Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand

Improper Integrals
Mathematics 54Elementary Analysis 2
Institute of Mathematics
University of the Philippines-Diliman
1/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Introduction
In dening
_
b
a
f (x)dx, we assumed
[a, b] is nite;and
f is continuous on [a, b]
2/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Introduction
In dening
_
b
a
f (x)dx, we assumed
[a, b] is nite;and
f is continuous on [a, b]
2/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Introduction
In dening
_
b
a
f (x)dx, we assumed
[a, b] is nite;
and
f is continuous on [a, b]
2/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Introduction
In dening
_
b
a
f (x)dx, we assumed
[a, b] is nite;and
f is continuous on [a, b]
2/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Introduction
Suppose f has a nite discontinuity at x =c, on [a, b].
_
1
1
x
x
2
2x
dx =
_
1
1
1
x2
dx = ln|x2|]
1
1
=ln3
If f (x) =
_
x
2
if x <0
x2 if x >0
, then
_
1
1
f (x) dx =
_
0
1
x
2
dx+
_
1
0
(x2) dx =
1
3

3
2
=
7
6
3/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Introduction
Suppose f has a nite discontinuity at x =c, on [a, b].
_
1
1
x
x
2
2x
dx =
_
1
1
1
x2
dx = ln|x2|]
1
1
=ln3
If f (x) =
_
x
2
if x <0
x2 if x >0
, then
_
1
1
f (x) dx =
_
0
1
x
2
dx+
_
1
0
(x2) dx =
1
3

3
2
=
7
6
3/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Introduction
Suppose f has a nite discontinuity at x =c, on [a, b].
_
1
1
x
x
2
2x
dx =
_
1
1
1
x2
dx = ln|x2|]
1
1
=ln3
If f (x) =
_
x
2
if x <0
x2 if x >0
, then
_
1
1
f (x) dx =
_
0
1
x
2
dx+
_
1
0
(x2) dx =
1
3

3
2
=
7
6
3/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Introduction
Suppose f has a nite discontinuity at x =c, on [a, b].
_
1
1
x
x
2
2x
dx
=
_
1
1
1
x2
dx = ln|x2|]
1
1
=ln3
If f (x) =
_
x
2
if x <0
x2 if x >0
, then
_
1
1
f (x) dx =
_
0
1
x
2
dx+
_
1
0
(x2) dx =
1
3

3
2
=
7
6
3/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Introduction
Suppose f has a nite discontinuity at x =c, on [a, b].
_
1
1
x
x
2
2x
dx =
_
1
1
1
x2
dx
= ln|x2|]
1
1
=ln3
If f (x) =
_
x
2
if x <0
x2 if x >0
, then
_
1
1
f (x) dx =
_
0
1
x
2
dx+
_
1
0
(x2) dx =
1
3

3
2
=
7
6
3/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Introduction
Suppose f has a nite discontinuity at x =c, on [a, b].
_
1
1
x
x
2
2x
dx =
_
1
1
1
x2
dx = ln|x2|]
1
1
=ln3
If f (x) =
_
x
2
if x <0
x2 if x >0
, then
_
1
1
f (x) dx =
_
0
1
x
2
dx+
_
1
0
(x2) dx =
1
3

3
2
=
7
6
3/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Introduction
Suppose f has a nite discontinuity at x =c, on [a, b].
_
1
1
x
x
2
2x
dx =
_
1
1
1
x2
dx = ln|x2|]
1
1
=ln3
If f (x) =
_
x
2
if x <0
x2 if x >0
, then
_
1
1
f (x) dx =
_
0
1
x
2
dx+
_
1
0
(x2) dx =
1
3

3
2
=
7
6
3/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Introduction
Suppose f has a nite discontinuity at x =c, on [a, b].
_
1
1
x
x
2
2x
dx =
_
1
1
1
x2
dx = ln|x2|]
1
1
=ln3
If f (x) =
_
x
2
if x <0
x2 if x >0
,
then
_
1
1
f (x) dx =
_
0
1
x
2
dx+
_
1
0
(x2) dx =
1
3

3
2
=
7
6
3/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Introduction
Suppose f has a nite discontinuity at x =c, on [a, b].
_
1
1
x
x
2
2x
dx =
_
1
1
1
x2
dx = ln|x2|]
1
1
=ln3
If f (x) =
_
x
2
if x <0
x2 if x >0
, then
_
1
1
f (x) dx
=
_
0
1
x
2
dx+
_
1
0
(x2) dx =
1
3

3
2
=
7
6
3/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Introduction
Suppose f has a nite discontinuity at x =c, on [a, b].
_
1
1
x
x
2
2x
dx =
_
1
1
1
x2
dx = ln|x2|]
1
1
=ln3
If f (x) =
_
x
2
if x <0
x2 if x >0
, then
_
1
1
f (x) dx =
_
0
1
x
2
dx+
_
1
0
(x2) dx
=
1
3

3
2
=
7
6
3/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Introduction
Suppose f has a nite discontinuity at x =c, on [a, b].
_
1
1
x
x
2
2x
dx =
_
1
1
1
x2
dx = ln|x2|]
1
1
=ln3
If f (x) =
_
x
2
if x <0
x2 if x >0
, then
_
1
1
f (x) dx =
_
0
1
x
2
dx+
_
1
0
(x2) dx =
1
3

3
2
=
7
6
3/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Introduction
We extend the concept of denite integrals to include cases
where
1
the interval of integration is innite or
2
f (x) has an innite discontinuity on the interval [a, b].
Some examples are
_

1
dx
x
,
_
1

dx

x4
,
_

dx
x
2
+1
_
4
0
dx
x4
,
_
5
1
dx
x ln
3
x
,
_
10
1
dx
3x7
_

0
2
x
2
dx,
_
+
0
dx
x ln
2
(x5)
4/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Introduction
We extend the concept of denite integrals to include cases
where
1
the interval of integration is innite or
2
f (x) has an innite discontinuity on the interval [a, b].
Some examples are
_

1
dx
x
,
_
1

dx

x4
,
_

dx
x
2
+1
_
4
0
dx
x4
,
_
5
1
dx
x ln
3
x
,
_
10
1
dx
3x7
_

0
2
x
2
dx,
_
+
0
dx
x ln
2
(x5)
4/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Introduction
We extend the concept of denite integrals to include cases
where
1
the interval of integration is innite
or
2
f (x) has an innite discontinuity on the interval [a, b].
Some examples are
_

1
dx
x
,
_
1

dx

x4
,
_

dx
x
2
+1
_
4
0
dx
x4
,
_
5
1
dx
x ln
3
x
,
_
10
1
dx
3x7
_

0
2
x
2
dx,
_
+
0
dx
x ln
2
(x5)
4/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Introduction
We extend the concept of denite integrals to include cases
where
1
the interval of integration is innite or
2
f (x) has an innite discontinuity on the interval [a, b].
Some examples are
_

1
dx
x
,
_
1

dx

x4
,
_

dx
x
2
+1
_
4
0
dx
x4
,
_
5
1
dx
x ln
3
x
,
_
10
1
dx
3x7
_

0
2
x
2
dx,
_
+
0
dx
x ln
2
(x5)
4/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Introduction
We extend the concept of denite integrals to include cases
where
1
the interval of integration is innite or
2
f (x) has an innite discontinuity on the interval [a, b].
Some examples are
_

1
dx
x
,
_
1

dx

x4
,
_

dx
x
2
+1
_
4
0
dx
x4
,
_
5
1
dx
x ln
3
x
,
_
10
1
dx
3x7
_

0
2
x
2
dx,
_
+
0
dx
x ln
2
(x5)
4/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Introduction
We extend the concept of denite integrals to include cases
where
1
the interval of integration is innite or
2
f (x) has an innite discontinuity on the interval [a, b].
Some examples are
_

