: Fullbridge Voltage Source Inverter
The inverter consist of four defined states and one undefined state as shown in Table 2.3. There are plenty of modulating techniques can be used to control the switching of the inverter switches but one common rule for all of them must avoid the undefined state and the short circuit conditions. There are two general types of inverters namely, square wave inverters (line frequency switching) and pulse width modulation PWM inverters (high frequency switching) depending on the switching techniques used. The norm practice to avoid the short circuit condition is by a very small time interval must be inserted between the turning off one switch and turning
39 on the other. This short time interval time is referred to as the blanking time and largely depends on the type of semiconductor switch employed.
Table 2.3 The Switches State for a full bridge single phase inverters
State 1 2 3 4 5
Switch States S1+ and S2- are on and S1- and S2+ are off S1+ and S2+ are on and S1- and S2- are off S1+ and S2+ are on and S1- and S2- are off S1- and S2- are on and S1+ and S are off S1-, S1+, S2- and S2+ are all off
Van Vdc / 2 -Vdc / 2 Vdc / 2 -Vdc / 2 -Vdc / 2
Vbn -Vdc / 2 Vdc / 2 Vdc / 2 -Vdc / 2 Vdc / 2
Vo Vdc -Vdc 0 0 - Vdc
2.7
Related Works
In this section some of the essence that have been contributed by many researches that had the common interest on photovoltaic system will be glance thru and our greatest gratitude to all of them for their contribution which came in handy in making things easier for understanding and take this project to another level.
Huan-Liang Tsai thru the Development of Generalized Photovoltaic Model Using Matlab/Simulink paper has suggested many types of models for solar cell modeling. Each model will yield different types of mathematical equation due to different number of components in the circuit. Figure 2.26 shows four types of different PV cell models.
40
Figure 2.26: Equivalent circuit models of PV cell
The writer have summarize there are four types of models and each have their own mathematical equation for current generated. In his work modeling work, the appropriate model was used for the modeling purposes. Many researcher prefer to use the appropriate model and general model for their modeling because basically the simplified models doesnt reflect the real case scenario while the double shunt diode in double exponential model doesnt have much influence.
Having said so, I.H Altas in his A photovoltaic Array Simulation Model for Matlab/Simulink GUI environment work used the appropriate model while Francisco M.Gonzalez in Model of Photovoltaic Module in MATLAB models his work using the general model .Even though the PV efficiency is insensitive to the presence of shunt resistor in general model still M.G.Villalva in his work Modelling and Circuit-based Simulation of Photovoltaic Arrays have used this modeling to accomplish his verification with manufacturers data sheet. This project work was inspired by M.G.Villalvas work, hence the general model have been used throughout this thesis. Below are the mathematical equation suggested by Huan-Liang Tsai[19] and Omid Shekoofa [20]
41
(2.21)
whereby equation 2.21 given for the general model: IPH is a light-generated current or photocurrent IS is the cell saturation of dark current, q = 1.6 1019C is an electron charge, k (= 1.38 1023J/K) is a Boltzmanns constant, TC is the cells working temperature, A is an ideal factor depending on PV technology, RSH is a shunt resistance, RS is a series resistance.
(2.22)
whereby equation 2.22 given for the double exponential model: Jcell current density Vcell voltage Jph induced photocurrent density Jd1 dark current density due to the carriers diffusion Jd2 dark current density due to the carriers recombination Eg band gap energy Rs series resistance Rp shunt resistance
42 (2.23)
whereby equation 2.23 given for the appropriate model:
IPH is a light-generated current or photocurrent IS is the cell saturation of dark current, q = 1.6 1019C is an electron charge, k (= 1.38 1023J/K) is a Boltzmanns constant, TC is the cells working temperature, A is an ideal factor depending on PV technology, RS is a series resistance
(2.24)
whereby equation 2.24 given for the ideal model:
IPH is a light-generated current or photocurrent IS is the cell saturation of dark current, q = 1.6 1019C is an electron charge, k (= 1.38 1023J/K) is a Boltzmanns constant, TC is the cells working temperature, A is an ideal factor depending on PV technology,
In this related work section, we also found that there are three types of modeling input parameter, first is just temperature or solar radiation as an input parameter only, which is a less complicated circuitry. While the second one is, having both parameter which better represents the PV system although the system is complicated. The third one is the best representation of all whereby it takes into consideration the solar radiation on horizontal surface, beam irradiance, diffuse irradiance the zenith angle of the sun, the inclination of the PV array, wind speed, longitude and latitude as an input parameter which is a real challenging work. In this
