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d if*smorkid ;f vdru
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wkid ;f jynfrsm;rS bk&ifrsm;uqktjzpf&vkad omwef;ck;d BuD;bk&m;jzpf\/ bk&m;onf Ak'b
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onf/ &ckid &f mZ0if pEo&l ,
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G af erSKrmS rajymyavmufacs/ at'D 10 &mpk tm&yf
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Maan ponfY wkYd \ rSww
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jzpfeidk o
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qufEG,faMumif;jzpfekdifonf[ka&;xm;aMumif; Dr Kamiungo u&Sif;vif;a&;om;xm;onf/ Mulk
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f rf;&k;d wef; rkew
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aZmfrif;xG#\
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tjrD;tarmufrwnfYqufpyfjycJYonf/ olYtmabmfrmS ]] a0omVD r[mxkid ;f pjErif;BuD;vufxuf &ckid u
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olYwifjycsufrSm Mulk Rahmi [laoma'otac:ukd rpDppfyJ ]] tm&yfoabFmysufykHjyifukdom
pdppfMuygrnf/ Mulk Rahmi tac:ta0:ukd aZmfrif;xG#fu tcef;(1)? 'kwd,ykdif;?wwd,wifjycsuf
tjzpf xyfrw
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wkYdjzpfonf/ rpwm*gzg&fu Mo*kwv
f (20)? 1951 ckxw
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d if*smorkid ;f vdrw
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ckudk a&;om;wifjycJYonf/ bom (bl;oD;awmif) uvnf; 1960 arvxkwf *g'D,efr*Zif;wGif 4if;orkid ;f
vdru
f ydk ifw;dk csYJwifjycJYonf/ ,ckaZmfrif;xG#u
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trwf wpfO;D jzpfonf/ bl;oD;awmif?armifawmjrKYde,frsm;rS rlqvifrsm;ukd vlenf;p w
k idk ;f &if; om;vlrsKd ;rsm;
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d ?ygupwef ekid if o
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qufoG,frSKrsm;r&SdaMumif;?---- tm&yfukefonfrsm;ESifYppfonfawmfrsm;onf &ckdifjynftm; oifYwifY
avQmufywfaome,fy,fopfwpfct
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G cf YJ jyD;(788)at'D
rSpwif &SifoefaecJYaMumif;}} wifjycJYonf/ ( Phaw Zan, Sudetan Muslims, The Guardian, 6th
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rpwm*gzm;&fonf txufygwifjycsuu
f dk ta&;ykid f rpwmprwf ( R,B Smart )\ ppfawGc&kid f
sa*Zufw;D ,m;twJ(G u) (Burma Grazetteer, Akyab Distrect , Vol.(A) rS&cJYonf/ 4if;pmtkypf m(19)
wGif prwfu ]] at'D 788 ckwiG f r[mwkid ;f pjEb&k ifx;D eef;qufc
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f idk pf ;dk pHjyD;rS vGeaf wmfro
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oabFmrsm;pGmysucf YJ&m? r[maA'if[q
k adk om oabFmom;rsm;uk&d ckid jf ynfrokYdyYdkay;cJY &Gmrsm;tajccsae
xkid cf YJMu\/}} [kazmfjycJYonf/azmfjycsuu
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tenf;i,f csYJ xiG w
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f ydk ifbmomjyefjyD; ]] &k[
d if*smtrsKd ;om;nDnw
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k af 0cJYonf/
bomonf rdrdwifjycsuf &kd[if*smvlrsdK;opfukd tm&yftquftEG,f[kjyvkd ]] wrefawmf
rl[mrwf}} \orufawmf ]] [mZ&uftvD (Hazrat Ali ) ESifYqufpyfjyonf/ tvD\om; ]] rkd[mrwf
[edzYf }} ( Mohammad Hanif ) onf acgif;aqmifrKS vkMu&mrS ppf&KS ;H &ckid jf ynfe,f a0omvDjrKdYawmf

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vlom;pm;vlrsKd;rsm;\bk&ifr ]] ukd,myl&D}} (Koyapuri ) ukdppfekdif tpvmrfbmomokdYoGwfoGif;jyD;
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G Mf uonf/}} [kqadk Mumif;wifjyao;onf/
aemufq;Hk wGif a'gufwmueif*u
dk ]] txufygtaxmuftxm;rsm;ESiYfoabmxm;rsm;ukd xnfYoiG ;f
qifjcif ed*;Hk csKyf&rnfqv
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f ]] ppfwaumif;onf?tenf;qk;H ygv (Pala ) acwfO;D rS "rygv bk&ifacwfxd (at'D 756 rS
861 xd)ygvtif,myg0ifonf [kxifjrifeidk o
f nf/ ygvacwfBuD;us,af omyifv,fa&aMumif;ukeo
f ,
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a'gufwmueif'\
dk tmabmfuo
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yg0ifaom yifv,furf;a'ojzpfeidk af Mumif;?ppfwaumif;qdyu
f rf;a'ojzpfeidk af Mumif;awGYeidk o
f nf/ tm&yf
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dk vnf;aumif;
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xkYdjyifaZmfrif;xG#u
f at'D(9)&mpkwiG f tm&yfuek o
f nf qlavref (Sulaimaan )u Mulk Rahmi
onf ppfwyftiftm; 150000 (wpfoed ;f ig;aomif;)?qif 50000 (ig;aomif;)&Sad om tiftm;BuD;ekid if jH zpf
onf[k a'gufwm ueif*u
dk av;cJYav[ef Mulk Rahmi onf &ckid jf ynfjzpfonf[q
k ckd YJ av[efwifjy

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f adk 0zefjcif;
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cJYonf/ a'gufwmueif*pdk mtkyf aZmfrif;xG#w
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H rkid ;f a&;cJYol q&mBuD;
[maApmtkyf om yg&Secf &D;onf tkid Af ifc'dk g'fbm; (Ibn Khordadzbeh, AD,844-8 ) uku
d ;dk um; atmufyg
twkid ;f a&;xm;aMumif;awGY&onf/
]] tm&yfrsm;u &mr (Rama, atmufjrefrmekid if )H qifig;aomif;&So
d nf/ 0g*Gr;f taumif;pm;ESiYf
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G o
f nf}} [ka&;xm;onf/ xkYd aemuf
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qifig;aomif;ygonf/ aqmif;&moDom ppfqifonf / qifrsm;a&iwfrcHeidk
f aqmif;&moDcsw
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jzpfonf/ olYppfwyf c0gonf (Washermen )wpfaomif;rSwpfaomif;ig;axmifx&d adS Mumif;?ol\jynfe,f
rsm;rS wjcm;ae&mrsm;wGifrawGY&aomtxnfrsm;xGufaMumif;? OD;csKdwpfacsmif;ygaomBuHYow0gxGuf
aMumif;? BuHYtom;ukdpm;cJY&aMumif; }} [maAua&;xm;onf/ (pm-10)
aZmfrif;xG#u
f qlavrefudk uk;d um;jyD; Rahmi ekid if H ppfwyftiftm;wpfoed ;f ig;aomif;?qifig;
aomif;&Scd YJ av[ef?4if;a'oonf &ckid jf ynfjzpfav[efa&;cJYonf/ q&mBuD;[maAuvnf; qlavrefudk
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k cdk YJonf/ 4if; Rahma
a'oonf atmufjrefrmekid if H (Lower Burma )[ka&;cJYonf/ wifjycsurf sm;uJv
G aGJ eMuonf/ aZmfrif;xG#f
u a'gufwmueif*dk pmtkyu
f dk uk;d um;cJYaomfvnf; xkpd mtkyf aZmfrif;xG#w
f ifjycsurf sKd ;rygaomaMumifY
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aZmfrif;xG#u
f yg&Sm;?tm&yf? wl&uDwYdku Recon, Rakhanj, Rachami, Rahmi, Rahan [kac:
aom ae&mukd b*Fvm;a'orSm Roshong, Rohang [l(&S?0?[)toHuGJjzifYac:qkdonf[k a'gufwm
ueif*kdukd ukd;um;a&;cJYonf/ xkdYaemufrdrdvkd&mqJGjyD; ]] wcsKdYaomorkdif;q&mrsm;( &kd[if*smtrnfcH
orkid ;f q&mrsm;? )u ]] &m[rf;? &m[rf; (ulnyD g? ulnyD g)[katmfjyD; tultnDawmif;cJY&mrS &m[rf;vlrsKd ;?
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aZmfrif;xG#fwifjycsuf yg&Sm;?tm&yf? wl&uDwkdYu &ckdifukdtrnftrsdK;rsdK;ac:cJYav[efa&;jyD;
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d Qif*}f } (Roshang )a0g[m&ESiYf a&maxG;ypfcYJ onf/ trSerf mS wjcm;pDomjzpf
onf/ ae&mwGiaf 'gufwmueif*w
dk ifjycJYaom ]] &ko
d Qif*}f } a0g[m&uk pdppfMunfYMuygrnf/
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dk ol\ ]]ppfwaumif;orkid ;f }} okYd a&;cJYonf/
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pmaywkdYvnf;aumif;?&efe,f(Rennell )\ajrykHvnf;aumif; ]] &ckdif}} ukd rlvpum;]] &uoQw*F}}
(Rakshatunga)rSajymif;vmonf[k &nfneT ;f um ]] &ko
d Qi*f }f } (Roshang )[la&;aMumif;? ---ppfwaumif;
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okawoejyKwifjycJYonf/ (pm 231-2)