1
dx
x
,
_
1

dx

x4
,
_

dx
x
2
+1
_
4
0
dx
x4
,
_
5
1
dx
x ln
3
x
,
_
10
1
dx
3x7
_

0
2
x
2
dx,
_
+
0
dx
x ln
2
(x5)
4/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Introduction
We extend the concept of denite integrals to include cases
where
1
the interval of integration is innite or
2
f (x) has an innite discontinuity on the interval [a, b].
Some examples are
_

1
dx
x
,
_
1

dx

x4
,
_

dx
x
2
+1
_
4
0
dx
x4
,
_
5
1
dx
x ln
3
x
,
_
10
1
dx
3x7
_

0
2
x
2
dx,
_
+
0
dx
x ln
2
(x5)
4/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Innite Interval of Integration
Consider the shaded region below.
Its area is
_
b
1
1
x
2
dx =
1
b
+1.
Letting b +,
lim
b+
_
b
1
1
x
2
dx = lim
b+
_

1
b
+1
_
=1.
By letting b +, the shaded region becomes innite. However, its
area is nite and is equal to 1. We write its area as
_

1
1
x
2
dx =1
5/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Innite Interval of Integration
Consider the shaded region below.
Its area is
_
b
1
1
x
2
dx =
1
b
+1.
Letting b +,
lim
b+
_
b
1
1
x
2
dx = lim
b+
_

1
b
+1
_
=1.
By letting b +, the shaded region becomes innite. However, its
area is nite and is equal to 1. We write its area as
_

1
1
x
2
dx =1
5/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Innite Interval of Integration
Consider the shaded region below.
Its area is
_
b
1
1
x
2
dx
=
1
b
+1.
Letting b +,
lim
b+
_
b
1
1
x
2
dx = lim
b+
_

1
b
+1
_
=1.
By letting b +, the shaded region becomes innite. However, its
area is nite and is equal to 1. We write its area as
_

1
1
x
2
dx =1
5/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Innite Interval of Integration
Consider the shaded region below.
Its area is
_
b
1
1
x
2
dx =
1
b
+1.
Letting b +,
lim
b+
_
b
1
1
x
2
dx = lim
b+
_

1
b
+1
_
=1.
By letting b +, the shaded region becomes innite. However, its
area is nite and is equal to 1. We write its area as
_

1
1
x
2
dx =1
5/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Innite Interval of Integration
Consider the shaded region below.
Its area is
_
b
1
1
x
2
dx =
1
b
+1.
Letting b +,
lim
b+
_
b
1
1
x
2
dx = lim
b+
_

1
b
+1
_
=1.
By letting b +, the shaded region becomes innite. However, its
area is nite and is equal to 1. We write its area as
_

1
1
x
2
dx =1
5/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Innite Interval of Integration
Consider the shaded region below.
Its area is
_
b
1
1
x
2
dx =
1
b
+1.
Letting b +,
lim
b+
_
b
1
1
x
2
dx
= lim
b+
_

1
b
+1
_
=1.
By letting b +, the shaded region becomes innite. However, its
area is nite and is equal to 1. We write its area as
_

1
1
x
2
dx =1
5/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Innite Interval of Integration
Consider the shaded region below.
Its area is
_
b
1
1
x
2
dx =
1
b
+1.
Letting b +,
lim
b+
_
b
1
1
x
2
dx = lim
b+
_

1
b
+1
_
=1.
By letting b +, the shaded region becomes innite. However, its
area is nite and is equal to 1. We write its area as
_

1
1
x
2
dx =1
5/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Innite Interval of Integration
Consider the shaded region below.
Its area is
_
b
1
1
x
2
dx =
1
b
+1.
Letting b +,
lim
b+
_
b
1
1
x
2
dx = lim
b+
_

1
b
+1
_
=1.
By letting b +, the shaded region becomes innite. However, its
area is nite and is equal to 1. We write its area as
_

1
1
x
2
dx =1
5/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Innite Interval of Integration
Consider the shaded region below.
Its area is
_
b
1
1
x
2
dx =
1
b
+1.
Letting b +,
lim
b+
_
b
1
1
x
2
dx = lim
b+
_

1
b
+1
_
=1.
By letting b +, the shaded region becomes innite. However, its
area is nite and is equal to 1. We write its area as
_

1
1
x
2
dx =1
5/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Innite Interval of Integration
Consider the shaded region below.
Its area is
_
b
1
1
x
2
dx =
1
b
+1.
Letting b +,
lim
b+
_
b
1
1
x
2
dx = lim
b+
_

1
b
+1
_
=1.
By letting b +, the shaded region becomes innite. However, its
area is nite and is equal to 1. We write its area as
_

1
1
x
2
dx =1
5/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Innite Interval of Integration
Denitions.
If f (x) is continuous on [a, +), then
_
+
a
f (x) dx = lim
k+
_
k
a
f (x) dx.
If f (x) is continuous on (, b], then
_
b

f (x) dx = lim
t
_
b
t
f (x) dx
The above equalities hold provided the limits exist.
In which case, the improper integrals are said to be
convergent.
If a limit does not exist, the corresponding integral is said to be
divergent.
6/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Innite Interval of Integration
Denitions.
If f (x) is continuous on [a, +), then
_
+
a
f (x) dx = lim
k+
_
k
a
f (x) dx.
If f (x) is continuous on (, b], then
_
b

f (x) dx = lim
t
_
b
t
f (x) dx
The above equalities hold provided the limits exist.
In which case, the improper integrals are said to be
convergent.
If a limit does not exist, the corresponding integral is said to be
divergent.
6/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Innite Interval of Integration
Denitions.
If f (x) is continuous on [a, +), then
_
+
a
f (x) dx = lim
k+
_
k
a
f (x) dx.
If f (x) is continuous on (, b], then
_
b

f (x) dx = lim
t
_
b
t
f (x) dx
The above equalities hold provided the limits exist.
In which case, the improper integrals are said to be
convergent.
If a limit does not exist, the corresponding integral is said to be
divergent.
6/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Innite Interval of Integration
Denitions.
If f (x) is continuous on [a, +), then
_
+
a
f (x) dx = lim
k+
_
k
a
f (x) dx.
If f (x) is continuous on (, b], then
_
b

f (x) dx = lim
t
_
b
t
f (x) dx
The above equalities hold provided the limits exist.
In which case, the improper integrals are said to be
convergent.
If a limit does not exist, the corresponding integral is said to be
divergent.
6/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Innite Interval of Integration
Denitions.
If f (x) is continuous on [a, +), then
_
+
a
f (x) dx = lim
k+
_
k
a
f (x) dx.
If f (x) is continuous on (, b], then
_
b

f (x) dx = lim
t
_
b
t
f (x) dx
The above equalities hold provided the limits exist.
In which case, the improper integrals are said to be
convergent.
If a limit does not exist, the corresponding integral is said to be
divergent.
6/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Innite Interval of Integration
Denitions.
If f (x) is continuous on [a, +), then
_
+
a
f (x) dx = lim
k+
_
k
a
f (x) dx.
If f (x) is continuous on (, b], then
_
b

f (x) dx = lim
t
_
b
t
f (x) dx
The above equalities hold provided the limits exist.
In which case, the improper integrals are said to be
convergent.
If a limit does not exist, the corresponding integral is said to be
divergent.
6/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Innite Interval of Integration
Denitions.
If f (x) is continuous on [a, +), then
_
+
a
f (x) dx = lim
k+
_
k
a
f (x) dx.
If f (x) is continuous on (, b], then
_
b