43 project work, we choose to use both solar radiation and temperature as an input parameter as suggested as used by many researchers such as Anca D.Hansen, HuanLiang Tsai and M.G.Villalva.
Another finding, we manage to grasp while doing this related work research that, some of the researchers prefer to use completely mathematical modeling such as Omid Shekoofa [20], while others use completely a circuitry approach like Adedamole Omole [10]. In this thesis, we choose to model it using both mathematical modeling combining circuitry like suggested by the I.H Altas [21].
Many of the researchers have done the PV modeling using plenty of different softwares like PSPICE, PVSIM, MATLAB, and MATLAB/SIMULINK. There various method proposed by these researchers like purely programming using Matlab Script whereby the experimented curve fitting process done first before modeling them. In other cases, SIMULINK models being used to model but the graphical user interface not been applied, hence its not so user friendly. As to add in contribution to the PV world, we have landed with using the Matlab Script as well Matlab/Simulink together with graphical user interface to make it user friendly
44
CHAPTER III
MODELING USING MATLAB/SIMULINK
3.1
Introduction
The MATLAB/SIMULINK software will be used for the modeling and simulation purposes. This software prepares all the electrical and mathematical blocks that needed in the project under Power System Blockset, Signal Routing and Math Operations (Simulink).This software is easy to use as it is more on graphical user interface pertaining to building or modeling any circuits or mathematical equations.
Through this chapter, hopefully the reader will be able to grasp some idea on the usage of MATLAB/SIMULINK software. In addition, the method and steps in modeling the solar cell up to PV array are shown clearly. The modeling was done by stages. The first stage was modeling the mathematical equation for the Shockley diode current and the light generated photovoltaic current and later part will be
45 extended for the array model. On the second stage will be modeling for the cell temperature and also the energy delivered model for the third stage.
Stage 1
Modeling the solar cell
Modeling mathematical equation for Io
Modeling mathematical equation for Ipv
Figure 3.1: First stage in modeling the solar cell
Stage 2
Modeling the solar cell & cell temperature
Modeling mathematical equation for Im (model current)
Modeling the cell temperature equation Tc
Figure 3.2: Second stage in modeling the solar cell
46
Stage 3
Model the circuit energy output
Model the circuit with inverter and load
Model the energy output equation
Figure 3.3: Third stage in modeling the solar cell
3.2
Building the Mathematical Modeling and Circuit
The components being used in developing and modeling the mathematical equation and also the circuitry are taken from the MATLAB/SIMULINK library as discussed earlier. In order to model Shockley diode current, the light generated photovoltaic current, cell temperature equation, and energy output, the components that being use are the voltage measurement block, current measurement block, go to block, from block and control current source block. Besides that, on the circuitry part, inverter, load, PWM generator, isolation transformer, diode and resistor needed to fulfill the model. Since SIMULINK does not have specific component for resistor as inductor and capacitor are joined together in the RLC branch, as a user we should know how to set the branch in order to get the needed components. Figure 3.4 showers some light on this matter.
47
Figure 3.4: Parameter for resistor block
In order to have just resistor element, just pull down the menu in parameters block under branch type for only R element. In a older version of MATLAB / SIMULINK this menu will be different, just type in the resistor value while the inductor value set to 0 (which means short-circuit) and for capacitor set the value to infinity (inf).
Figure 3.5 shows the mathematical modeling for the reverse current saturation (Io/IRS) at the reference temperature which given by the equation 3.1 as below.
(3.1)
48
Figure 3.5: Mathematical Modeling Implementation for Io
Figure 3.6 shows the mathematical modeling for the light generated current of the photovoltaic cell which depends linearly on the influence of temperature and solar radiation as given by the equation 3.2 below.
(3.2)
Figure 3.6: Mathematical Modeling Implementation for I pv
49 Figure 3.7 shows the mathematical modeling for the model current I m referring to the appropriate model circuit as in Figure 2.26 for which given by the equation 3.3 below.
(3.3)
Figure 3.7: Mathematical Modeling Implementation for model current Im
Figure 3.8 shows the mathematical modeling implementation for the cell temperature (Tc) as given by the equation 2.5 earlier. In order to have a neat block diagram, this mathematical model then been made to subsystem. This can be achieved by selecting the block with Ctrl+A button on the keyboard and right-click on mouse to choose in order to create subsystem. Hence, to have user friendly model, repeat the same process and choose mask subsystem. Figure 3.9 and Figure 3.10 results from create subsystem and masking process.