&k[
d if*smorkid ;f vdru
f adk 0zefjcif;

18
4if;a0g[m&rsm;tjyif ]] &kq
d if}} [laoma0g[m&ukd b*Fvm;orkid ;f ynm&Si*f srrf eD rD [
dk ef*Ydk&(fS Jamini
Mohan Ghosh ) uvnf; ol\ ]] b*Fvm;pD;eif;wkdufckdufolarmufrsm;}}( Magh Raders in Bengal,
1960 )pmtky
f vnf; ]] &mZrmvm}} (Rajamala )]] Bwdy&l &mZ0ifusr;f }} ukd uk;d um;atmufygtwkid ;f a&;
cJYonf/
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ekdif&ef a&SYokdYcsDwufonf/ ae&m uRefkyfwkdYonf]] &kdqif}} (Rosung )[laomtrnfukdawGY&onf/}}
(pm-14) ]] tm&uef}} (Arakan ) [laomtrnftwGuf ]] &kdqif}} (Rosung ) [laompum;vkH;ukduRekfyf
wkdYawGY&onf/ }} (pm-22)
txufwifjycsuw
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f rl sKd ;\ ]] &uKid }f } [laomtac:onf tvGeaf &S;us
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jynfudk ]] &k[
d if*}f } [l ]] [f}} oHEiS YfajymaMumif;awGY&onf/ orkid ;f q&m*kYdoQu
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ajrmufO;D acwfwpfck om wduscdik rf maom ordik ;f taxmuftxm;&So
d nf[k qdv
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wdbufjrefrmrsm;0ifvmouJhodkU &cdkifjynfodkUvnf; 0ifa&mufcJhjcif;jzifh a0omvDacwf Zmwfodrf;
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ordik ;f rsm;wGif awGU&S&d ygonf/ a0omvDacwf tdE,
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28

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d w
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&k[
d if*smorkid ;f vdru
f adk 0zefjcif;
31
olu ]] vlrsdK;rsm;a&maESm vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;jzpfvmouJYokdYuJGjym;aombmompum;rsm;?pmayrsm;
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d if*smvlrsKd ;rsm;\bmompum;rSmvnf; &k[
d if*smvlrsKd ;rsm;qif;oufvmonfYa&S;OD;&ckid jf ynf
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dk m&D,rH sm;ok;H pJcG YJonfY ou#? ygVdpum;ESiYfaemufyidk ;f wGif tma&AD?
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d if*smtrsdK;om;rsm;ajymqkad eMuaom bmompum;rSm ygVdbmom
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&kd[if*smbmompum;onfb*FgvDpum;ESifYvkH;vkH;rwlaMumif;azmfjyvkdygonf}} (pm-24)
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d if*smbmompum;rSmygVdpum;ESiYf e;D pyfjyD;? jrefrmBuD;(b&l0g) ?
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f yd rHk &acs/ odatmif&iS ;f jyygrnf/

&k[
d if*smorkid ;f vdru
f adk 0zefjcif;
32
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d if*smpum;rSmygVdpum;ESiYf e;D pyfonf}} [kaZmfrif;xG#af jymcJYonfr[kwv
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onf/ ]] &k[
d if*sm}}trnfcH olwYdk ajymqkad eMuaompum;rSmvnf; ]] b*FgvD}} pum;wpfrsdK;omjzpfygVd
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d wkid ;f }}ajymaom ]]opmpum;}}jzpfomG ;ygonf/
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ajymvku
d af o;\/ atmufrmS MunfYMuyg/
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f ,
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f idk t
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onf ppfwaumif;EG,af ompum;ajymMuonf[k &ckid t
f rsKd ;om;acgif;aqmif(ekid if aH wmfaumfp0D ifa[mif;)
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d nf;okYd azmfjyxm;\/
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(pm-37)
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ukv
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f Mdk unfYMuygtk;H /
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d if*smvlrs;d wGio
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f &k ifrsm;vufxufajrmufO;D acwfwiG x
f ifay:
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d if*smtrsdK;om;pma&;q&mBuD;rsm;?uAsmq&mrsm;ay:xGe;f cJYygonf/ &k[
d if*smuAsm
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d zf w
k v
f
rsm;jzpfygonf/ --- uAsmq&mBuD;&Smtmvf"gvfa&;om;jyKpck YJaom ayg&f'yl gwD(Pordapoti )qku
rkvAf 'DtZdk mrmvf (Saifulmull Bdahi-UL Zamal ) ykjH yif0wKpmtkyrf sm;?cse'f &mywD(Chandza Vate )ac:
uAsmpmtkyrf sm;rSmtxl;ausmMf um;ygonf/ ,aeYwidk af &S;a[mif;vuf&mpmrla[mif;rsm;&Syd gonf/}} (pm-24)

&k[
d if*smorkid ;f vdru
f adk 0zefjcif;
33
aZmfrif;xG#o
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f t
dk m;jznfYvadk omaMumifY,ck ]] &k[
d if*smpmay}} &Sad Mumif;wifjyjcif;jzpfygonf/ bmom
pum;udp olYwifjycsurf sm;rrSeaf Mumif;odcYJMujy/D ,ckpmayudpw
ifjycsurf sm;u b,fvydk gvdrYf/ uReaf wmf
wkYdppd pfMunfY&ygrnf/
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dk nf?a&S;a[mif;ppfwaumif;taMumif;azmfjy
pOf acwfjyKdi&f ckid o
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d nf; okawoejyKa&;om;cJYygonf/ &ckid b
f &k ifu b*FgvDpmayukt
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onf(17)&mpk b*FgvDpmayynm&Sirf sm;ay:xGuaf tmiftusKd ;jyKcJYavonf/ b*FgvDpmayonf ekid if &H yf
jcm;wkid ;f jynf\ bk&ifYapmifYa&SmufrKS atmuf aumif;pGmzGYH jzKd;rSK&Scd YJ jcif;rSmwu,fyifaysmfjrL;bG,af umif;
ayonf/ txl;pdwf0ifpm;bG,faumif;onfrSm xkdumvonf pEok"rbk&ifYESifYr*kdbk&ifwkdYtaotvJ
wkdufckdufae&aomtcsdefjzpf\/ ,if;umvwGif rlqvifpmqkdrsm;ukd olwkdY\ b*FgvDpmaya&;zJGYatmif
txl;tcGiYf ta&;ay; tm;ay;cJYjcif;jzpfonf/}} (pm 292-293)
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ueif*u
dk rSwcf sucf sxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
a'gufwm*sufvkduf'g (Dr.Jacques Leider )uvnf; udpu
kdpdwf0ifpm; ol\ ]] rlqvif
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d eG ;f aom?vif;vufobm0
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dk b*FgvDpmay&ckid ef ef;wGi;f yGiYfvef;

&k[
d if*smorkid ;f vdru
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om;rsm;tm;a[majymrlap&monf/ xkdt&mwkdYudk&Sifi,fq&mjr0gonf ekdifiHawmfjrifawmfrl igwkdY
&ckdiftrsdK;av;yg;wkdYylaZmf&[jzpfawmfrlaomomoemawmfjrwfESifYwuGtrsdK;av;yg;wkdYonf
nKd;EGrf;jyKef;wD;ysufpD;jcif;okdYaejynfawmfwGifa&muf&rfjzpf&Sdjcif;ukdjrifavaomaMumif; 4if;&Sif
i,fq&monf eef;awmfokdY0ifawmfrl nDvmcefAkdvf'kwGifrif;ESifYwuGtrwfynm&SdwkdYtm; a[m
ajymjyawmfrlap&monf?--- 'g,umrif;jrwftm; owdxm;awmfrloifYayjyD/ --- oHtrwfBuD;