f (x) dx = lim
t
_
b
t
f (x) dx
The above equalities hold provided the limits exist.
In which case, the improper integrals are said to be
convergent.
If a limit does not exist, the corresponding integral is said to be
divergent.
6/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Innite Interval of Integration
Denitions.
If f (x) is continuous on [a, +), then
_
+
a
f (x) dx = lim
k+
_
k
a
f (x) dx.
If f (x) is continuous on (, b], then
_
b

f (x) dx = lim
t
_
b
t
f (x) dx
The above equalities hold provided the limits exist.
In which case, the improper integrals are said to be
convergent.
If a limit does not exist, the corresponding integral is said to be
divergent.
6/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Innite Interval of Integration
Denitions.
If f (x) is continuous on [a, +), then
_
+
a
f (x) dx = lim
k+
_
k
a
f (x) dx.
If f (x) is continuous on (, b], then
_
b

f (x) dx = lim
t
_
b
t
f (x) dx
The above equalities hold provided the limits exist.
In which case, the improper integrals are said to be
convergent.
If a limit does not exist, the corresponding integral is said to be
divergent.
6/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Innite Interval of Integration
Denition.
If f (x) is continuous everywhere, then
_
+

f (x) dx =
_
c

f (x) dx+
_
+
c
f (x) dx
for any c R, provided that both improper integrals on the
right converge. In which case, the improper integral is
convergent.
If either integral on the right is divergent, then
_
+

f (x) dx is
divergent.
Remark.
_
+

f (x) dx = lim
c+
_
c
c
f (x) dx.
7/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Innite Interval of Integration
Denition.
If f (x) is continuous everywhere, then
_
+

f (x) dx =
_
c

f (x) dx+
_
+
c
f (x) dx
for any c R, provided that both improper integrals on the
right converge. In which case, the improper integral is
convergent.
If either integral on the right is divergent, then
_
+

f (x) dx is
divergent.
Remark.
_
+

f (x) dx = lim
c+
_
c
c
f (x) dx.
7/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Innite Interval of Integration
Denition.
If f (x) is continuous everywhere, then
_
+

f (x) dx =
_
c

f (x) dx+
_
+
c
f (x) dx
for any c R, provided that both improper integrals on the
right converge.
In which case, the improper integral is
convergent.
If either integral on the right is divergent, then
_
+

f (x) dx is
divergent.
Remark.
_
+

f (x) dx = lim
c+
_
c
c
f (x) dx.
7/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Innite Interval of Integration
Denition.
If f (x) is continuous everywhere, then
_
+

f (x) dx =
_
c

f (x) dx+
_
+
c
f (x) dx
for any c R, provided that both improper integrals on the
right converge. In which case, the improper integral is
convergent.
If either integral on the right is divergent, then
_
+

f (x) dx is
divergent.
Remark.
_
+

f (x) dx = lim
c+
_
c
c
f (x) dx.
7/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Innite Interval of Integration
Denition.
If f (x) is continuous everywhere, then
_
+

f (x) dx =
_
c

f (x) dx+
_
+
c
f (x) dx
for any c R, provided that both improper integrals on the
right converge. In which case, the improper integral is
convergent.
If either integral on the right is divergent, then
_
+

f (x) dx is
divergent.
Remark.
_
+

f (x) dx = lim
c+
_
c
c
f (x) dx.
7/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Innite Interval of Integration
Denition.
If f (x) is continuous everywhere, then
_
+

f (x) dx =
_
c

f (x) dx+
_
+
c
f (x) dx
for any c R, provided that both improper integrals on the
right converge. In which case, the improper integral is
convergent.
If either integral on the right is divergent, then
_
+

f (x) dx is
divergent.
Remark.
_
+

f (x) dx = lim
c+
_
c
c
f (x) dx.
7/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Innite Interval of Integration
Denition.
If f (x) is continuous everywhere, then
_
+

f (x) dx =
_
c

f (x) dx+
_
+
c
f (x) dx
for any c R, provided that both improper integrals on the
right converge. In which case, the improper integral is
convergent.
If either integral on the right is divergent, then
_
+

f (x) dx is
divergent.
Remark.
_
+

f (x) dx = lim
c+
_
c
c
f (x) dx.
7/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 1.
_
+
0
e
x
dx.
_
+
0
e
x
dx = lim
k+
_
k
0
e
x
dx
= lim
k+
_
e
x
__
k
0
= lim
k+
_

1
e
k
+1
_
= 1(convergent).
8/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 1.
_
+
0
e
x
dx.
_
+
0
e
x
dx
= lim
k+
_
k
0
e
x
dx
= lim
k+
_
e
x
__
k
0
= lim
k+
_

1
e
k
+1
_
= 1(convergent).
8/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 1.
_
+
0
e
x
dx.
_
+
0
e
x
dx = lim
k+
_
k
0
e
x
dx
= lim
k+
_
e
x
__
k
0
= lim
k+
_

1
e
k
+1
_
= 1(convergent).
8/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 1.
_
+
0
e
x
dx.
_
+
0
e
x
dx = lim
k+
_
k
0
e
x
dx
= lim
k+
_
e
x
__
k
0
= lim
k+
_

1
e
k
+1
_
= 1(convergent).
8/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 1.
_
+
0
e
x
dx.
_
+
0
e
x
dx = lim
k+
_
k
0
e
x
dx
= lim
k+
_
e
x
__
k
0
= lim
k+
_

1
e
k
+1
_
= 1(convergent).
8/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 1.
_
+
0
e
x
dx.
_
+
0
e
x
dx = lim
k+
_
k
0
e
x
dx
= lim
k+
_
e
x
__
k
0
= lim
k+
_

1
e
k
+1
_
= 1
(convergent).
8/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 1.
_
+
0
e
x
dx.
_
+
0
e
x
dx = lim
k+
_
k
0
e
x
dx
= lim
k+
_
e
x
__
k
0
= lim
k+
_

1
e
k
+1
_
= 1(convergent).
8/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 2.
_
3

x dx
(x
2
4)
2
.
_
3

x dx
(x
2
4)
2
= lim
t
_
3
t
x dx
(x
2
4)
2
let u =x
2
4, du =2xdx, the form is
1
2
_
u
2
du =
1
2u
= lim
t
1
2(x
2
4)
_
3
t
= lim
t
_
1
2 5
+
1
2(t
2
4)
_
=
1
10
(convergent).
9/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 2.
_
3

x dx
(x
2
4)
2
.
_
3

x dx
(x
2
4)
2
= lim
t
_
3
t
x dx
(x
2
4)
2
let u =x
2
4, du =2xdx, the form is
1
2
_
u
2
du =
1
2u
= lim
t
1
2(x
2
4)
_
3
t
= lim
t
_
1
2 5
+
1
2(t
2
4)
_
=
1
10
(convergent).
9/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 2.
_
3

x dx
(x
2
4)
2
.
_
3

x dx
(x
2
4)
2
= lim
t
_
3
t
x dx
(x
2
4)
2
let u =x
2
4, du =2xdx, the form is
1
2
_
u
2
du =
1
2u
= lim
t
1
2(x
2
4)
_
3
t
= lim
t
_
1
2 5
+
1
2(t
2
4)
_
=
1
10
(convergent).
9/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 2.
_
3

x dx
(x
2
4)
2
.
_
3

x dx
(x
2
4)
2
= lim
t
_
3
t
x dx
(x
2
4)
2
let u =x
2
4, du =2xdx,
the form is
1
2
_
u
2
du =
1
2u
= lim
t
1
2(x
2
4)
_
3
t
= lim
t
_
1
2 5
+
1
2(t
2
4)
_
=
1
10
(convergent).
9/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 2.
_
3