In Figure 3.9, MET temp1 is the temperature input gathered from meteorological department while Cell Temp input1 in the block is for the cell temperature Tc.
50
Figure 3.8: Mathematical model for cell temperature (Tc)
Figure 3.9: The cell temperature block after subsystem process
51
Figure 3.10: An Example of the menu after Mask Process
Figure 3.11 depicts the PV array modeling, and Figure 3.12 shows the circuitry modeling part. Figure 3.13 depicts PV array after the mask process and its user friendly menu in Figure 3.14. In Figure 3.15, the energy delivered block shown and the user friendly menu shown in Figure 3.16. The whole system is shown in Figure 3.17
Figure 3.11: PV array modeling
52
Figure 3.12: Circuitry Design for PV
Figure 3.13: Mask of PV Array
53
Figure 3.14: The PV Menu after Mask Process
54
Figure 3.15: The energy block and after masking process
Figure 3.16: The Menu of the energy block
55
Figure 3.17: The Whole PV System with Load
The diode in the system is to prevent the back current to flow. While the isolation transformer used to smooth and isolate the load directly from universal bridge which act as an inverter. Pulse block is a PWM (pulse width modulation) generator to drive the inverter in the circuit.
56
CHAPTER IV
SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Introduction
The mathematical block and circuit modeling simulated using SIMULINK, one of the MATLAB components. Before simulating the circuit, the simulink POWERGUI block will be set to discrete mode and the sampling time, Ts = 5.144e006. The next step will be configuring the simulation parameters. This can be done by following the steps shown in Figure 4.1 and Figure 4.2
In this chapter, the simulation of single junction different technology PV will be viewed and verified thru the manufacturers datasheet. The next stage will be simulation of the grid connected PV system and analysis thru energy output and also verification thru actual case study with different PV technology. Case study 1 conducted with the polycrystalline technology while Case study 2 conducted using the amorphous silicon technology. Energy output yield from implementing the Case study 1 and Case study 2 using MATLAB / SIMULINK were analyzed and later will
57 be verified using the actual monitored data from the photovoltaic monitoring center in UiTM (University of Technology MARA)
Figure 4.1: Setting the Simulation Parameter
Figure 4.2: Configuring the simulation parameter
58 4.2 Simulation of Single Junction and Verification
In this subtopic, the MSX-60 simulation results will be discussed by varying the hourly input of solar radiation and ambient temperature. This simulation and model verification work done based on manufacturers data sheet.
Figure 4.3, shows the I-V curves from the MSX-60 datasheet, while Figure 4.4 to Figure 4.7 shows the results from the simulation when cell temperature act as a variable while the solar radiation was set to 1kW/m2. On the other hand, Figure 4.8 to Figure 4.11 shows results from the simulation when cell temperature was constant at 25C while the solar radiation acts as a variable. The simulation results show clear accuracy it changes accordingly to the temperature and solar irradiance factors. This also verifies the theoretical that had been discussed in page 31.
Figure 4.3: The I-V curve from BP Solar MSX-60 datasheet
59
Figure 4.4: Simulation Output when the Tc = 0 C and Sx = 1kW/m2
60
61
Figure 4.8: Simulation Output when the Tc = 25 C and Sx = 0.4kW/m2
62
63 The simulation results validate the manufacturers data sheet and also confirm the theory that has been discussed earlier. Whereby when the solar temperature (Tc) is made constant at Tc = 25 C and solar radiaton (Sx) was made variable the current generated by the solar cell also changes accordingly. When the solar radiation increases, clearly from Figure 4.8 to Figure 4.11 show that the short circuit current will increase and vice versa.
On the other hand, when the solar radiation (Sx) was set as a constant value, while the cell temperature Tc set as a variable, the open circuit voltage shifts to a lower voltage as in Figure 4.4 to 4.7, and resulting in the changes of the maximum power point operation, which can influence the overall performance. Thru this two parameters, can conclude that the model still valid and verified.
4.3
Case Study 1
The case study 1 was performed using Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (PTM ZEO 1) and for the data verification, the data was available from PVMC monitoring centre. Table 4.1 show details information for the types of PV technology and inverter used.
Table 4.1: Details of Case Study 1
Site Location Type of System Nominal Power PV module Inverter
PTM ZEO 1 Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor Grid Connected 45.36 kWh Mitsubishi PVMF120EC3 (polycrystalline) Fronius IG500
64 Table 4.2 to Table 4.4 shows the energy yield for the year 2008 for Case study 1 and Case study 2 where it consists of simulated results and the actual monitored data. Each case study was analyzed with different known as the monthly
clearness index which ranges from 0.2 up to 0.8. For Malaysia climate the value ranges 0.45 up to 0.55. Figure 4.12 to Figure 4.14 shows the simulated results and actual monitored data.