&k[
d if*smorkid ;f vdru
f adk 0zefjcif;
38
ok;H a,mufwYdk onfrrd w
d Ydk \bmomr[mrwf'efw&m;ukd jrKdYjyefYaygapjcif;iSgvnf;aumif;? xkjd yif trsdK;
av;yg;wkYdvnf;rdrw
d Ydk\ Ak'b
momw&m;wkYdonfysupf ;D uG,af ysmufjcif;okYda&mufprd Yfjcif;iSgvnf;aumif;
ekid if efawmfigwkYdtrsKd ;av;yg;wkYdtm;aeYpOfrjywfa[majymjyovsu&f adS v ,ckeidk if efawmfwiG f tcsKYdaom
olwYdkonf ,kMH unfouf0ifvsuf r[mrwfw&m;uked m,laomolrsm;wkYd vnf;jzpf&adS vaMumif;ukad wGYjrif
&avonf/--- tdjEd,wkdif;olwkdY\trsdK;t&kd;vTrf;rkd;tkyfpkd;vsufykdifawmfrlonfYaeYup olwkdY
omoemukdacswGifjyefYESrf;ap Ak'omoemawmfjrwfonfbk&m;ukdawmfjrwfoufawmfxif&Sm;&Sd
pOfuyif ,kHMunfouf0ifjyD;vQifukd;uG,fvsuf&SdMuukefaom jA[P?cw,?r[mvwnf;[laom
[dELvlrsdK;wkdYonf rdrdwkdYbD;bkd;pOfqufoufqif;vsufjyKjyifaqmufvkyfxm;aom omoemawmf
jrwf\ taqmuftOD;y&dabm*apwDawmfjrwfwkdYESifY OD;'dapwDawmfjrwfwkdYygjyKef;wD; ysufpD;
---omoemawmfuG,faysmufjyD;vQif [dELvlrsdK;wkdYr[mrwfvlrsdK;jzpf&SdaMumif;ukd,ckwif&Sm;pGm
awGYjrifvsuf&SdavjyD/ okdYESifY,ckvnf;xkdenf;wlpGm trsdK;av;yg;ESifYomoemawmfjrwfvnf;
ysufpD;jcif;okdY rMumjrifYrDa&mufayvdrfYrnf/---(pm 42-44)
wifjycsuu
f o
dk ;Hk oyfMunfYvQif OD;omxGe;f atmif onfq&mjr0gu ukvm;oHtrwfo;Hk OD;\ tpvmrf
omoemjyKrSK tE&m,fuBdk uKdwifwu
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d ekid if H [dEL jA[P0g'ESiYf A'k 0 g'wkYd rmS
rlqvifrif;rsm;e,fcsJYpkd;rkd;jyD;aemufaysmufuG,fcJY&ykHukd q&mjr0guom"ujy owday;[efukdvnf;
OD;omxGe;f atmifo&kyaf zmfcYJaMumif;awGYeidk yf gonf//

q&mjr0g\a&TrsKdif;"rowf
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d ekid if \
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f El iS YfrLS ;rwfwYdktm; owday;jcif;jzpfonf/
OmPftajrmftjrifBuD;rSKaMumifY q&mjr0gtm;rsKd ;cspo
f &l aJ umif;tjzpf&ckid o
f m;wkYdMunfnKMd ujcif;jzpfonf/
q&mjr0g\owday;csufukd bk&ifZvwmapmrGefvufcHawmfrlonf/ xkdYaMumifY q&mjr0gtm;
]]aumif;rGefpGm jyKvkyfpDrefawmfrl&rfavQmufxm;awmif;yefawmfrlonf}} (pm-44)
bk&ifYciG YfjyKcsu&f onfcsucf si;f q&mjr0gonf reK"rowfut
dk ajccH ajrmufO;D jrKYdawmifnKw
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d f
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vufxuf]] &ckid o
f jl rwf}} a&;zJYG cYJ aom ]] avmuom&ysKdY}} ygaom tcsufrsm;ESiYf wo
l nf/ avmuom&
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dk ajccHxm; oDu;Hk xm;jcif;jzpfonf[q
k edk idk f
onf/ okYd jzpf ]] a&TrsKid ;f "rowfusr;f }}vnf; ]] r*Fvmokw}f ukyd iftajccHa&;cJYonf[q
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&k[
d if*smorkid ;f vdru
f adk 0zefjcif;
39
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]]avmuom&ysKYdtajztbd"mef(1955)rSjzpfygonf/
a&TrsKdif;?trSwf(1)/ a&S;OD;pGm&wemok;H yg;wkYd tm; rarYravsmYapvsuu
f siYf o;Hk aqmufwnfqnf;uyf
uk;d uG,Mf u&efvnf;wpfyg;/ (pm-45)
avmuom&?ykd'f(1)/ ]] Mum;zdrYfojl rwf?trsm;rSwpf rd Yf?[dwwu
d ?Mo0g'jzifY?qk;H ray;axG?em;0ifapavmY?
aeokdYxif&Sm;?bk&m;w&m;oHCm?&wemxGwfxm;?jrwfokH;yg;ukd OD;zsm;xdyfxuftjrJ&Guf?pHkrufo'g?
Munfaprif;/}} (pm-2)
a&rsKid ;f "rowf\trSw(f 1)tcsuo
f nf Ak'o
moemrnK;d EGr;f &atmifumuG,af omtcsujf zpfonf/
tcsuu
f ajrmufO;D acwf &ckid v
f rl sKd ;wkid ;f Ak'b
mom0ifjzpfaMumif;azmfjyaeonf/ av;jrKdYacwfvnf;
xko
d abmrsKd ;&Scd YJaMumif;avmuom&ysKYdtyk'd (f 1)uoufaocHaeonf/ xkYdaMumifY &ckdifrSefvQif Ak'bmom
jzpf&rnfqkdaompum;ukd &ckdifom;wkdY*kPf,l0ifY<um;pGmajymqkdavY&SdMujcif;jzpfonf/ "n0wD?
a0omvD acwfwYdkrS pwif,MHk unfvmcJYaom Ak'o
moemonf av;jrKYdacwfEiS YfajrmufO;D acwfwYdk rd&;dk zvm
tpOftvmuk;d uG,af omekid if aH wmfomoemjzpfvmavonf/
a&TrsKdif;?trSwf(2)/ rdbq&mwkdY\qkdqkH;rvsufMo0g'jzifYay;jcif;ukdvnf;ajra0rsurSwfom;em,l
vsuu
f siYf o;Hk apmifYa&SmufMu&efvnf;wyg;/ (pm-46)
avmuom&?ykd'f(2)/ touf&n
S pf mG ?temrJYaMumif;?aumif;vSapcsif?yJYjyifepd ? uGyq
f ;Hk rom;?rdbq&m?
pum;em?--- (pm-4)
a&TrsKdi;f "rowftrSw(f 2)pnf;rsOf;ESiYf avmuom&ysdKYtyk'd (f 2)qk;H rpum;wkYd rmS wxyfwnf;wlnD
Muygonf/
a&TrsKdif;?trSwf(9)/ avmu"rEpS x
f mewnf;[laomusiYf0w&m;ESpyf g;wkYdudk ypKye o
f oF&mwkYd csr;f om
jcif;jzifYopd rG ;f aqmif&u
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d w
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d u
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(pm-46)
avmuom&?ykd'f(5)/ --- ypye o
f o
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uRr;f 0if?jrJyifpif;vsi;f ?aygif;,SOrf if;/ (pm-10)
r*Fvokwf/ ---y@dwmeOao0em (ynm&Sad omolwYdu
k rdk 0DS q
J nf;uyfjcif;onfjrwfaomr*Fvmrnf\)
a&rsKid ;f trSw(f 9)pnf;rsO;f onf avmuom&ysKYdtyk'd (f 5)ESiYfvnf;aumif;?r*Fvmokwyf gr*Fvmw&m;(38)
yg;rS ]] ynm&Su
d rdk 0DS q
J nf;uyfjcif;}} r*Fvmw&m;awmfEiS Yf vnf;aumif;wlnyD gonf/
a&TrsKdif;?trSwf(10)/ ---w&m;vufvGwfvsuf usifY0wfw&m;arSmufrSm;olwkdYonf avmuwGif
vlow0gwkdYtusdK;pD;yGm;vnf;r&Sd? ooF&mvnf;tusdK;r&SdaomolwkdYukd0J;pGm&efoluJYokdYrdrdpdwf
xm;jyD;vQif a&SmifMuOf&jcif;vnf;wyg;/ (pm 46-47)
avmuom&?ykd'f(6)/ ynmrsupf ?d jrifr&S
d rodw&m;?t,lrmS ;vsu?f pD;yGm;rajrmf?usKd ;ray:om;? olawmf
r[kw?f ,kwo
f nfYp&ku
d ?f vlorl u
kd u
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d rf csp?f &efopl pfoYdk?rESpo
f ufy?J a0;pGm&S
J ?tjrJcmG &Si;f ?zJMuOfrif;/
(pm-12)
r*Fvokwf/ tao0empAmveH--- (olru
dk w
f Ydkudk rrS0D rJ qnf;uyfjcif; onfjrwfaomr*Fvmrnf\)