x dx
(x
2
4)
2
.
_
3

x dx
(x
2
4)
2
= lim
t
_
3
t
x dx
(x
2
4)
2
let u =x
2
4, du =2xdx, the form is
1
2
_
u
2
du =
1
2u
= lim
t
1
2(x
2
4)
_
3
t
= lim
t
_
1
2 5
+
1
2(t
2
4)
_
=
1
10
(convergent).
9/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 2.
_
3

x dx
(x
2
4)
2
.
_
3

x dx
(x
2
4)
2
= lim
t
_
3
t
x dx
(x
2
4)
2
let u =x
2
4, du =2xdx, the form is
1
2
_
u
2
du =
1
2u
= lim
t
1
2(x
2
4)
_
3
t
= lim
t
_
1
2 5
+
1
2(t
2
4)
_
=
1
10
(convergent).
9/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 2.
_
3

x dx
(x
2
4)
2
.
_
3

x dx
(x
2
4)
2
= lim
t
_
3
t
x dx
(x
2
4)
2
let u =x
2
4, du =2xdx, the form is
1
2
_
u
2
du =
1
2u
= lim
t
1
2(x
2
4)
_
3
t
= lim
t
_
1
2 5
+
1
2(t
2
4)
_
=
1
10
(convergent).
9/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 2.
_
3

x dx
(x
2
4)
2
.
_
3

x dx
(x
2
4)
2
= lim
t
_
3
t
x dx
(x
2
4)
2
let u =x
2
4, du =2xdx, the form is
1
2
_
u
2
du =
1
2u
= lim
t
1
2(x
2
4)
_
3
t
= lim
t
_
1
2 5
+
1
2(t
2
4)
_
=
1
10
(convergent).
9/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 2.
_
3

x dx
(x
2
4)
2
.
_
3

x dx
(x
2
4)
2
= lim
t
_
3
t
x dx
(x
2
4)
2
let u =x
2
4, du =2xdx, the form is
1
2
_
u
2
du =
1
2u
= lim
t
1
2(x
2
4)
_
3
t
= lim
t
_
1
2 5
+
1
2(t
2
4)
_
=
1
10
(convergent).
9/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 3.
_
+
1
lnx
x
dx.
_
+
1
lnx
x
dx = lim
k+
_
k
1
lnx
x
dx
let u =lnx, du =
1
x
dx, the form is
_
udu =
1
2
u
2
= lim
k+
ln
2
x
2
_
k
1
= lim
k+
_
ln
2
k
2
0
_
=+(divergent).
10/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 3.
_
+
1
lnx
x
dx.
_
+
1
lnx
x
dx
= lim
k+
_
k
1
lnx
x
dx
let u =lnx, du =
1
x
dx, the form is
_
udu =
1
2
u
2
= lim
k+
ln
2
x
2
_
k
1
= lim
k+
_
ln
2
k
2
0
_
=+(divergent).
10/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 3.
_
+
1
lnx
x
dx.
_
+
1
lnx
x
dx = lim
k+
_
k
1
lnx
x
dx
let u =lnx, du =
1
x
dx, the form is
_
udu =
1
2
u
2
= lim
k+
ln
2
x
2
_
k
1
= lim
k+
_
ln
2
k
2
0
_
=+(divergent).
10/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 3.
_
+
1
lnx
x
dx.
_
+
1
lnx
x
dx = lim
k+
_
k
1
lnx
x
dx
let u =lnx, du =
1
x
dx,
the form is
_
udu =
1
2
u
2
= lim
k+
ln
2
x
2
_
k
1
= lim
k+
_
ln
2
k
2
0
_
=+(divergent).
10/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 3.
_
+
1
lnx
x
dx.
_
+
1
lnx
x
dx = lim
k+
_
k
1
lnx
x
dx
let u =lnx, du =
1
x
dx, the form is
_
udu =
1
2
u
2
= lim
k+
ln
2
x
2
_
k
1
= lim
k+
_
ln
2
k
2
0
_
=+(divergent).
10/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 3.
_
+
1
lnx
x
dx.
_
+
1
lnx
x
dx = lim
k+
_
k
1
lnx
x
dx
let u =lnx, du =
1
x
dx, the form is
_
udu =
1
2
u
2
= lim
k+
ln
2
x
2
_
k
1
= lim
k+
_
ln
2
k
2
0
_
=+(divergent).
10/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 3.
_
+
1
lnx
x
dx.
_
+
1
lnx
x
dx = lim
k+
_
k
1
lnx
x
dx
let u =lnx, du =
1
x
dx, the form is
_
udu =
1
2
u
2
= lim
k+
ln
2
x
2
_
k
1
= lim
k+
_
ln
2
k
2
0
_
=+(divergent).
10/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 3.
_
+
1
lnx
x
dx.
_
+
1
lnx
x
dx = lim
k+
_
k
1
lnx
x
dx
let u =lnx, du =
1
x
dx, the form is
_
udu =
1
2
u
2
= lim
k+
ln
2
x
2
_
k
1
= lim
k+
_
ln
2
k
2
0
_
=+
(divergent).
10/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 3.
_
+
1
lnx
x
dx.
_
+
1
lnx
x
dx = lim
k+
_
k
1
lnx
x
dx
let u =lnx, du =
1
x
dx, the form is
_
udu =
1
2
u
2
= lim
k+
ln
2
x
2
_
k
1
= lim
k+
_
ln
2
k
2
0
_
=+(divergent).
10/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 4.
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
Note:
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
+
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
, (take c =1)
Meanwhile,
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
t
_
1
t
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
t
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
1
t
= lim
t
1
2
_
tan
1
(1) tan
1
t +1
2
_
=
1
2
_

4

_

2
__
=
3
8
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
k
_
k
1
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
k
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
k
1
= lim
k
1
2
_
tan
1
k+1
2
tan
1
(1)
_
=
1
2
_

4
_
=

8
Therefore,
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
3
8
+

8
=

2
.
11/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 4.
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
Note:
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
+
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
, (take c =1)
Meanwhile,
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
t
_
1
t
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
t
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
1
t
= lim
t
1
2
_
tan
1
(1) tan
1
t +1
2
_
=
1
2
_

4

_

2
__
=
3
8
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
k
_
k
1
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
k
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
k
1
= lim
k
1
2
_
tan
1
k+1
2
tan
1
(1)
_
=
1
2
_

4
_
=

8
Therefore,
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
3
8
+

8
=

2
.
11/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 4.
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
Note:
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
+
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
, (take c =1)
Meanwhile,
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
t
_
1
t
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
t
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
1
t
= lim
t
1
2
_
tan
1
(1) tan
1
t +1
2
_
=
1
2
_

4

_

2
__
=
3
8
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
k
_
k
1
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
k
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
k
1
= lim
k
1
2
_
tan
1
k+1
2
tan
1
(1)
_
=
1
2
_

4
_
=

8
Therefore,
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
3
8
+

8
=

2
.
11/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 4.
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
Note:
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
+
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
, (take c =1)
Meanwhile,
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
t
_
1
t
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
t
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
1
t
= lim
t
1
2
_
tan
1
(1) tan
1
t +1
2
_
=
1
2
_

4

_

2
__
=
3
8
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
k
_
k
1
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
k
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
k
1
= lim
k
1
2
_
tan
1
k+1
2
tan
1
(1)
_
=
1
2
_