Month SIMULATION (kWh) ACTUAL MONITORED DATA (kWh) 4786 4064 4434 4637 2932 4210 3935 Jan 4717 Feb 4849 Mac 4759 April 4460 May 4510 June 4514 July 4551
= 0.45
Aug 4830 Sept 4405 Oct 5222 Nov 4409 Dec 4257
3915
4758
4811
4423
4221
ENERGY OUTPUT(kWh) in 2008

6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Jan Feb Mac April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec ENERGY OUTPUT(kWh)-UITM kWh
ENERGY OUTPUT(kWh)-SIMULATION
Figure 4.12: Energy Output with
= 0.45
65

= 0.50
3916
4759
4811
4423
4222

6000 kWh 4000 2000 0 Jan Feb Mac April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec ENERGY OUTPUT(kWh)-SIMULATION ENERGY OUTPUT(kWh)-UITM
= 0.50

= 0.55
3916
4759
4811
4423
4222
66

6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Jan Feb Mac April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec ENERGY OUTPUT(kWh)-UITM kWh
= 0.55
In conclusion, the used of
equals to 0.55 in the model indicate the most
suitable and nearest to the actual monitored output. The simulated results differs 7.23% - 8.52% due to some practical constraint such as the beam radiance, diffuse radiance, the zenith angle of the sun, the incidence angle of beam irradiance on the array have not been taken into modeling consideration.
4.4
Case Study 2
The case study 2 was performed using Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (PTM ZEO 1) and for the data verification, the data was available from PVMC monitoring centre. Table 4.5 show details information for the types of PV technology and inverter used.
67
Table 4.5: Details of Case Study 2
Site Location Type of System Nominal Power PV module Inverter
PTM ZEO B Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor Grid Connected 6.08 kWh Kaneka GPA 064 (amorphous silicon) Fronius IG60
Table 4.6 to Table 4.8 shows the energy yield for the year 2008 in this case study location whereby it consists of simulated results as well as actual monitored data. Each case study will be analyzed with different as per discussed earlier for
Malaysia climate the value ranges 0.45 up to 0.55. Figure 4.15 to Figure 4.17 shows the simulated results and actual monitored data.

Month SIMULATION (kWh) ACTUAL MONITORED DATA (kWh) Jan Feb Mac April May June July
= 0.45
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
678
698
683
641
649
648
653
694
633
750
633
611
719
741
779
762
751
701
691
713
719
757
680
627
68

1000 kWh 500 0 Jan Feb Mac April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec ENERGY OUTPUT(kWh)-SIMULATION ENERGY OUTPUT(kWh)-UITM
= 0.45

= 0.50
677
697
682
640
648
647
652
693
632
749
632
611
719
741
779
762
751
701
691
713
719
757
680
627

1000 800 600 400 200 0 Jan Feb Mac April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec kWh
ENERGY OUTPUT(kWh)-UITM
= 0.50
69

