PARTS OF SPEECH

Parts of speech are used to produce sentences. Parts of speech : 1. Noun 2. Verb 3. Adjective 4. Adverb 5. Preposition 6. Conjunction 7. Interjection 8. Article

Noun
Noun is the part of speech that is used to name a person, place, thing, quality, or action. Types of nouns : 1. Common and Proper Nouns Common nouns describe a class of entities (such as city, planet, or person). Proper nouns are nouns representing unique entities (such as Jakarta, Earth, or James). 2. Concrete and Abstract Nouns Concrete nouns refer to physical entites that can br observed by at least one of the sense (for instance, avocado, table). Abstract nouns refer to abstract objects, ideas, or concepts (such as justice or hatred).

3. Count and Mass Nouns Count nouns are common nouns that can take a plural, can combine with numerals or quantifiers, and can take an indefinite article (for example, book, bed). Mass nouns cant take plural or combine with number words or quantifiers (for example, sugar, salt) 4. Animate and Inanimate Nouns Animate nouns are nouns which refer to people, animals, and living being. Inanimate nouns refer to things that are not alive.

Verb
Verb is the part of speech that describes an action or occurrence or indicates a state of being. Types of Verbs : 1. Auxiliary Auxiliary is a verb functioning to give further semantic or syntactic information about the main or full verb following it. 2. Intransitive and Transitive Verbs Intransitive verb does not take an object. Transitive verb is a verb that requires both a direct subject and one or more objects. 3. Irregular and Regular Verbs Irregular verbs are those verbs that fall outside the standard patterns of conjugation in the languages in which they occur. Regular verb is any verb whose conjugation follows the typical grammatical inflections of the language it belongs to. 4. Modal Verb Modal verb is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to indicate modality (such as can, must, may)

5. Linking verb A linking verb connects a subject to a subject complement which identifies or describes the subject

Adjective
Adjective is the part of speech that modifies a noun or a pronoun. Adjective order: 1. Article or pronoun used as adjective 2. Intensifier 3. Qality 4. Size 5. Age 6. Color 7. Participle 8. Proper adjective 9. Noun used asadjective 10. Headnoun Adjective forms: 1. Positive (for example : big) 2. Comparative (for example : bigger) 3. Superlative (for example : biggest)

Adverb
Adverb is the part of speech (or word class) that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb.

Types of adverbs: 1. Adverbs of manner Adverbs of manner provide information on how someone does something (For example : Jini dances gracefully.). 2. Adverb of time Adverbs of time prodide information on when something happens (For example : We will get the jacket next week.). 3. Adverb of place Adverbs of place prvide information on where something happens. (For example : My book is in my bag) 4. Adverbs of frequency Adverbs of frequency provide information on how often something happens. (For example : They usually go to school at 6.30 am) 5. Adverbs of degree Adverbs of degree provide information concerning how much of something is done (For example : He likes playing football a lot.). 6. Adverbs of comment Adverbs of comment provide a comment or opinion about a situation (For example : Fortunately, they were enough seats for the concert. )

Preposition
A preposition is a parts of speech that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. For example : The dog sleeps on the sofa.

Conjunction
Conjunction is a part of speech that connects two words, phrases, or clauses together.

Types of conjunctions : 1. Coordinating conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions are conjunctions that join two or more items of equal syntatic importance. For : indicates reason or purpose And : used to connect words, phrases, or clauses Nor : presents an alternate negative idea But : indicates a contrast or exception Or : presents opinions, alternates, or subtitutes for ideas of equal importance Yet : connects idea that follow logically and are contrary So : show the consequences of related ideas

2. Correlative conjunctions Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together to coordinate two items. For examples : Both and Either or Neither nor Not but Not only but also Not nor Whether or

3. Subordinating conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions or subordiators are conjunctions that introduce a dependent clause.

Subordinate clause connector

Subordinate adjective clause connector Who Whom Which Subordinate noun clause connector Who When Whether Whoever Where If What Why That

That

Whatever

How

Subordinate Adverb Clause Connectors

Time After As As long as As soon as Before By the time Once Since Until When Whenever While Cause As Because In as much as Now that Since Condition If In case Provided Providing Unless Whether Contrast Although Though Eventhough While Whereas Manner As In that Place Where Wherever

Interjection
An interjection is a word added to a sentence to convey emotion. Usually, we follow an interjection with an exclamation mark.

Article
An article is a word that combines with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun.

Parts of speech Noun

Function As a subject

Example My little brother wants to be a pilot.

 As a direct object As an indirect object As a subjective complement As an object of Verb Adjective . Adverb Modifying an adjective Modifying an adverb Modifying the whole preposition sentence shows a relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other words in a sentence preposition As the predicator Modifying a noun or a pronoun Modifying a verb

I bought a second-hand bag yesterday. Uncle John will give me some money next summer. David is a doctor. I couldnt escape the lure of the beach. I bought a second-hand bag yesterday. This handsome boy is my classmate. I warned her but she completely ignored me. It is physically and mentally demanding. She can speak Spanish very fluently. Usually, my host-dad is a laid-back-man. Up Over Against By for and but ah whoops ouch

conjunction interjection

joins words, phrases, and clauses expresses emotion

article

identifies and specifies a noun

A An

the

SUBJECT, PREDICATE, AND OBJECT

Subject
Subject is the part of a sentence or clause that indicates what it is about. The subject is usually a noun--a word that names a person, place, or thing.

Predicate
Predicate is one of the two main parts of a sentence or clause, modifying the subject and including the verb, objects, or phrases governed by the verb. The predicate usually follows the subject and identifies an action or a state of being.

Object
Nouns may also function as objects in sentences. Objects receive the action and usually follow the verb. So, object is a noun or pronoun in a sentence that receives the action of a transitive verb.

