Compressible Flow - Water Hammer - Pipes - Fluid Mechanics - Engineering Referen...

Page 1 of 7

Engineering Fluid Mechanics Pipes Water Hammer

Compressible Flow
This analysis of water hammer allows for the compressibility of water and the expansion of the pipe

Overview
Although it is usual to consider water as incompressible and of a uniform density, this is clearly not true. It would, for example, be impossible to control the depth of a submersible vessel unless the density of water increased with depth. Here we consider the impact of compressibility for the purpose of computing water hammer and the subsequent pipe expansion.

Contents 1. Overview 2. Pressure Rise Following Instantaneous Closure 3. Pressure Rise For Instantaneous Partial Reduction Of Flow. 4. Instantaneous Partial Closure Of Valve 5. The Relationship Between Pressure Rise, Speed Of Sound And Bulk Modulus Allowing For Lateral Expansion Of The The Pipe 6. Pipe With Change Of Section 7. Page Comments

Pressure Rise Following Instantaneous Closure

The pressure rise at the valve

Where

is the density and

the velocity of Sound for the fluid (Water)

Let the initial pipe velocity be At the instant that the valve is closed a pressure wave, moving at the speed of sound rest. Consider the instant shown above, sets off up the pipe bringing the water to

secs after valve closure. At this moment the length of the column brought to rest is

. (1)

By Newton's second law, the pressure force equals the change of momentum per second. i.e.

Pressure rise at valve

where

Notes: The pressure at the valve remains at above normal from the instant the valve is closed until the pressure wave is reflected reaching the valve at time .

from the open end of the pipe as a wave of normal pressure and velocity A wave of reduced pressure, The time below normal will then set off up the pipe.

is the period of the pipe. i.e. the valve is closed before the pressure

The above proof still applies if the valve is closed in a time of closure wave returns to the valve.

http://www.codecogs.com/reference/engineering/fluid_mechanics/pipes/water_hamme... 21.6.2012.

Compressible Flow - Water Hammer - Pipes - Fluid Mechanics - Engineering Referen... Page 2 of 7

Pressure Rise For Instantaneous Partial Reduction Of Flow.

The Pressure rise

Where

is the change of velocity.

The increase in Pressure head The initial velocity is reduced to distance up the pipe as before Applying Newton's second Law: by the sudden partial valve closure. seconds later the pressure wave will have traveled a

(2) Pressure

Which is commonly written as: Pressure rise

Where And:

is the change of velocity.

The increase in Pressure head

Instantaneous Partial Closure Of Valve

If the reduction in area of the valve is known rather than the reduction of flow or pipe velocity,then the pipe may be treated as a nozzle

with a coefficient of discharge of From the Initial Conditions and from the change in Valve Area: The change of pressure head

The initial flow through the valve

http://www.codecogs.com/reference/engineering/fluid_mechanics/pipes/water_hamme... 21.6.2012.

Compressible Flow - Water Hammer - Pipes - Fluid Mechanics - Engineering Referen... Page 3 of 7

After partial closure: (3) Thus:

But:

(4) But:

(5) For known initial conditions and change in the valve area this equation can be solved as a quadratic in Hence:

The Relationship Between Pressure Rise, Speed Of Sound And Bulk Modulus Allowing For Lateral Expansion Of The The Pipe
Notes: Bulk modulus = Increase of Pressure/Volumetric strain

Assume a thin cylinder constrained longitudinally and subject to an internal pressure rise causing lateral expansion from diameter

(6) And the equivalent Bulk Modulus allowing for Pipe Expansion is given by :

(7)

Hoop stress/Hoop strain = Young's Modulus Hoop strain

http://www.codecogs.com/reference/engineering/fluid_mechanics/pipes/water_hamme... 21.6.2012.

Compressible Flow - Water Hammer - Pipes - Fluid Mechanics - Engineering Referen... Page 4 of 7

(8) Also:

Or:

where

is the thickness of the pipe wall

(9)

Consider the situation in the pipe at a time point at a distance from the valve where

sec.after an instantaneous valve closure. The pressure wave will have reached a The water in the length is now at rest and at a pressure above normal.