= 0.55
676
696
681
639
647
646
651
692
631
748
631
611
719
741
779
762
751
701
691
713
719
757
680
627

1000 800 kWh 600 400 200 0 Jan Feb Mac April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
ENERGY OUTPUT(kWh)-UITM
= 0.55
In conclusion, case study 2 the
with the value of 0.45 more suited in
representing the actual monitored output. The simulated results differ from 7.71% to 8.01% due to some practical constraint as discussed earlier. In this case, a different value of best represent due to the geographical factor.
Overall findings indicate that this MATLAB modeling can be further used for investigation and make improvement in order to identify which best technologies to be implemented. Another conclusion that can be drawn, the polycrystalline PV System yields higher energy output compared to the amorphous silicon technology.
70
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
5.1
Introduction
In this chapter, all the findings will be summarized and analyze on how far the research objectives were met. Finally, some suggestions on the research work will be conclude. Its a mountain hope that thru these suggestions, many other interested researchers can improve this work as well add in more contribution towards the PV world. Hopefully this work can be some basic guidance for those who are seeking.
5.2
Summary
The main objective of this project is to analyze the impact of different technology on the PV system. Besides that, it also intends to study the single cell
71 circuit model and simulate the single junction. Hence in modeling the single solar cell two important parameters need to be model such as temperature and solar radiation.
As collectively, this project has successfully met its objectives. In terms of modeling the circuit, four important solar cell models have been viewed, and the appropriate model chosen to be model as it can be a basic and user-friendly for all the single junction different technology PV system. Thru the model verification and validation process, the strength of this thesis and also weakness have been identified.
By the case study done, polycrystalline technology yield is proven higher than amorphous silicon technology. Hence in selecting the best PV technology actually it depends on the usage and also niche e area on where the PV system would be applied. Finally thru verification using the actual monitored system, the grid connected model can be use for energy output estimation and its a user friendly system.
5.3
Suggestion
Theres always room for improvement, hence all the suggestion given here to help the other interested researchers to continue this journey in future. The first suggestion is that in the modeling part, instead of just modeling two parameters which is solar radiation and cell temperature, perhaps beam radiance, diffuse radiance, the zenith angle of the sun, the incidence angle of beam irradiance on the array and the ratio of beam radiation on the PV array to that on the horizontal should taken into account while modeling to have better accuracy simulation results which will help in estimating energy output while designing the PV system. Another research suggestion is on the analysis part where the efficiency of the PV system also can be studied. On the other hand, the smart PV panel is another
72 interesting part to work on as the maximum power point changes according to cell temperature and solar radiation. The maximum power point tracking system can be studied using the artificial intelligence to have better yield of energy output. As grid connected project concerns the power electronics, the inverters also can be studied too in achieving a better and quality energy output.
Finally, all the studies go in vain if the market is not convinced to use PV system. Having said so, the economic impact studies should be conducted. This study can be in terms of payback period, initial cost and total cost as well as how to implement the grid connected PV system in Malaysia can also a great and helpful; research work.
73
REFERENCES
[1]
A Photovoltaic Array Simulation Model for Matlab-Simulink GUI Environment, by Yun Tiam Tan, Student Member, IEEE, Daniel S. Kirschen, Senior Member, IEEE, and Nicholas Jenkins, Senior Member, IEEE
[2]
PVSIM : A Simulation Program for Photovoltaic Cells, Modules, and Arrays by David L. King, James K. Dudley, and William E. Boyson Sandia National Laboratories
[3]
A Model of PV Generation Suitable for Stability Analysis by Yun Tiam Tan, Student Member, IEEE, Daniel S. Kirschen, Senior Member, IEEE, and Nicholas Jenkins, Senior Member, IEEE
[4]
Circuit Simulation Of Photovoltaic Systems For Optimum Interface Between PV Generator And Grid by Federico Scapino IEEE member
[5]
Micro-grid powered by photovoltaic and micro turbine by Ph. Degobert, S. Kreuawan and X. Guillaud, Laboratoire dElectrotechnique et dElectronique de Puissance de Lille, France
[6]
A Study of Dynamic Behavior of Load Voltage PV-grid Connected under Islanding Phenomena via PSPICE Program by Krissanapong Kirtikara, King Mongkuts University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
[7]
http://www.mbipv.net.my (Pusat Tenaga Malaysia)
74 [8] http://www.met.gov.my (Jabatan Meterologi)
[9]
http://www.ieeexplorer.com
[10]
Optimal Power Tracking theses by Adedamole Omole College of Engineering The Florida State University, 2006
[11]
Faisal Mohammed Seif Al-Shamiry, Desa Ahmad, Abdul Rashid Mohamed Sharif, "Design and Development of a Photovoltaic Power System for Tropical Greenhouse Cooling" , Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, University Putra Malaysia (UPM
[12]
R.Faranada, S.Leva and V.Maugeri MPPT techniques for PV System; energetic & cost comparison, Member IEEE
[13]
M.G.Villalva, J.R. Gazoli, E. Ruppert F.Modelling and Circuit Based Simulation of Photovoltaic Arrays University of Campinas-Brazil.
[14]
Antunes, F.L.M., Santos, J.L., Maximum Power Point Tracker for PV Systems, World Climate & Energy Event, December 2003
[15]
Anca D.Hansen, Poul Sorensen, Cars H.Hansen, and Henrik Bindner, Model for a Stand Alone PV System Sandia Laboratory
[16]
Gwinyai Dzimanu Modelling of Photovoltaic System The Ohio State University 2008
[17]
M A Saqib A Photovoltaic System with Load Control,University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore Pakistan
[18]
M. H. Rashid, Power Electronics Handbook. Academic Press, 2001.
75
[19]
Huan-Liang Tsai Development of Generalized Photovoltaic Model using Matlab/Simulink, 2008
[20]
Omid Shekoofa in Modelling of Silicon Solar Panel by Matlab/Simulink and Evaluating the Importance of its Parameters in a Space Application, Iran Telecommunication Research Center.
[21]
I.H. Altas A Photovoltaic Array Simulation Model for Matlab-Simulink GUI Environment Dept of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.