&k[
d if*smorkid ;f vdru
f adk 0zefjcif;
40
a&rsKdi;f "rowftrSw(f 10)pnf;rsOf;onf avmuom&ysKdYtyk'd (f 6)ESiYf vnf;aumif;?r*Fvmw&m;
(38)yg;rS ]] olru
dk u
f rdk rS0D rJ qnf;uyfjcif;}} r*Fvmw&m;awmfEiS Yf vnf;aumif;wlnyD gonf/
a&TrsKdif;?trSwf(15)/ rdcifzcifwYdktm; cspcf ifjrwfe;dk jyD;vQif bk&m;wql?*lwpfv;Hk uJYoYdkaeYnrjywf?t&kd
taotav;tjrwf&cdS ;dk OD;wifvsufjyKpkvyk f uJR;rJ;G jrL&jcif;vnf;wpfyg;(pm-47)
avmuom&?ykd'f(8)/ ]] rdcif?zcif?aus;Zl;&Siu
f dk cspfcifjrwfe;dk ?*lyx
k ;dk okYd ?&Scd ;dk OD;wif?Munfvifjrwfav;?
odr;f jref;arG; vkyaf uR;c,?kw
d yk u
f v
G suf--- (pm-16)
r*Fvokwf/ rmwmydwk oky|meH---(trdtbukd vkyaf uR;arG;jrLjcif;-onfjrwfaomr*Fvmrnf\)
a&rsKdi;f "rowftrSw(f 15)pnf;rsOf;onf?avmuom&ysKdYtyk'd (f 8)ESiYf vnf;aumif;?r*Fvmw&m;
(38)yg;rS ]] trdtbukv
d yk af uR;arG;jrLjcif;r*Fvm}} r*Fvmw&m;awmfEiS Yf vnf;aumif;wlnyD gonf/
txufygESKdif;,SOfwifjycsufwkdYonf a&TrsKdif;"rowf\tESpfom&ysKdYtykd'f(8)ESifYvnf;aumif;?
r*Fvmw&m;(38)yg;rS ]] trdtbukv
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ygonf/
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rnK;d EGr;f &atmifEiS Yf &ckid o
f m;wkid ;f Ak'b
mom0ifjzpf&efvnf;aumif;? Ak'0 g'ukt
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vlrKS a&;rl0g'rsm;wnfjrJae&efvnf;aumif; &nfreS ;f xm;aMumif;odeidk yf gonf/ Oya'tmPmwnfatmif
bk&ifZvwmapmrGeu
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ygao;onf/
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f nf ou&mZf(887)ckEpS u
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ekid if aH wmftwGi;f wGif twnfjyKawmfrjl yD;vQif &ckid rf sKd ;av;yg;wkYdEiS YfrqufqrH
l qkrH ;f jzwfawmfrv
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d YdktrdsK;av;yg;ESiYfow
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d Ydk\ZmwfZmwdysupf ;D avaom
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jcif;ukad &SmifMuOf&monf}} (pm-66)
txufaumufeKwcf suf a&TAsKid ;f "rowfurdk vku
d ef myJ wjcm;bmomrsKd;jcm;wkdYESifYqufqHaygif;
azmfvQif twlwuGpm;aomufaexkdifqufqHjcif;rjyK&ef nTefMum;xm;aMumif;xif&Sm;onf/
xkYdaMumifYuv
k m;oHtrwfo;Hk OD;\ajrmufO;D jrKdYawmf tpvmrfomoemjyefYymG ;atmifa'vDjrKdYawmf
rS w&m;a[mq&mrsm;ukd ac:,l a[majymjyapcJYaomfvnf; a&TrsKdi;f "rowfaMumifYbmrQt&mxifrnf
r[kwfacs/ ukvm;w&m;a[mq&mrsm;\tpGrf;aMumifY tu,f &ckdifAk'bmomwpfOD;onf tpvmrf
0g'ukv
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f okid ;f t0kid ;f rS 0kid ;f y,fMurnfomjzpfonf/ tdE,
d ekid if H
rlqvifrif;rsm;e,fcsYJord ;f yku
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&k[
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mom &ckid jf ynfckid jf rJrKS ukt
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bk&ifonf q&mjr0gtultnDESifYAk'bmomukd ekdifiHawmfbmomvkyfcJYouJYokdY ?rif;bmbk&ifuvnf;
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vnf;az:jyrxm;yg/(pm-1)]]qvdrf(odkUr[kwf)[lpdef[laomr[mar'iftrnfrsm;onf xdkumv
(rif;&mZmMuD;ESiUf rif;carmif;)&cdik Af 'k b
mombk&ifrsm;ppfwaumif;xdyikd pf ;kd cJUaMumif;&nfneT ;f cJUaom
arG;pm;pum;vHk;rsm;jzpfonf/at'D 1601-ckrefqdkif;(Man Sin)onf tubm (Akbar)bk&iftpm;
b*Fvm; udt
k yk cf sKy&f aombk&ifcjH zpfonf/odUk aomf4if;onfzefejD rpf(River Fenny)ta&SUzufurkd nfonfU
MoZmrQranmif;cJYay/xdUk aMumifU(rif;&mZmMuD;?rif;carmif;)'*Fg;rsm;ygaomr[mar'iftrnfrsm;onf
pdwu
f ;l ,Ofaz:jycsurf Qomjzpfonf/}}(pm-4)
az,m\tqdkudkoHk;oyfMunfUvQif rif;apmrGef b*Fvm;cdkvSHK&onfqdkaomudpE SifUywfouf
b*Fvm;ordik ;f rawGU&aMumif;twnfjyKxm;onfuakd wGU&ygrnf/ppfwaumif;udyk ikd pf ;kd aomrif;&mZm
MuD;ESiUf rif;carmif;wdUk ukvm;bGUJ cH,cl UJ Mujcif;rSmvnf;ukvm;rsm;udt
k yk pf ;kd olrif;rsm;tjzpfpw
d u
f ;l ,Of
cH,cl UJ aomtrnfrsm;omjzpfaMumif;em;vnfeikd yf gonf/
rif;apmrGefudp? rif;c&DESifUbapmjzLwdkUukvm;bGJYcHcJUaomfvnf;ppfwaumif;xdoGm;a&mufwdkuf
cdu
k cf UJ onfUudpr sm;udak 'gufwm*suv
f u
kd 'f guvnf;atmufygtwfik ;f a&;cJUygonf/
]]0drv&mZ0if(0drv&mZ0ifuu
kd ;kd um;a&;aomOD;omxGe;f atmif\&cdik rf [m&mZ0if)&cdik jf ynf
onf rif;apmrGefb*Fvm;rSjyefvmonfUESpfrSp ESpfygif; 125 ESpf(1401rS1525xd)rlqvref&Hkyg&Sm
rif;\vufatmufcjH zpfcUJ aMumif;qdx
k m;\/&cdik b
f &k if(rif;apmrGe)f onf plvwefrif;tm;aus;Zl;cH&ef
wm0ef&adS Mumif;uREyfk w
f Ukd em;vnfeikd o
f nf/odUk aomf xdt
k jzpftysut
f wGuo
f ufaocHwpfpw
kH pfcrk Qr&&Sad y/
rif;apmrGefonfrlqvifbGJUrcH,lcJUjcif;ESifUb*Fvm;pHerlem'*Fg;rsdK;(t&kyfrygaompmxdk;'*Fg;rsddK;)
rxkwaf 0cJUjcif;wdUk udrk cRwrf vGaJ jymedik o
f nf/olUudq
k ufco
H rl sm;(e&eKEiS Uf bapmjzL)omvQipf pfwaumif;
54