PHRASE, CLAUSE, AND SENTENCE

Phrase
A phrase is a group of words functioning as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence.

Types of phrases : 1. Prepositional phrase Prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a pronoun, noun, or noun phrase. For example : in love, over the rainbow, etc. 2. Noun phrase Noun phrase takes a noun as its head. For example : the black cat, the thick book, etc. 3. Verb phrase Verb phrase takes a verb as its head. For example : jump up, jump down, etc. 4. Adjectival phrase Adjectival phrase takes an adjective as its head. For example : full of toys, fraught with guilt, etc. 5. Adverbial phrase Adverbial phrase takes an adverb as its head. For example : very gracefully.

Clause
Clause is a group of words that has both a subject and a verb. A main clause is an independent clause that has both a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thoght. A main clause is not introduced by a subordinate clause connector and can stand alone as a sentence by itself. Subordinate clause is a dependent clause that has both a subject and a verb and is introduced by a subordinate clause connector. A dependent clause does not express a complete thought and can not stand alone as a sentence by itself. There are three main types of dependent clauses : 1. Noun clauses

A noun clause is an entire clause which takes the place of a noun in another clause or phrase. Noun clause begins with what, when, where, who, whom, which, whose, that, whether, or sometime if. 2. Adjetive clauses An adjective clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adjective in another clause or phrase. Adjective clause begins with a relatife pronoun such as who, whom, which, whose, or that, or with a relative adverb such as where or when. 3. Adverb clauses An adverb clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adverb in another clause or phrase. Adverb clause begins with an adverbial subordinator such as when, while, because, although, if, so, that, etc.

Sentence
A sentence is a grammatical unit that is composed of one or more clauses and expresesses a complete thoght.

KINDS OF SENTENCES
Sentences can be classified based on the number and types of finite clauses : 1. Simple sentence 2. Compound sentence 3. Complex sentence 4. Compound complex sentence

Simple sentence
A simple sentence is a sentence containing only one main clause and no subordinate clause. So, a simple sentence contains one subject and predicate. But, a simple sentence may contain a compound subject and predicate to express complex ideas while maintaining a single main clause. Using correct simple sentence : 1. A simple sentence is a sentence with one clause 2. A simple sentence must have both a subject and a verb 3. A simple sentence may not be introduced by a subordinate adverb clause connector Examples : Seeing a beautiful scenery, she decided to paint it anyway. My cousin and I saw a bank robbery last night. subject) One day I left my car at home and went by train to my campus (compound predicate) (compound

Compound sentence
A compound sentence is composed at least two independent or main clause. The clauses may be joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction, a comma and a correlative conjunction, or a semicolon with no conjunction. It is possible to uise adverb transitions in compound sentence. It is important to note that adverb

transition are not conjunctions, so either a semi-colon or a coordinate conjunction with a comma is needed.

Transition expressions
Therefore For instance In addition Nevertheless Interestingly Using correct compound sentence : 1. A compound sentence is a sentence with more than one clause. 2. The main clauses in a compound sentence may be joined with either a semicolon or a coordinate conjunction (and, but, or, so, yet) and a comma 3. An adverb transition can be used in a compound sentence, but either a semicolon or a coordinate conjunction and a comma is still needed Examples : Anna tried to make him laugh, but the baby got scared. Mike forgot to do his homework; it was something that she had never Jack studies hard; as a result, he gets high grade. Jack studies hard, so, as a result, he gets high grade. As a result In conclusion Moreover Nonetheless Thus In summary Furthermore However Consequently In fact In contrast Fortunately For example Indeed On the other hand Suprisingly

done before.

Complex sentence
A complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more dependent/subordinate clauses. Using correct complex sentence :

1. A complex sentence is a sentence with one main clause and one or more subordinate clause 2. Noun clauses, adjective clauses, and adverb clauses are subordinate clauses 3. When a subject comes before an adjective clause, you should not add an extra subject after the adjective clause 4. When a noun clause is used as a subject, you should not add an extra subject after the noun clause Example : The teacher whose advice I remember to this day was my ninth grade teacher.

Compound complex sentence

A compound-complex sentence consists of multiple independent clauses, at least one of which has at least one dependent clause. Example : The package arrived in the morning, but the courier left before I could check the contents.

Sentences can also be classified based on their purposes : 1. Declarative sentence A declarative sentence or a declaration commonly makes a statement. For example : I am going to school. 2. Interrogative sentence An interrogative sentence or a question is commonly used to request information. For example : Where are you going to school? 3. Exclamatory sentence

An exclamatory sentence or exclamation is generally a more emphatic form of statement expressing sudden and strong feeling. For example : What a bad day this is! 4. Imperative sentence An imperative sentence or command is a sentence that gives advice or instructions or that express a request or a command or tells someone to do something. For example: Clean your bedroom after you get up in the morning!

Reference

Harris, Michael, et. al. 2007. New Opportunities Education for Life Upper Intermediate. Pearson Education Limited: Harlow

Kusnadi, Cindy, et. al. 2006. Enrich 1 High Intermediate. Pusat Penerbitan LIA: Jakarta Kusnadi, Cindy, et. al. 2006. Enrich 2 High Intermediate. Pusat Penerbitan LIA: Jakarta Phillips, Deborah. 2006. Longman Preparation Course for the TOEFL Test. Pearson Education: New York Supriyanto, Bambang. 2008. Academic Writing English for Academic Purposes for University Undergraduates. Penerbit ITB: Bandung www.en.wikipedia.org www.esl.about.com www.learnenglish.de www.google.com www.grammar-about.com www.usingenglish.com www.writingcenter.uottawa.ca