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SURESH A/L THANAKODI

Faculty of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Thank you again

PAGE ii iii iv v vi vii ix xi xvii

2.5 2.6 2.7

CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION 5.1 5.2 5.3 Introduction Summary Suggestion

Summarize the different technology in Thin Film technology 14

PV module characteristic for standard technologies

The Switches State for a full bridge single phase inverters 39

Details of Case Study 1

Energy Output with

Energy Output with

Energy Output with

Details of Case Study 2

Energy Output with

Energy Output with

Table 4.8: Energy Output with

Methodology Flow Chart

Flow Chart for Literature Review

Flow Chart on Simulation

Map of Solar Irradiation for Malaysia

Resources Energy Trend

Single junction amorphous

Cells deposited onto a glass sheet are laterally connected in series 14

Mixed-phase microcrystalline/amorphous material

Single-phase polycrystalline film

Crystalline silicon on glass (CSG) unit cell structure

Device schematic for a cadmium telluride cell

Basic CIS (copper indium diselenide) cell structure

Summary on how solar cells work

Model for single solar cell

A typical current-voltage (I-V) curve for a solar cell

The PV from cell to module

PV module consists of parallel and series cells

Series-parallel configuration for PV generator

A detailed Grid-Connected PV System

Characteristic I-V curve of a practical photovoltaic device 26

Characteristic I-V curve of the photovoltaic cell

Characteristic shown on the influence of ambient irradiation 28

Characteristic shown on the influence of cell temperature

Electrical characteristics of Sharp NE-80EJEA solar cell

Electrical characteristics of Sharp NE-80EJEA solar cell

The Schematic of a Buck Converter

Fullbridge Voltage Source Inverter

Equivalent circuit models of PV cell

First stage in modeling the solar cell `

Second stage in modeling the solar cell

Third stage in modeling the solar cell

Parameter for resistor block

Mathematical Modeling Implementation for Io

Mathematical Modeling Implementation for Ipv

Mathematical Modeling Implementation for model current Im 49

Mathematical model for cell temperature (Tc)

The cell temperature block after subsystem process

An Example of the menu after Mask Process

Circuitry Design for PV

The PV Menu after Mask Process

The energy block and after masking process

The Menu of the energy block

The Whole PV System with Load

Setting the Simulation Parameter