&k[
d if*smorkid ;f vdru
f adk 0zefjcif;
55
awmifyikd ;f (yef;0g)udjk yefvnford ;f ,laomvkyef nf;udOk ;D aqmifcsrw
S cf UJ Muonf/xdt
k csuo
f nf(&cdik b
f &k if
rsm;tm;)b*Fvm;\vufatmufcHtjzpftodtrSwfjyKjcif;pdwful;rsdK;ESifUrvdkufavsmacs/rlqvif
pmayrSwfwrf;*D,mtl'iftZrf&Sm;(Ghiyas ud din Azam Sha)(1389-1410)bk&ifxHrS rif;apmrGef
ppfa&;tultnD&cJUonfqakd om,lqcsuEf iS Uf &cdik b
f &k ifrsm;tay:b*Fvm;\MoZmanmif;rSK &Scd YJonf
qdak omt,mtqrsKd ;udt
k wnfrjyKacs?(pm-11)
]]---&cdkifbk&ifrsm;onf'*Fg;rsm;rlqviftrnfrsm;oHk;cJUjcif;rSmedkifiHa&;udpj zpf\/odkU
oH;k cJUjcif;onfppfwaumif;awmifyikd ;f ESiUf &cdik &f rdS q
l vifwUkd tay:edik if aH &;t&tkypf ;kd oljzpfonf[al om
t"dyg ,frsKd ;,leikd o
f nf/odUk aomfxt
kd rnfrsm;oH;k pGcJ UJ onfUudpt
a&;ygrSKudv
k o
kd nfxufy
kd r,loifUacs/
xdo
k Ukd oH;k cJUjcif;aMumifUrlqvifwUkd \t"du,mOfaus;rSKvTr;f rd;k jcif;r&Sed ikd [
f rk rd q
d ifjcifro
d nf/}}(pm-12)
az,mESifU*sufvdkuf'gwdkU\txufa&;om;csufrsm;udkoHk;oyfMunfUvQifyif;0g(Ramu)
udo
k rd ;f ,lcUJ ole&eK/rif;c&DrpS wifcUJ aomrlqvifbUJG cH,o
l nfUtavUtxonfuv
k m;bk&ifxaH us;Zl;
cH&efr[kwyf t
J yk cf sKyfa&;;y&d,m,ftjzpfo;kH cJUjcif;omjzpfonf[q
k ekd ikd o
f nf/
aZmfrif;xG#f\txufygZ,m;oD&dok"r&mZmudkrlqvifbGJY]]qvdrf&Sm;(2)}}[kaz:jycJUonf/
q&mOD;pHomatmif\]]&cdik 'f *Fg;rsm;}}pmtkyf oD&o
d "k rrif;rlqvifbUJG cHcUJ aMumif;az:jyrxm;acs/ 4if;rif;
'*Fg;wGifwpfzuf&cdkifpm?aemufwpfzuftxufyg&Sef?atmufem*&DjzifUa&;xdk;xm;aMumif;
omaz:jycJUonf/ armifat;csr;f \r[m0dZm (ordik ;f )bGYJ,u
l sr;f ]] ajrmufO;D acmwftapmydik ;f &cdik o
f rdik ;f }}
Adv
k rf KS ;t&Si\
f (Coming of Islam to Burma)pmwrf;udn
k eT ;f (oD&o
d "k r) '*Fg;\ausmzuf yg&Sef
ESifUem*&Dtu&mwdkUjzifU aqmvdrfoQm [laom rlqvifbGJUtrnfudkcyfESdyfxm;ojzifUolUtm; 'kwd,
ajrmuf aqmvdrfoQm [lyifowfrSwf&rnfjzpfygonf/}}[ltwnfjyKxm;ygonf/(pm 36 )
a'gufwm *sufvdkuf'guvnf; ? refe&dwfrSwfwrf;udknTef;jyD;]]qvdrfoQm}} (Salim Shah) udk
twnfjyKxm;ygonf / refe&dwfuolUrSwfwrf;oD&dok"rbk&iftm; ]]ZmvrfrDZm}} (Xalamixa) [k
ESpfMudrfoHk;cJUaMumif;az:jyxm;ygonf/(pm-24) odkUjzpf oD&dok"r&mZmonf rlqvifbGJYcH,laom
aemufqHk;rif;jzpfonf[kqdk&ygrnf/olUaemufydkif;tkyfpdk;aome&ywdMuD;rSpr[morwrif;xd'*Fg;
xkwfcJUaomrif;rsm; rlqvifbGJUrcH,lMuawmUacs/
e&ywdMuD;onf eef;vkwufvmaomrif;jzpf? trsm;urESpfoufMuacs/xdkUaMumifUrdrdvHkjcHK
a&;udkomOD;pm;ay;tkyfcsKyfcJUonf/ppfwaumif;a'oudk?r*kdrif;rsm;usL;ausmfrvmedkifatmifay:wl*D
wdkUtm;ajrSmufay;onfUenf;udkoHk;xdef;xm;cJUonf/om;awmf]]pEok"rvufxufwGif oQmoQL*sm
ta&;tcif;ESifUywfoufr*dkwdkUuvufpm;acsrnfpdk;&drfaomaMumifUay:wl*DwdkUtm; b*Fvm;e,f
qxufwHydk;wdk;vk,ufwdkufcdkuf&efajrmufay;cJUonf/}}[ka[mvfuqdkxm;ygonf(jrefrmedkifiH/
pm-61) aemufqHk;wGif&cdkifESifUr*dkwdkUppfjzpfyGg;jyD;?r*dkwdkUu ppfwaumif;udkodrf;,ledKifcJUonf/&cdkif
b*Fvm;qufqHa&;vnf;ed*Hk;csKyfcJUawmUonf/
pE0dZ,(1710-1731)vufxuf &cdkifjynfwGif?&cdkifudk,f &HawmfwyfESifY oQmoQL*smaemuf
vdkufurefav;onfwdkUyl;aygif;x<uaomif;usef;aeMuonfudkjyif;xefpGmEdSrfESif;ta&;,lcJUonf/
tcsKyfo;kH oyf&vQif rif;c&D?e&EkvufxufrpS oD&o
d "k r&mZmxd]]&cdkifbK&ifrsm; rlqvifbGJU
trnf cH,lMujcif;rSm &cdkifydkifb*Fvm;e,frS tpvmrfbmom0ifrsm;tm;pnf;Hk; xdef;odrf;
xm;edkif&eftwGufr*dk{u&mZfESifUwef;wl&nfwlbGJUtrnfrsm;cH,ledkifaMumif;jyo&efjzpfygonf/
(tajcjyjrefrmU edik if aH &;ordik ;f ?pm-313)
next

&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
56

tcef; (4) a0zefpm

&cdkifom;rsm;udkrlqvifZmwfoGif;jcid;\&nfG,fcsuf
aZmfriff;xG#fonfOD;omxGef;atmif\r[m&mZ0ifawmfMuD;udk udk;um;tcef;(2)ESifU(3)wdkUwGif
omru?,cktcef;(4)wGiv
f nf;]]&cdkift&yfom;ajrmufjrm;pGm rlqvifjzpfvmcJUonfudk jiif;qdkr&
edkifyg}}[latmufygtwdkif;wifjycJUjyefonf/
]]&cdkifjynfwGif uref(av;onf)wyfzGJU0ifrsm;tjyif bk&ifUukef;wyf?jrif;wyf?a&wyfrsm;wGif
rlqvifrsm;yg0ifcUJ aMumif;ESiUf pD;yGg;a&;?vlrKS a&;e,fy,frsm;wGirlfrq
l vifrsm;odef;oef;csD&SdaecJUaMumif;
avUvmawGU&Sd&ygonf/OD;vxGe;f jzL&nfneT ;f aomtxufygomoemjyKrsm;(oHwref 3 OD;ESiUf wpfjcm;
omoemjyLrsm;)onf urefav;onfwyfzGJYrsm;udkomvQifomoemjyKjcif;r[kwfbJ?t&yfxJwGifAvD
ausmif;aqmufvyk jf y;D omoemjyLcJUojzifU(&cdik rf [k&mZ0ifawmfMu;D udk KSyg)urefr[kwaf omt&yfom;ajrmufrsm;pGm
rlqvifjzpfvmonfujkd iif;qd
k r&edik yf g/odUk jzifU&cdik v
f rl sdK;wGirf q
l vifr&S[
d ak jymqd&k efc,
J Of;ayonf}}/
(pm-40-41)
aZmfrif;xG#
f odUk tMudrMf udrw
f ifjy&jcif;rSmOD;omxGe;f atmif\&nf,
G cf suEf iS Uf aTrsKd if;"rowf\
tESpfom&udkem;rvnfvnf;aumif;?rif;ygbk&ifvufxuf]]ukvm;udk&SifjyK}}wabmift& rlqvif
bmom0ifrsm;tm;&cdik v
f Ul tzGUJ tpnf;ESiUf ra&maxG;&atmifpnf;jcm;ypfcUJ onfuo
kd abmraygufvnf;
aumif;wifjyaejcif;jzpfonf/xdUk jyifwifjycsuaf emufwjcm;ta&;MuD;onfU&nf,
G cf suw
f pfcv
k nf;
yg0ifaeao;aMumif;,lq&onf/olU&nf,
G cf sufrmS ]]&d[
k if*sm}}trnfcrH q
l vifrsm;tm;vH;k udak &S;acmwf
uyif&SdcJUaomrlqvifrsm;jzpfav[ef?4if;txJtpvmrfbmomul;ajymif;cJUaom&cdkifom;rsm;vnf;
ygav[efwifjyvdkjcif;jzpfonf/xdkrSwpfqifUwufrsufarSmufacwf&cdkifa'o&Sd rlqvifrsm;tm;vHk;
onfa&S;acwfuyif&SdcJUaom]]wdkif;&if;om;rlqvifrsm;jzpfaMumif;wifjyvdkjcif;jzpfonf/
&nfG,fcsufudk tcef;(3)wGifed'gef;csDcJUjyD;?tcef;(4)wGiftxufaumufeKwfjycJUaompmydk'f
]]rlqvifrsm;odef;oef;csD&SdcJUaMumif;avUvmawGU&Sd&onf/}} [ltaumiftxnfaz:vdkufonf/
tcef;(3)rSpwifed'gef;csDcJUaomrlqvifOD;a&tiftm;jywifjycsufrsm;udkaumufeKwfjy&vQif(1)---]]tm&Af?yg&Sm;ESifUa*g&Dygxefrsm;&cdkifa'oodkUvma&muftajccsaexdlifjcif;?tm&AfESifU
tdE,
d wdUk rSomoemjyKrsm;vma&mufomoemjyLjcif;wdUk aMumifUa'ocHrsm;tpvmrfbmom0ifrsm;jzpfvmjcif;wdUk udk
awGU&onf/}}(pm-31)
(2)---b*Fvm;ESifU&cdkifa'oonf &mpkESpfrsm;pGmtkyfcsKyfa&;wpfckwnf;atmufwGif&SdcJU
xdka'owGifvlOD;a&aTUajymif;aexdkifrSKrsm;&SdcJUonf[k D.G.E Hall u oHk;oyfxm;onf/}}(pm-32)
(3)---b*Fvm;udktkyfcsKyfaom ygxefbK&ifrsm;ESifU/a'vDudktajccHtdEd,jynfrudktkyfcsKyf
aomr*d k b k & if r sm;Mum;wG i f v ,f a jryd k i f q d k i f r S K twG u f r MumcPppf y G J r sm;jzpf a vU&S d c J U onf /
b*Fvm;utm;enf;HKS ;edrUf aomtcgrsm;ayonf/xdo
k Ukd HKS ;edrUf wdik ;f ygxefrsm;&cdik jf ynfoUkd cdv
k KHS vmavU
&Sdonf/txl;ojzifU a'vDtufbm&f (Akbar)bk&ifvufxuf(1556-1605)ckonfat'D (1576)ckESpf
wGib
f *Fvm;udt
k jyD;tydik o
f rd ;f edik cf UJ onf/xdt
k cga*g&Dygxefajrmufjrm;pGmonf&cdkifa'oodkUcdkvSHKvmcJU
Muonf/r*dw
k Ukd onfb&kH efojl zpfae&m &cdik rf if;uvnf;,if;cdv
k KHS vmaomygxefrsm;ud&k uf&mpGmvufcjyD;
&mxl;Xmersm;?jrdKUpm;?Gmpm;rsm;cefItyfcJUonf/(pm-33)