4
_
=

8
Therefore,
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
3
8
+

8
=

2
.
11/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 4.
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
Note:
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
+
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
, (take c =1)
Meanwhile,
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
t
_
1
t
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
t
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
1
t
= lim
t
1
2
_
tan
1
(1) tan
1
t +1
2
_
=
1
2
_

4

_

2
__
=
3
8
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
k
_
k
1
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
k
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
k
1
= lim
k
1
2
_
tan
1
k+1
2
tan
1
(1)
_
=
1
2
_

4
_
=

8
Therefore,
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
3
8
+

8
=

2
.
11/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 4.
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
Note:
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
+
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
, (take c =1)
Meanwhile,
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
t
_
1
t
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
t
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
1
t
= lim
t
1
2
_
tan
1
(1) tan
1
t +1
2
_
=
1
2
_

4

_

2
__
=
3
8
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
k
_
k
1
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
k
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
k
1
= lim
k
1
2
_
tan
1
k+1
2
tan
1
(1)
_
=
1
2
_

4
_
=

8
Therefore,
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
3
8
+

8
=

2
.
11/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 4.
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
Note:
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
+
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
, (take c =1)
Meanwhile,
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
t
_
1
t
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
t
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
1
t
= lim
t
1
2
_
tan
1
(1) tan
1
t +1
2
_
=
1
2
_

4

_

2
__
=
3
8
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
k
_
k
1
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
k
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
k
1
= lim
k
1
2
_
tan
1
k+1
2
tan
1
(1)
_
=
1
2
_

4
_
=

8
Therefore,
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
3
8
+

8
=

2
.
11/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 4.
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
Note:
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
+
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
, (take c =1)
Meanwhile,
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
t
_
1
t
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
t
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
1
t
= lim
t
1
2
_
tan
1
(1) tan
1
t +1
2
_
=
1
2
_

4

_

2
__
=
3
8
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
k
_
k
1
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
k
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
k
1
= lim
k
1
2
_
tan
1
k+1
2
tan
1
(1)
_
=
1
2
_

4
_
=

8
Therefore,
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
3
8
+

8
=

2
.
11/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 4.
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
Note:
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
+
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
, (take c =1)
Meanwhile,
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
t
_
1
t
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
t
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
1
t
= lim
t
1
2
_
tan
1
(1) tan
1
t +1
2
_
=
1
2
_

4

_

2
__
=
3
8
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
k
_
k
1
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
k
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
k
1
= lim
k
1
2
_
tan
1
k+1
2
tan
1
(1)
_
=
1
2
_

4
_
=

8
Therefore,
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
3
8
+

8
=

2
.
11/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 4.
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
Note:
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
+
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
, (take c =1)
Meanwhile,
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
t
_
1
t
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
t
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
1
t
= lim
t
1
2
_
tan
1
(1) tan
1
t +1
2
_
=
1
2
_

4

_

2
__
=
3
8
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
k
_
k
1
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
k
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
k
1
= lim
k
1
2
_
tan
1
k+1
2
tan
1
(1)
_
=
1
2
_

4
_
=

8
Therefore,
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
3
8
+

8
=

2
.
11/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 4.
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
Note:
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
+
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
, (take c =1)
Meanwhile,
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
t
_
1
t
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
t
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
1
t
= lim
t
1
2
_
tan
1
(1) tan
1
t +1
2
_
=
1
2
_

4

_

2
__
=
3
8
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
k
_
k
1
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
k
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
k
1
= lim
k
1
2
_
tan
1
k+1
2
tan
1
(1)
_
=
1
2
_

4
_
=

8
Therefore,
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
3
8
+

8
=

2
.
11/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 4.
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
Note:
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
+
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
, (take c =1)
Meanwhile,
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
t
_
1
t
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
t
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
1
t
= lim
t
1
2
_
tan
1
(1) tan
1
t +1
2
_
=
1
2
_

4

_

2
__
=
3
8
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
k
_
k
1
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
k
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
k
1
= lim
k
1
2
_
tan
1
k+1
2
tan
1
(1)
_
=
1
2
_

4
_
=

8
Therefore,
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
3
8
+

8
=

2
.
11/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 4.
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
Note:
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
+
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
, (take c =1)
Meanwhile,
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
t
_
1
t
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
t
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
1
t
= lim
t
1
2
_
tan
1
(1) tan
1
t +1
2
_
=
1
2
_

4

_

2
__
=
3
8
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
k
_
k
1
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
k
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
k
1
= lim
k
1
2
_
tan
1
k+1
2
tan
1
(1)
_
=
1
2
_

4
_
=

8
Therefore,
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
3
8
+

8
=

2
.
11/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 4.
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
Note:
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
+
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
, (take c =1)
Meanwhile,
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
t
_
1
t
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
t
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
1
t
= lim
t
1
2
_
tan
1
(1) tan
1
t +1
2
_
=
1
2
_

4

_

2
__
=
3
8
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
k
_
k
1
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
k
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
k
1
= lim
k
1
2
_
tan
1
k+1
2
tan
1
(1)
_
=
1
2
_

4
_
=

8
Therefore,
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
3
8
+

8
=

2
.
11/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 4.
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
Note:
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
+
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
, (take c =1)
Meanwhile,
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
t
_
1
t
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
t
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
1
t
= lim
t
1
2
_
tan
1
(1) tan
1
t +1
2
_
=
1
2
_

4

_

2
__
=
3
8
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
k
_
k
1
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
k
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
k
1
= lim
k
1
2
_
tan
1
k+1
2
tan
1
(1)
_
=
1
2
_

4
_
=

8
Therefore,
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
3
8
+

8
=

2
.
11/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Example 4.
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
Note:
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
+
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
, (take c =1)
Meanwhile,
_
1

dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
t
_
1
t
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
t
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
1
t
= lim
t
1
2
_
tan
1
(1) tan
1
t +1
2
_
=
1
2
_

4

_

2
__
=
3
8
_
+
1
dx
x
2
+2x+5
= lim
k
_
k
1
dx
(x+1)
2
+4
= lim
k
1
2
tan
1
x+1
2
_
k
1
= lim
k
1
2
_
tan
1
k+1
2
tan
1
(1)
_
=
1
2
_

4
_
=

8
Therefore,
_
+

dx
x
2
+2x+5
=
3
8
+

8
=

2
.
11/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Consider the shaded region below.
Its area is
_
t
1
1

5x
dx =2(

5t 2).
Letting t 5,
lim
t5
_
t
1
1

5x
dx =lim
t5
2(

5t 2) =4.
By letting t 5, the shaded region becomes innite. However, its
area is nite and is equal to 4. We write its area as
_
5
1
1

5x
dx =4
12/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Consider the shaded region below.
Its area is
_
t
1
1

5x
dx =2(

5t 2).
Letting t 5,
lim
t5
_
t
1
1

5x
dx =lim
t5
2(

5t 2) =4.
By letting t 5, the shaded region becomes innite. However, its
area is nite and is equal to 4. We write its area as
_
5
1
1

5x
dx =4
12/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Consider the shaded region below.
Its area is
_
t
1
1

5x
dx
=2(

5t 2).
Letting t 5,
lim
t5
_
t
1
1

5x
dx =lim
t5
2(

5t 2) =4.
By letting t 5, the shaded region becomes innite. However, its
area is nite and is equal to 4. We write its area as
_
5
1
1

5x
dx =4
12/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Consider the shaded region below.
Its area is
_
t
1
1

5x
dx =2(

5t 2).
Letting t 5,
lim
t5
_
t
1
1

5x
dx =lim
t5
2(

5t 2) =4.
By letting t 5, the shaded region becomes innite. However, its
area is nite and is equal to 4. We write its area as
_
5
1
1