During time after closure of the valve a volume has passed point and this volume must be accommodated in addition to the initial volume . This is possible due to the compression of the water and the expansion of the pipe.

(10)

(11) Assuming that Then: and substituting from equation 29

(12) Combining the above equation with From the above two equations we can : Eliminate by putting

(13) And the increase in pressure head

or:

To eliminate

(14)

http://www.codecogs.com/reference/engineering/fluid_mechanics/pipes/water_hamme... 21.6.2012.

Compressible Flow - Water Hammer - Pipes - Fluid Mechanics - Engineering Referen... Page 5 of 7

(15) By ignoring Pipe Expansion Equations (35 ) (38 ) (41) and (46 ) can be simplified so that:

(16)

And The head rise

And:

Thus the equivalent bulk modulus allowing for pipe expansion is given by:

(17)

Pipe With Change Of Section

At the initial steady flow conditions it is assumed that friction; velocity head and contraction losses can be neglected. Therefore the pressure throughout both pipes is . (18)

The above diagram shows some instant when the pressure wave is between from equation (46)

Flow through valve

And from equation (16) also:

Equations ( 54 ) ( 55 ) and ( 56 ) can be solved for

and hence

and

and hence

Now consider an instant in time after the pressure wave has passed through the junction and a reflected wave has set off up the pipe from to .

http://www.codecogs.com/reference/engineering/fluid_mechanics/pipes/water_hamme... 21.6.2012.

Compressible Flow - Water Hammer - Pipes - Fluid Mechanics - Engineering Referen... Page 6 of 7

By continuity:

Using equation ( 16 ) for the pressure wave in the large pipe:

(19) Similarly for the pressure wave in the small pipe:

(20) Note: is the velocity of sound in the small pipe.

Adding equations ( 59 ) and(60 )

(21) Equate to equation ( 56 )

(22) substitute from ( ) and ( ) for V_0 & V_1

(23) Using the value for Notes: If the velocity of sound is the same for both pipes then found from equations ( 14 ) ( 27 ) and( ) this equation can be solved for and hence and .

(24)

(25) Putting = infinity i.e.the pipe entering the reservoir (26)

(27) Where is the initial reduction of the pipe velocity due to a partial closure of the valve. i.e. When the pressure wave reaches the reservoir entrance the velocity is reduce still further by an amount equal to the initial velocity reduction at the valve. The solution to the first worked example has been hidden. It can be seen by clicking on the red button. The solution to the other examples can only be seen by Members of Codecogs. Membership is free and registering is quick and easy.

Example - Example 1
Problem

[imperial] Example: 1

A pipe carrying water has a valve at the discharge end. The bulk modulus, a) If the initial velocity in a pipeline is valve of

, is

show that an instantaneous closure of the valve will result in a pressure rise at the

b) Given that the initial velocity is 12 ft/sec. and the pressure head in the pipe is 600 ft, find the increase in pressure head which results when the valve is instantaneously closed by 1/5 th.
Workings

a) Using equation (39) (1)

http://www.codecogs.com/reference/engineering/fluid_mechanics/pipes/water_hamme... 21.6.2012.

Compressible Flow - Water Hammer - Pipes - Fluid Mechanics - Engineering Referen... Page 7 of 7

(2)

(3) b) When the valve is fully open using equation (42) (4) And when the valve is closed by 1/5 th (5) Combining the above two equations and putting

(6) Thus:

(7)

(8) Solving the quadratic in (9) The increase in the pressure head

Solution

The increase in the pressure head is

Last Modified: 2012-01-10 17:02:44 Page Rendered: 2012-06-21 09:56:59

Page Comments

You must login to leave a messge

CodeCogs Home Library Products Site map Community Membership News Twitter About Us Background Credits Terms Privacy Copyright Support Forums FAQ Contact Us

CodeCogs 2004-2012 Zyba Ltd Premium SSL Certificate

http://www.codecogs.com/reference/engineering/fluid_mechanics/pipes/water_hamme... 21.6.2012.