&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
57
(4)---xdkbk&if(oD&dok"r) \ukef;wyf?jrif;wyfrsm;onf? rlqvifrsm;jzpfjyD;wyfom; 600
cefUjzpfonf/(pm-33)
(5)---Francois Bernier \ rSwfwrf;ESifU Father Delaunoite \ Catholic Encyelopedia
t&? 1621 rS 1624 ckESpftwGif; b*Fvm;rSzrf;qD;ac:aqmifvmolrsm;rSm 42000 (av;aomif;ESpf
axmif)&Sdonf[kqdk\/(pm-33)
(6)---"n0wDta&;awmfyHkwGif---tEkvHkrif;?c&pfou&mZf(1246-1250)vufxufwGif
ukvm;ESifU ouf yl;aygif;qdk;oGrf;&mudkwdkufap&m a'vDygqmrif;HkjynfodkU0ifajy;\/ ppfolMuD;"r
aZ,srSm ukvm;wpf0uford ;f ac:vm\/---t&yf&yfukvm;aygif;av;aomif;ckESpfaxmifig;&m udk
aemiftpOfjzpfatmifarmfuGef;xdk;rif;oHk;?rdzk&m;oHk;rif;om;rif;ord;oHk;?rl;rwfoHk;toD;oD;tpkESifU
cGJay;awmfrlonf/(pm34)
(7)---rif;bmMuD;(1531-1553)ESifUrif;&mZmMuD;(1595-1613)wdkUvufxufuaomif;wD;
uRef;rSukvm;av;axmifpDbrf;qD;ac:aqmifvmcJUaMumif;?rif;&mZmMuD;yJcl;odkUppfcsDcJU&mwGifukvm;
ppfol&Jaumif;ig;aomif;ESifU om;awmftdrfa&SUrif;om; rif;carmif;udk armfwifacsmif;?oHvsifjrdKUodkU
ppfcsDavonf[
l vnf;yg&Sjd yefonf/ (pm-34)---&cdkiftrsdK;om;pma&;q&mrsm;\ txufygrSwf
wrf;t&xdkpOfurlqvifOD;a&udkcefUrSef;edkifygonf/t&yf&yfrq
l vifrsm;onf? &Sm;SL*smrif;om;
1660-ckESpf &cdkifodkUcdkvSHKvmonfUumvxuf tcsdefumvtm;jzifUapm&cdkifbk&ifav;onfwyfzGJU
0ifaemufvu
kd rf sm;xufa&S;usolrsm;jzpfygonf/ xdkolwdkUonf,aeU&dk[if*smrsm;\rsdK;qufa[mif;
(Ancestors)rsm;omjzpf&rnf/(pm-35)
txufaumufeKwfcsufrsm;udkavUvmMunfUvQiftrSwf(1)aumufeKwfcsuf]]tm&yfoabFm
ysufyHkjyif}}udktcdkifrmqHk;aomtkwfjrpftjzpf? pwifyEufcsvdkufaMumif;awGU&ygonf/trSwf(2)wGif
q&mMuD;a[mvfu]]vlOD;a&aTUajymif;aexdkifrSK&SdcJUonf/}} [ka&;cJUav[ef(rlqvifrsm;&cdik o
f Ukd aTU
ajymif;cJUav[ef)vdrfnmjyD;?&cdkifrlqvifOD;a&wdk;vmrSKtwGuftumtuG,f,lvdkufonf/
trSw(f 3)wGif tubmbk&ifvufxuf]]a*g&Dygxefajrmufrsm;pGm&cdkifa'oodkU cdkvSHKvmcJU
onf/}}[kvdrfnmvdkufjyefonf/tubm\crnf;awmf[lrm,Gef (HH Humayan) (1530-1556) onf
rif;ygbk&ifESifUacwfjydKifjzpfonf/[lrm,GefESifU&SD,m&Sm;(Sher Shah)wdkUb*Fvm;ppfjydLifwdkufcdkuf
aeMuaomtcgrif;ygbk&ifub*Fg(12)jrdKUudk(1532) odrf;ESifUjyD;jzpfonf/tubmonf taemuf
b*Fvm;wpfckvHk;udk(1584) wGifodrf;,ljyD;?bk&ifcHrefqdkif;udk tkyfcsKyfapcJUaomfvnf;?refqdkif;onf
zefeDjrpfta&SUzufudkrausmfedkifcJUacs/xdktcsdef rif;yg\om;awmfrif;zavmif; (1571-1593) pdk;pH
aeonf/
rif;ygbk&ifacmwfaTrsdKif;"rowft&vnf;aumif;?oli,fwdkU\]]ukvm;udk&SifjyK}}wabmif
t&vnf;aumif;?rlqvifwdkUrSm OD;pm;ay;rcH&onfomru?zdESdyfcHb0om&SdaecJUonf/ tajc
taersdk; aZmfrif;xG#fu tax,uftxm;bmrSr&SdyJ?]]a*g&Dygxefajrmufrsm;pGmonf &cdkifa'oodkU
cdkvSHKvmcJUMuonf/---&cdkifrif;uvnf; ,if;cdkvSHKvmaom ygxefrsm;udkvufcHjyD;? &mxl;Xmersm;?
jrdKUpm;Gmpm;rsm;cefUtyfcJUonf}}[lwifjycJUonfrSm&,fzG,fomjzpfonf/ ygxefrlqvifOD;a& wdk;
apvdk MuHzefvdrfnmwifjycJUjcif;jzpfonf/

&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
58
trSwf(4)]]oD&dok"r&mZmvufxufrlqvifjrif;wyfom; 600 &SdcJUonf}}qdkjcif;rSmrSefaomf
vnf;? r[mar'ifjrif;wyfomru? yJcl;rSjrif;wyf?jrefrmjrif;wyfrsm;vnf;ygonf/ oD&dok"r&mZm
onf rdrdwyfawmf*syefqmrl&dkif;Adkvftygt0if edkifiHjcm;aMu;pm;wyfrsm;xm;&SdcJUonf[k qdkonf/
(M.Collis,The Land of the Great Image,PP.207,260)

trSw(f 5)]]b*Fvm;rSzrf;qD;ac:aqmifvmolrsm;(42000)&dSonf}}qdjk cif;rSmyHMk uD;csUJ vdrn

f m
xm;jcif;omjzpfonf/q&mMuD;a[mvfurefe&dwfrSwfwrf;udknTefl;jyD;ppfwaumif;teD; ay:wl*DXme
csKyf]]'D,if;*g;}}(Dianga)odkUtdEd,rSbrf;qD;,lvmcJUaomvlaygif;rSm wpfESpfvQif (3400) &Sdonf[k
omaz:jycJUYonf/ (a[mvf/jrefrmedkifiH?pm-59)/ 4if;wdkUtm; ]]&cdkifjynfa&mif;onf (odkUr[kwf)
rav;ESifUtif'dkeD;&Sm;pdkufcif;rsm;twGuf 'wfcsfwdkUtm;a&mif;onf/}} ponfjzifU az:jyrxm;acs/
xdkYjyif4if;brf;qD;cH&olrsm;xJ rlqvifESifU[dELa&mESmyg0ifaeonf/aZmfrif;xG#fu&ckdifrlqvif
OD;a&wdk;apvdkaomqEpGJESifU b*Fvm;rSbrf;qD;vmol(42000)udk rlqvif[kwHqdyfwyfjyD; &cdkifodkU
ydkUay;cJUjcif;omjzpfonf/
trSwf(6)wGif]]"n0wDta&;awmfyHk}}?tkvHkrif;odrf;,lvmaomt&yf&yf]]ukvm;aygif;av;
aomif;ckESpfaxmifig;&mudk rif;oHk;---rl;rwfohkH;cGJay;onf/}}qdak omwifjycsurf mS trSeftwdkif;udk;
um;wifjyaomtcsufjzpfaMumif;pdppfawGU&Sd&onf/(jrefrmrif;rsm;ta&;awmfyHk/pm-23)
trSw(f 7) ]]rif;&mZmMuD;yJcl;odkUppfcsD&mwGifukvm;ol&Jaumif;ig;aomif;yg0ifcJUonf}} [k
aZ:jyjcif;rSmvnf; trSeftwdkif;wifjycsufjzpfonf/ 4if;ukvm;ol&Jaumif;OD;a&onf rif;&mZmMuD;
ydkifpdk;aom b*Fg (12) jrdKUrS ppfrSKxrf;&ef ,m,DqifUac:aomOD;a&omjzpfonf/ &cdkifjynfwGif tjrJ
tajcpdkufaexdkifjcif;r[kwfacs/ rif;&mZmMuD;trdefUcsrSwfyHkudk 4if;usrf;pm-106 ]]b*Fg (12) jrdKU
oufrif;aumif;vSjzL?vif;uJjrdKUpm;?Gmpm;?aus;pm;wdkUudkvufeuf&JruftpHkESifUyifv,faMumif;rSm
ukvm;(12)jrdKUoabFmESifUtoifUa&mufap}}[l az:jyxm;onf/
ya'o&mZfacwf ppfa&;ppf&mudpay:aygufvQif jrdKUpm;?Gmpm;wdkUu bk&ifUtrdefUtwdkif;
vlpkaqmif;ay;&aom pepf&SdcJUonf/ ppfrSKxrf;jyD;vQif rdrdfae&yfodkUjyefMuonf/ aZmfrif;xG#fwifjy
aom]]ukvm;ol&Jig;aomif;}}vnf;tdrfjyefcJUjyD[lem;vnfoifUygonf/
aZmfrifxG#fonftrSwf(1)]]tm&yfoabFmysufyHkjyifrS}}p? trSwf (7) rif;&mZmMuD;acmwfxd
rlqvifOD;a&&cdkifjynfwjznf;jznf;wdk;cJUav[efMudK;pm;wifjycJUaMumif;pmSKolwdkUodcJUMuygjyD/
olUwifjycsuf vdrfnmrSKESifU&dk;om;rSKwdkUa&maxG;aeonfudkvnf;awGUcJU&ygjyD/trSeftwdkif;wifjy
aom rlqvifOD;a&pm&if;u rnfrQcdkifvHkpdwfcs&ygovJ-[k qufvufpdppfMunfU&rnfjzpfygonf/
bdk;awmfbk&m;acwfrlqvifOD;a&
aZmfrif;xG#fonf? a&S;acwf &cdkifjynfrlqvifOD;a&u?dk ,ckacwfrlqvifOD;a&ESifU rsm;pGm
ruGm[apvdktxuftcef;(3)aumufeKwfcsufrsmMudK;pm;pm&if;csjycJUonf/odkUaomf olUMudK;pm;rSK
rSm tdEd,ordkif;ynm&Sif a'gufwm bem*sD(Banerjee,A.C)\ordkif;usrf;(jAdwdoQydkiftdEd,\ta&SU
zufe,fpyf?(Eastern Frontier of British India)aMumifU oJxJa&oGefjzpfoGm;cJU&onf/