5x
dx =4
12/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Consider the shaded region below.
Its area is
_
t
1
1

5x
dx =2(

5t 2).
Letting t 5,
lim
t5
_
t
1
1

5x
dx =lim
t5
2(

5t 2) =4.
By letting t 5, the shaded region becomes innite. However, its
area is nite and is equal to 4. We write its area as
_
5
1
1

5x
dx =4
12/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Consider the shaded region below.
Its area is
_
t
1
1

5x
dx =2(

5t 2).
Letting t 5,
lim
t5
_
t
1
1

5x
dx
=lim
t5
2(

5t 2) =4.
By letting t 5, the shaded region becomes innite. However, its
area is nite and is equal to 4. We write its area as
_
5
1
1

5x
dx =4
12/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Consider the shaded region below.
Its area is
_
t
1
1

5x
dx =2(

5t 2).
Letting t 5,
lim
t5
_
t
1
1

5x
dx =lim
t5
2(

5t 2)
=4.
By letting t 5, the shaded region becomes innite. However, its
area is nite and is equal to 4. We write its area as
_
5
1
1

5x
dx =4
12/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Consider the shaded region below.
Its area is
_
t
1
1

5x
dx =2(

5t 2).
Letting t 5,
lim
t5
_
t
1
1

5x
dx =lim
t5
2(

5t 2) =4.
By letting t 5, the shaded region becomes innite. However, its
area is nite and is equal to 4. We write its area as
_
5
1
1

5x
dx =4
12/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Consider the shaded region below.
Its area is
_
t
1
1

5x
dx =2(

5t 2).
Letting t 5,
lim
t5
_
t
1
1

5x
dx =lim
t5
2(

5t 2) =4.
By letting t 5, the shaded region becomes innite. However, its
area is nite and is equal to 4. We write its area as
_
5
1
1

5x
dx =4
12/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Denitions.
If f (x) is continuous on (a, b], has an innite discontinuity at
x =a, then
_
b
a
f (x) dx = lim
ta
+
_
b
t
f (x) dx.
If f (x) is continuous on [a, b) and has an innite discontinuity
at x =b, then
_
b
a
f (x) dx = lim
tb

_
t
a
f (x) dx.
The above equalities hold if the limits exist.
In which case, we say the improper integrals are convergent.
If a limit does not exist, then the corresponding integral is said
to be divergent.
13/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Denitions.
If f (x) is continuous on (a, b], has an innite discontinuity at
x =a, then
_
b
a
f (x) dx = lim
ta
+
_
b
t
f (x) dx.
If f (x) is continuous on [a, b) and has an innite discontinuity
at x =b, then
_
b
a
f (x) dx = lim
tb

_
t
a
f (x) dx.
The above equalities hold if the limits exist.
In which case, we say the improper integrals are convergent.
If a limit does not exist, then the corresponding integral is said
to be divergent.
13/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Denitions.
If f (x) is continuous on (a, b], has an innite discontinuity at
x =a, then
_
b
a
f (x) dx = lim
ta
+
_
b
t
f (x) dx.
If f (x) is continuous on [a, b) and has an innite discontinuity
at x =b, then
_
b
a
f (x) dx = lim
tb

_
t
a
f (x) dx.
The above equalities hold if the limits exist.
In which case, we say the improper integrals are convergent.
If a limit does not exist, then the corresponding integral is said
to be divergent.
13/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Denitions.
If f (x) is continuous on (a, b], has an innite discontinuity at
x =a, then
_
b
a
f (x) dx = lim
ta
+
_
b
t
f (x) dx.
If f (x) is continuous on [a, b) and has an innite discontinuity
at x =b, then
_
b
a
f (x) dx = lim
tb

_
t
a
f (x) dx.
The above equalities hold if the limits exist.
In which case, we say the improper integrals are convergent.
If a limit does not exist, then the corresponding integral is said
to be divergent.
13/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Denitions.
If f (x) is continuous on (a, b], has an innite discontinuity at
x =a, then
_
b
a
f (x) dx = lim
ta
+
_
b
t
f (x) dx.
If f (x) is continuous on [a, b) and has an innite discontinuity
at x =b, then
_
b
a
f (x) dx = lim
tb

_
t
a
f (x) dx.
The above equalities hold if the limits exist.
In which case, we say the improper integrals are convergent.
If a limit does not exist, then the corresponding integral is said
to be divergent.
13/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Denitions.
If f (x) is continuous on (a, b], has an innite discontinuity at
x =a, then
_
b
a
f (x) dx = lim
ta
+
_
b
t
f (x) dx.
If f (x) is continuous on [a, b) and has an innite discontinuity
at x =b, then
_
b
a
f (x) dx = lim
tb

_
t
a
f (x) dx.
The above equalities hold if the limits exist.
In which case, we say the improper integrals are convergent.
If a limit does not exist, then the corresponding integral is said
to be divergent.
13/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Denitions.
If f (x) is continuous on (a, b], has an innite discontinuity at
x =a, then
_
b
a
f (x) dx = lim
ta
+
_
b
t
f (x) dx.
If f (x) is continuous on [a, b) and has an innite discontinuity
at x =b, then
_
b
a
f (x) dx = lim
tb

_
t
a
f (x) dx.
The above equalities hold if the limits exist.
In which case, we say the improper integrals are convergent.
If a limit does not exist, then the corresponding integral is said
to be divergent.
13/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Denitions.
If f (x) is continuous on (a, b], has an innite discontinuity at
x =a, then
_
b
a
f (x) dx = lim
ta
+
_
b
t
f (x) dx.
If f (x) is continuous on [a, b) and has an innite discontinuity
at x =b, then
_
b
a
f (x) dx = lim
tb

_
t
a
f (x) dx.
The above equalities hold if the limits exist.
In which case, we say the improper integrals are convergent.
If a limit does not exist, then the corresponding integral is said
to be divergent.
13/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Denitions.
If f (x) is continuous on (a, b], has an innite discontinuity at
x =a, then
_
b
a
f (x) dx = lim
ta
+
_
b
t
f (x) dx.
If f (x) is continuous on [a, b) and has an innite discontinuity
at x =b, then
_
b
a
f (x) dx = lim
tb

_
t
a
f (x) dx.
The above equalities hold if the limits exist.
In which case, we say the improper integrals are convergent.
If a limit does not exist, then the corresponding integral is said
to be divergent.
13/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Denition.
If f (x) has an innite discontinuity at c, where a <c <b, then
we dene
_
b
a
f (x) dx =
_
c
a
f (x) dx+
_
b
c
f (x) dx.
The above equality holds provided that both
_
c
a
f (x) dx and
_
b
c
f (x) dx are convergent. In which case,
_
b
a
f (x) dx is said to be
convergent.
If either integral on the right is divergent, then
_
b
a
f (x) dx is
divergent.
14/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Denition.
If f (x) has an innite discontinuity at c, where a <c <b, then
we dene
_
b
a
f (x) dx =
_
c
a
f (x) dx+
_
b
c
f (x) dx.
The above equality holds provided that both
_
c
a
f (x) dx and
_
b
c
f (x) dx are convergent. In which case,
_
b
a
f (x) dx is said to be
convergent.
If either integral on the right is divergent, then
_
b
a
f (x) dx is
divergent.
14/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Denition.
If f (x) has an innite discontinuity at c, where a <c <b, then
we dene
_
b
a
f (x) dx =
_
c
a
f (x) dx+
_
b
c
f (x) dx.
The above equality holds provided that both
_
c
a
f (x) dx and
_
b
c
f (x) dx are convergent. In which case,
_
b
a
f (x) dx is said to be
convergent.
If either integral on the right is divergent, then
_
b
a
f (x) dx is
divergent.
14/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Denition.
If f (x) has an innite discontinuity at c, where a <c <b, then
we dene
_
b
a
f (x) dx =
_
c
a
f (x) dx+
_
b
c
f (x) dx.
The above equality holds provided that both
_
c
a
f (x) dx and
_
b
c
f (x) dx are convergent. In which case,
_
b
a
f (x) dx is said to be
convergent.
If either integral on the right is divergent, then
_
b
a
f (x) dx is
divergent.
14/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 1.
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
.
Note: f (x) =
1