&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
59
4if ; usrf ; bd k ; awmf b k & m;acwf & cd k i f j ynf & S d v l O D ; a&rS m ?&cd k i f ( 60000)?rl q vif ( 30000)?Arm
(10000)&Sdonf[kaz:jyxm;onf/1825-ck yxrt*Fvdyf-jrefrmppfyGJtjyD;?&EydkpmcsKyfcsKyfqdkjyD;aemuf
vtenf;i,ftMumwGif &cdkifjynftaMumif;udk tkyfcsKyfa&;rSK;rpwmygwif(Paton) tpD&ifcHaomtcg
vlO;D a&pm&if;udx
k nfUoGi;f az:jycJUonf/a'gufwmbem*su
D 4if;pm&if;ud&k nfneT ;f az:jycJUjcif;jzpfonf/
(bem*sD?pm-350-351)
pm&if;t& 1825-ck &ckid jf ynfwiG f rlqvifO;D a&(30000)om&SMd umif;,lq&ayrnf/,if;wdUk
txJ bdk;awmfbk&m;&cdkifodkUppfcsDvmpOfac:,lvmaom ajr;'l;rlqvifrsm;?oQmoQL;*smaemufvdkuf
av;onfurefrsm;?&cdkifbk&ifwdkUbrf;qD;vmaomppfoHkUyef;rsm;?yifv,f'g;jyrsm;brf;qD;,lvmaom
rlqvifrsm;a&mESmyg0ifrnfjzpfonf/odkUjzpf txufaZmfrif;xG#fwifjycJUaom a&S;acwf&cdkifjynf&Sd
rlqvifOD;a&onf rcdkifvHkrwdusaompm&if;omjzpfayonf/
a'gufwmbem*sD\ordkif;usrf;aMumifUrlqvifOD;a&ra&r&mjzpfoGm;cJU&&m?aZmfrif;xG#fonf
bdk;awmfbk&m;acwf jAdwdoQydkifeufppfwaumif;e,fodkUtoufvkxGufajy;cJUMuaom]]&cdkifppfajy;
'kuonfESpfodef;xJrlqvifrsm;vnf;yg0ifedkifonf/}}[katmufygtwdik ;f wifjyjyefonf/
]]---1825-wGif&cdkifjynfe,fudkt*FvdyfwdkUodrf;ydkufvdkufaomtcgtxufxGufajy;wdrf;a&Smif
olrsm;rdrad e&yf&cdik af 'oodUk jyefvnf0ifa&muftajcpdu
k v
f mMuonf/---wpfcsKd Upma&;olrsm;ub*Fvm;
rSae&yfjyeforl sm;wGi&f cdik rf sm;udo
k maz:jyyg&Sjd yD;?txufwd
wrd f;a&SmifcJUolrlqvifrsm;udkcsefvSyfxm;um
t*FvdyfacwfwGifrlqvifOD;a&wdk;yGGg;vmonf[krD;armif;xdk;jywwfonf/}}(pm-42)
aZmfrif;xG#u
f rlqvifrsm;twGuf ppfajy;'kuo
nf cGw
J ef;awmif;onfo
h abmESihf ]]wdrf;a&Smif
cJholrlqvifrsm;udk csefvSyfxm;}} xm;Muonf[k wifjycJhaomfvnf; xdkwifjycsuftwGuf oufao
taxmuftxm;r&Sdacs/ ordkif;ygarmu a'gufwm yif; (B.R .Pern)u 'kuonfrsm;udk ae&mcsay;
&ol rpwmaumhufpf (Cox ) \tpD&ifcHpmudk udk;um; &cdkif'kuonfrsm;udkom ae&mcsay;cJhonf
[k a&;cJhonf/ (BRSFAP, NOII,PP 445-7) ]]&cdkif'kuonf ESpfodef;&Sdonf}} [k armf&pfaumfvpfu
rSww
f rf;wifcyhJ gonf/ odUk aomf ygarmuyif;\ pmwrf;yg 'kuo
nf pm&if;ESiu
hf jJG ym;onf/ (aumfvpf
BRSFAP, NOII, P.499)
rnfodkUyifjzpfap bdk;awmfbk&m;acwf &cdkifjynf&Sd rlqvifOD;a&onf a'gufwmbem*sD\
ordkif;usrf; azmfjyxm;aom OD;a& (30000) om&Sdvdrfhrnf[k ,lq&ayrnf/

jAdwdoQacwf wdk;wufvmaom rlqvifOD;a&

aZmfrif;xG#u
f ]]t*FvdyfacwfwGif rlqvifOD;a&wdk;vmonf[k rD;armifxdk;jywwfonf}} [k
rausreyfqdkcJhonf/ rD;armif;xdk;jy&jcif;rSm ]]vlrsdK vlrsdK;aysmuf&rnfhtE&m,f}} udk owday;vdk
jzpfonf/ t*Fvdyfacwf rlqvifOD;a&wdk;vmyHkudk ppfawGc&dkif ta&;ydkifrpwmprwf (R.B. Smart)u
]]ppfawGc&dkifa*ZufwD;,m;}} (Burma Gazetteer, Akyat District, Vol.A.) rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf/
&cdkifjynfudk jAdwdoQwdkUodrf;,ljyD;aemuf tkyfcsKyfa&;wnfjidrfvmaomtcg &cdkifppfajy;'ku
onfrsm; rdrdZmwd&yf&Gmrsm;odkU tvHk;t&if;ESifhjyefvmMuonf/ jAdwdoQacwf jyefvmMuaom vlOD;a&
pm&if;udk rpwmprwf\ pmtkyf atmufygtwdkif;awGU&ygonf/(prwf pm-81)

&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
60
ckESpf
1832
1842
1852
1862
1872
1881
1891
1901
1911