16x
2
has an innite discontinuity at x =4.
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
= lim
t4

_
t
0
dx

16x
2
_
Verify that
_
dx

16x
2
=sin
1
_
x
4
_
_
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
= lim
t4

sin
1
_
x
4
__
t
0
= lim
t4

_
sin
1
_
t
4
_
sin
1
(0)
_
= sin
1
(1) sin
1
(0) =

2
(convergent).
15/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 1.
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
.
Note: f (x) =
1

16x
2
has an innite discontinuity at x =4.
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
= lim
t4

_
t
0
dx

16x
2
_
Verify that
_
dx

16x
2
=sin
1
_
x
4
_
_
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
= lim
t4

sin
1
_
x
4
__
t
0
= lim
t4

_
sin
1
_
t
4
_
sin
1
(0)
_
= sin
1
(1) sin
1
(0) =

2
(convergent).
15/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 1.
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
.
Note: f (x) =
1

16x
2
has an innite discontinuity at x =4.
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
= lim
t4

_
t
0
dx

16x
2
_
Verify that
_
dx

16x
2
=sin
1
_
x
4
_
_
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
= lim
t4

sin
1
_
x
4
__
t
0
= lim
t4

_
sin
1
_
t
4
_
sin
1
(0)
_
= sin
1
(1) sin
1
(0) =

2
(convergent).
15/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 1.
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
.
Note: f (x) =
1

16x
2
has an innite discontinuity at x =4.
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
= lim
t4

_
t
0
dx

16x
2
_
Verify that
_
dx

16x
2
=sin
1
_
x
4
_
_
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
= lim
t4

sin
1
_
x
4
__
t
0
= lim
t4

_
sin
1
_
t
4
_
sin
1
(0)
_
= sin
1
(1) sin
1
(0) =

2
(convergent).
15/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 1.
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
.
Note: f (x) =
1

16x
2
has an innite discontinuity at x =4.
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
= lim
t4

_
t
0
dx

16x
2
_
Verify that
_
dx

16x
2
=sin
1
_
x
4
_
_
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
= lim
t4

sin
1
_
x
4
__
t
0
= lim
t4

_
sin
1
_
t
4
_
sin
1
(0)
_
= sin
1
(1) sin
1
(0) =

2
(convergent).
15/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 1.
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
.
Note: f (x) =
1

16x
2
has an innite discontinuity at x =4.
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
= lim
t4

_
t
0
dx

16x
2
_
Verify that
_
dx

16x
2
=sin
1
_
x
4
_
_
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
= lim
t4

sin
1
_
x
4
__
t
0
= lim
t4

_
sin
1
_
t
4
_
sin
1
(0)
_
= sin
1
(1) sin
1
(0) =

2
(convergent).
15/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 1.
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
.
Note: f (x) =
1

16x
2
has an innite discontinuity at x =4.
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
= lim
t4

_
t
0
dx

16x
2
_
Verify that
_
dx

16x
2
=sin
1
_
x
4
_
_
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
= lim
t4

sin
1
_
x
4
__
t
0
= lim
t4

_
sin
1
_
t
4
_
sin
1
(0)
_
= sin
1
(1) sin
1
(0) =

2
(convergent).
15/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 1.
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
.
Note: f (x) =
1

16x
2
has an innite discontinuity at x =4.
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
= lim
t4

_
t
0
dx

16x
2
_
Verify that
_
dx

16x
2
=sin
1
_
x
4
_
_
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
= lim
t4

sin
1
_
x
4
__
t
0
= lim
t4

_
sin
1
_
t
4
_
sin
1
(0)
_
= sin
1
(1) sin
1
(0) =

2
(convergent).
15/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 1.
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
.
Note: f (x) =
1

16x
2
has an innite discontinuity at x =4.
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
= lim
t4

_
t
0
dx

16x
2
_
Verify that
_
dx

16x
2
=sin
1
_
x
4
_
_
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
= lim
t4

sin
1
_
x
4
__
t
0
= lim
t4

_
sin
1
_
t
4
_
sin
1
(0)
_
= sin
1
(1) sin
1
(0) =

2
(convergent).
15/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 1.
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
.
Note: f (x) =
1

16x
2
has an innite discontinuity at x =4.
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
= lim
t4

_
t
0
dx

16x
2
_
Verify that
_
dx

16x
2
=sin
1
_
x
4
_
_
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
= lim
t4

sin
1
_
x
4
__
t
0
= lim
t4

_
sin
1
_
t
4
_
sin
1
(0)
_
= sin
1
(1) sin
1
(0)
=

2
(convergent).
15/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 1.
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
.
Note: f (x) =
1

16x
2
has an innite discontinuity at x =4.
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
= lim
t4

_
t
0
dx

16x
2
_
Verify that
_
dx

16x
2
=sin
1
_
x
4
_
_
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
= lim
t4

sin
1
_
x
4
__
t
0
= lim
t4

_
sin
1
_
t
4
_
sin
1
(0)
_
= sin
1
(1) sin
1
(0) =

2
(convergent).
15/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 1.
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
.
Note: f (x) =
1

16x
2
has an innite discontinuity at x =4.
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
= lim
t4

_
t
0
dx

16x
2
_
Verify that
_
dx

16x
2
=sin
1
_
x
4
_
_
_
4
0
dx

16x
2
= lim
t4

sin
1
_
x
4
__
t
0
= lim
t4

_
sin
1
_
t
4
_
sin
1
(0)
_
= sin
1
(1) sin
1
(0) =

2
(convergent).
15/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 2.
_
2
0
tanx dx.
Note: The graph of y =tanx has a vertical asymptote at x =

2
.
_
2
0
tanx dx = lim
t

_
t
0
tanx dx
= lim
t

ln| secx|]
t
0
= lim
t

(ln| sect| ln| sec0|)

=+(divergent).
16/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 2.
_
2
0
tanx dx.
Note: The graph of y =tanx has a vertical asymptote at x =

2
.
_
2
0
tanx dx = lim
t

_
t
0
tanx dx
= lim
t

ln| secx|]
t
0
= lim
t

(ln| sect| ln| sec0|)

=+(divergent).
16/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 2.
_
2
0
tanx dx.
Note: The graph of y =tanx has a vertical asymptote at x =

2
.
_
2
0
tanx dx = lim
t

_
t
0
tanx dx
= lim
t

ln| secx|]
t
0
= lim
t

(ln| sect| ln| sec0|)

=+(divergent).
16/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 2.
_
2
0
tanx dx.
Note: The graph of y =tanx has a vertical asymptote at x =

2
.
_
2
0
tanx dx
= lim
t

_
t
0
tanx dx
= lim
t

ln| secx|]
t
0
= lim
t

(ln| sect| ln| sec0|)

=+(divergent).
16/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 2.
_
2
0
tanx dx.
Note: The graph of y =tanx has a vertical asymptote at x =

2
.
_
2
0
tanx dx = lim
t

_
t
0
tanx dx
= lim
t

ln| secx|]
t
0
= lim
t

(ln| sect| ln| sec0|)

=+(divergent).
16/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 2.
_
2
0
tanx dx.
Note: The graph of y =tanx has a vertical asymptote at x =

2
.
_
2
0
tanx dx = lim
t

_
t
0
tanx dx
= lim
t

ln| secx|]
t
0
= lim
t

(ln| sect| ln| sec0|)

=+(divergent).
16/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 2.
_
2
0
tanx dx.
Note: The graph of y =tanx has a vertical asymptote at x =

2
.
_
2
0
tanx dx = lim
t

_
t
0
tanx dx
= lim
t

ln| secx|]
t
0
= lim
t

(ln| sect| ln| sec0|)

=+(divergent).
16/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 2.
_
2
0
tanx dx.
Note: The graph of y =tanx has a vertical asymptote at x =

2
.
_
2
0
tanx dx = lim
t

_
t
0
tanx dx
= lim
t

ln| secx|]
t
0
= lim
t

(ln| sect| ln| sec0|)

=+(divergent).
16/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 3.
_
+
0
e

x
dx.
Note that f (x) =
e

x
has an innite discontinuity at x =0.
_
+
0
e

x
dx =
_
1
0
e

x
dx+
_
+
1
e

x
dx
Let u =

x, du =
dx
2

x
, the form is
_
(2e
u
) du =2e
u
= lim
t0
+
_
2e

x
__
1
t
+ lim
k+
_
2e

x
__
k
1
= lim
t0
+
_

2
e
+2e

t
_
+ lim
k+
_
2e

k
+
2
e
_
=2+0 =2(convergent).
17/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 3.
_
+
0
e

x
dx.
Note that f (x) =
e

x
has an innite discontinuity at x =0.
_
+
0
e

x
dx =
_
1
0
e

x
dx+
_
+
1
e

x
dx
Let u =

x, du =
dx
2

x
, the form is
_
(2e
u
) du =2e
u
= lim
t0
+
_
2e

x
__
1
t
+ lim
k+
_
2e

x
__
k
1
= lim
t0
+
_

2
e
+2e

t
_
+ lim
k+
_
2e

k
+
2
e
_
=2+0 =2(convergent).
17/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 3.
_
+
0
e

x
dx.
Note that f (x) =
e

x
has an innite discontinuity at x =0.
_
+
0
e

x
dx =
_
1
0
e

x
dx+
_
+
1
e

x
dx
Let u =

x, du =
dx
2

x
, the form is
_
(2e
u
) du =2e
u
= lim
t0
+
_
2e

x
__
1
t
+ lim
k+
_
2e

x
__
k
1
= lim
t0
+
_

2
e
+2e

t
_
+ lim
k+
_
2e

k
+
2
e
_
=2+0 =2(convergent).
17/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 3.
_
+
0
e

x
dx.
Note that f (x) =
e

x
has an innite discontinuity at x =0.
_
+
0
e

x
dx
=
_
1
0
e

x
dx+
_
+
1
e

x
dx
Let u =

x, du =
dx
2

x
, the form is
_
(2e
u
) du =2e
u
= lim
t0
+
_
2e

x
__
1
t
+ lim
k+
_
2e

x
__
k
1
= lim
t0
+
_

2
e
+2e

t
_
+ lim
k+
_
2e

k
+
2
e
_
=2+0 =2(convergent).
17/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 3.
_
+
0
e

x
dx.
Note that f (x) =
e

x
has an innite discontinuity at x =0.
_
+
0
e

x
dx =
_
1
0
e

x
dx+
_
+
1
e

x
dx
Let u =

x, du =
dx
2

x
, the form is
_
(2e
u
) du =2e
u
= lim
t0
+
_
2e

x
__
1
t
+ lim
k+
_
2e

x
__
k
1
= lim
t0
+
_

2
e
+2e

t
_
+ lim
k+
_
2e

k
+
2
e
_
=2+0 =2(convergent).
17/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 3.
_
+
0
e

x
dx.
Note that f (x) =
e

x
has an innite discontinuity at x =0.
_
+
0
e

x
dx =
_
1
0
e

x
dx+
_
+
1
e

x
dx
Let u =

x, du =
dx
2

x
,
the form is
_
(2e
u
) du =2e
u
= lim
t0
+
_
2e

x
__
1
t
+ lim
k+
_
2e

x
__
k
1
= lim
t0
+
_

2
e
+2e

t
_
+ lim
k+
_
2e

k
+
2
e
_
=2+0 =2(convergent).
17/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 3.
_
+
0
e

x
dx.
Note that f (x) =
e

x
has an innite discontinuity at x =0.
_
+
0
e

x
dx =
_
1
0
e

x
dx+
_
+
1
e

x
dx
Let u =

x, du =
dx
2

x
, the form is
_
(2e
u
) du =2e
u
= lim
t0
+
_
2e

x
__
1
t
+ lim
k+
_
2e

x
__
k
1
= lim
t0
+
_

2
e
+2e

t
_
+ lim
k+
_
2e

k
+
2
e
_
=2+0 =2(convergent).
17/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 3.
_
+
0
e

x
dx.
Note that f (x) =
e

x
has an innite discontinuity at x =0.
_
+
0
e

x
dx =
_
1
0
e

x
dx+
_
+
1
e

x
dx
Let u =

x, du =
dx
2

x
, the form is
_
(2e
u
) du =2e
u
= lim
t0
+
_
2e

x
__
1
t
+ lim
k+
_
2e

x
__
k
1
= lim
t0
+
_

2
e
+2e

t
_
+ lim
k+
_
2e

k
+
2
e
_
=2+0 =2(convergent).
17/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 3.
_
+
0
e

x
dx.
Note that f (x) =
e

x
has an innite discontinuity at x =0.
_
+
0
e

x
dx =
_
1
0
e

x
dx+
_
+
1
e

x
dx
Let u =

x, du =
dx
2

x
, the form is
_
(2e
u
) du =2e
u
= lim
t0
+
_
2e

x
__
1
t
+ lim
k+
_
2e

x
__
k
1
= lim
t0
+
_

2
e
+2e

t
_
+ lim
k+
_
2e

k
+
2
e
_
=2+0 =2(convergent).
17/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 3.
_
+
0
e

x
dx.
Note that f (x) =
e

x
has an innite discontinuity at x =0.
_
+
0
e

x
dx =
_
1
0
e

x
dx+
_
+
1
e

x
dx
Let u =

x, du =
dx
2

x
, the form is
_
(2e
u
) du =2e
u
= lim
t0
+
_
2e

x
__
1
t
+ lim
k+
_
2e

x
__
k
1
= lim
t0
+
_

2
e
+2e

t
_
+ lim
k+
_
2e

k
+
2
e
_
=2+0
=2(convergent).
17/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Discontinuous Integrand
Example 3.
_
+
0
e

x
dx.
Note that f (x) =
e

x
has an innite discontinuity at x =0.
_
+
0
e

x
dx =
_
1
0
e

x
dx+
_
+
1
e

x
dx
Let u =

x, du =
dx
2

x
, the form is
_
(2e
u
) du =2e
u
= lim
t0
+
_
2e

x
__
1
t
+ lim
k+
_
2e

x
__
k
1
= lim
t0
+
_

2
e
+2e

t
_
+ lim
k+
_
2e

k
+
2
e
_
=2+0 =2(convergent).
17/ 18
Introduction Innite Interval Discontinuous Integrand
Exercises
Evaluate the following:
1
_
0

dx
x
2
+16
2
_
+
e
dx
xln
5
x
3
_
+

1+x
1+x
2
dx
4
_
1
0
dx
e
x
e
x
5
_
2
0
dx
(2x1)
2/3
18/ 18