vlOD;a&
109645
130034
201677
227231
276671
359706
416305
481666
529934

wdk;ol
21389
71643
25554
49440
83035
56599
65361
48277

txufygZ,m; vlOD;a&wdk;vm&jcif; t"dutaMumif;rSm Adkvfcsif;jyefta&;tcif; jrefrm

wyfwdkU\ armif;xkwfcH&olrsm; (odkUr[kwf) toufvkxGufajy;vGwfajrmufoGm;olrsm;onf rdrdZmwd
ajrodkU tvHk;t&if;ESifh 0ifvmMuaomaMumifh jzpfaMumif; rpwmprwfu oHk;oyfjycJhonf/ (prwf
pm-81) ol\oHk;oyfcsuftwGuf oufaocHtaxmuftxm;tjzpf 1840-ckwGif tpD&ifcHcJhaom
qmtmomaz,m\pmudk atmufygtwdkif; udk;um;wifjyygonf/
]]acwfysufumv rdrdwdkUedkifiH (&cdkifjynf)rS xGufajy;cJhMujyD; ppfwaumif;c&dkifawmifydkif;?
ppfwaumif;urf;ajcuRef;rsm;ESifh b*Fvm;t0uRef; aexdkifMuolwdkU\ tquftEG,frsm;pGmwdkUonf
(&cdkifjynfodkU) wjznf;jznf;jyefvmMuonf/ ta&SUajrmuf rkwfokefav wdkufcwfcsdeftwGif; avSBuD;
rsm;onf rdrdwdkU\ &SdpkrJhpk 0efpnfpvnfrsm;ESifhtwl vdkufygvmMuaom a,musFm;? rdef;r? uav;
oli,frsm;udk jznfhvsuf vmMuonfudk jrifEdkifygonf/ 4if;avSwdkUonf b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf
ta&SUzufurf;ajcwavQmuf awmifbufodkUOD;wnf vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; oHk;av;q,fu rdbrsm;
pGefUcGgcJhaom ZmwdajrodkU jyefvmMuolrsm;udk ydkU&efvmMujcif;jzpfonf/]] (pmrwf? pm-81)
qmtmomaz,m\ txufygrSwfwrf;onf &cdkifjynfodkU jyefvmMuaom &cdkifwdkUtaMumif;
omjzpfonf/ NAdwdoQwdkU&cdkifjynfudk tkyfcsKyfpumv jrifawGUcJh&aom tawGUtBuHKjzpfayonf/
aemufydkif;umvwGif &cdkifodkU0ifa&mufvmolrsm; &cdkiftjyif rlqvifrsm;ESifh [dELrsm;vnf yg0if
cJhavonf/ armifawm? bl;oD;awmifjrdKUe,fwdkUwGif ppfwaumif;om; rlqvifrsm; tvHk;t&if;
ESifh 0ifa&mufcJhMu vlaerSKodyfonf;cJhonf/ ppfawGc&dik o
f Ukd ESppf Ofw;kd 0ifvmaom ppfwaumif;om;
vlOD;a&aMumifh jzpfay:cJhaom vlOD;a& txltusJoabmudk rpwmprwfu atmufygZ,m; rSwfwrf;
wif azmfjyxm;ygonf/

&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
61
NAdwdoQacwf &cdkifjynfe,fvlOD;a& txl?tusJjyZ,m;
1981
NrdKU^NrdKUe,f
{&d,m vlOD;a&
ppfawGNrdKU
ppfawGNrdKUe,f
&aohawmifNrdKUe,f
ykPm;uRef;NrdKUe,f
aygufawmNrdKUe,f

rif;jym;jrdKUe,f
ausmufawmfNrdKUe,f

NrdKUa[mif;
bl;oD;awmif
armifawm
ppfawGc&dkif
wpfckvHk;

6
56
1269
704
496
480
370
1329
426

37938
10395
92933
44700
40875
35505
45186
43366
65407

5136 416305

190
odyfonf;
{&d,m vlOD;a
rSK
6323
6 3568
186
56 1174
73 361 530
63 704 4955
82 496 4339
74 480 4165
122 370 5330
33 1329 499
- 908 600
154 426 5324
81

5136 48160

txufygZ,m;wGif azmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif; NrdKUe,ftvdkuf txl^tusJ jzpf&jcif;taMumif;

udkvnf; rpwmprwfu atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;jyxm;ygonf/
]]1901-ckESpfrSp NrdKUe,ftoD;oD; vlOD;a&wdk;yGg;rSK &SdcJhavonf/ armifawmjrdKUe,frSm 21&mcdkifESKef;wdk;yGg; vlOD;a&wdk;yGg;rSKtrsm;qHk; jrdKUe,fjzpfonf/ NrdKUa[mif;(16)&mcdkifESKef;? rif;jym;
(14)&mcdkifESKef;wdk;yGg;onf/ ppfawGNrdKUvlOD;a&udk oef;acgifpm&if;aumuf,laomtcg ppfwaumif;
om;vlOD;a& trsm;tjym; &SdaecsdefESifh wdkufqdkifcJhayonf/ ppfawGNrdKU\ cefYrSef;ajcvlOD;a&rSm
tjrJwrf;tm;jzifh (25000)xuf rausmfvGefwwfacs/ {&d,m (1)rdkifvsif vl (250)&SdcJhaom armifawm
NrdKUe,fonf ppfawGc&dkif vlOD;a&txltxyfqHk;jzpfayonf/ armifawmNrdKUe,f\ e,fpyfonf
ppfwaumif;jzpfaomaMumifh 4if;\ vlrsm;pkonf ppfwaumif;om;rsm;jzpfayonf/ ausmufawmf
NrdKUe,fonf ppfwaumif;om; vlOD;a&wdk;yGg;vmaomaMumifh 1890 ckwGif vl (13987) (wpfaomif;
oHk;axmifausmf) &SdcJh&m 1911-ckwGif (wpfaomif;udk;axmifausmf) &Sdvmonf/}} (prwf? pm 82-83)
rpwmprwfu qufvuf vlrsdK;tvdkuf tenf;trsm;uGmjcm;yHkudkvnf; atmufygZ,m;jzifh
taotcsmrSwfwrf;wifcJhygonf/ (prwf-pm-83)

&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
62
NAdwdoQacwf &cdkifjynfe,f&SdvlrsdK;rsm;vlOD;a&Z,m;;
vlrsdK;
1872
1901
1911
2655
14455
14454
[dEL
58255
154887
178647
r[maA'if
4632
35751
92185
jrefrm
171612
139649
209432
&ckdif
334
80
59
&Srf;
38577
35489
34020
awmifom;csif;?crD;?'kdif;euf
606
1355
1146
wjcm;
276671
481666
529943
aygif;
txufygvlOD;a&Z,m;udkavUvmMunfUvQif 1911-ckwGifjrefrmvlOD;a&ododomomwdk;?
&cdkifvlOD;a&avsmUenf;oGm;aMumif;awGIMuygrnf/odkUjzpf&jcif;rSmjrefrmpum;ajymolOD;a&avsmUvm
aomaMumifUjzpfonf[krpwmprwfuqdkygonf/&cdkifvlta&twGufavsmUonfqdk&m &cdkifpum;
ajymolOD;a&avsmUenf;jcif;omjzpfvlta&twGufavsmUjcif;r[kwfaMumif;&Sif;jyygonf/
(prwf?pm-84)
txufygZ,m;r[mar'ifOD;a&wdk;vmjcif;taMumif;&if;rsm;udkvnf;rpwmprwfu
atmufygtwdkif;&Sif;jyxm;ygonf/
]]r[mar'ifrsm;onf ppfawGc&dkif 1872 ckESpfwGif 58255 &SdcJU&mrS 1911 ckwGifum;178647
OD; wdk;vmavonf/4if;wdkUteuf a,musFm;trsm;tjym;rSm tvkyf&moDppfwaumif;rS0ifvmolrsm;
jzpfMu jyefomG ;oloef;acgifpm&if;yg0ifMuavonf/trSeftwdkif;ajym&vQif4if;wdkUonf&cdkifjynfom;
rsm;r[kwfMuay/---armifawmjrdKUe,fonfppfwaumif;rS0ifvmolrsm;ESifUvTrf;oGm;cJUavonf/
bl;oD;awmifjrdKUe,fonfvnf;ppfwaumif;om;0ifvmolrsm;udp armifawmxufrsm;pGmravsmUenf;acs/
ppfwaumif;rStopf0ifvmolrsm;udpk pfawGc&dik \
f jrdKUe,fwikd ;f vdv
k kd awGUayvdrUf rnf/}}(prwf?pm86-87)
rpwmprwf\oHk;oyfcsufudkMunfUvQif wdk;vmaomr[mar'ifOD;a&rSmppfwaumif;om;rsm;
jzpfaMumif;xif&mS ;aeonf/aZmfrif;xG#t
f p&Sad om]]&dk[if*sm}}trnfco
H rl q
l vifwUkd u}}rdrdwdkUrSmppfw
aumif;om;rsm;r[kwfyg/tm&yf?yg&Sm;?ygxef?rl;tEG,frsm;yg}}[lrnfoUkd yifvyk Mf uHvrd n
f mwifjyMu
aomfvnf; rpwmprwf\rsujf rifu,
kd af wGUrSww
f rf;u]]&dk[if*sm}}trnfcHolwdkUrSmppfwaumif;a'orS
jAdwo
d QacmwfwiG 0f ifa&mufvmMuaomb*FvrD q
l vifrsm;jzpfaMumif;oufaocHaeygonf/ordik ;f trSef
w&m;udkrnfolrQvdrfnmzHk;uG,fr&acs/
aZmfrif;xG#fu? a'gufwmbem*sD\ vlOD;a&pm&if;udk vufcHovdkvdkESifU? atmufygtwkdif;
qifajcwufxm;ao;onf/
]]jAdwdoQ0ifvmcgp &cdkifjynf\vlOD;a&onf &cdkif 60000?rlqvif 30000 [laz:jyxm;
&m&cdik Ef pS Of ;D vQif rlqvifwpfO;D jzpfaeonf/,aeUvnf;&cdkifjynf\vlOD;a&wGifrlqvifOD;a&onf
&cdkifvlOD;a&\xuf0ufavmufom&Sdonf/ jAdwo
d QacwfEiS Uf vGwv
f yfa&;&jyD;acwf b*Fvm;rS0if

&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
63
vmonf[kwcsdKUpGyfpGJxm;onfUtwdkif;,aeU&cdkifjynf&SdrlqvifOD;a&ododomomwdk;yGg;vmjcif;rawGU
&ay/ tu,f 0ifvmolrsm;&Sdyguvnf; 1864 ckESpf edkifiHjcm;om;Oya't& 0ifvmolrsm;omjzpf
edik o
f nf/e,f
/e,fcHwdkif;&if;om;&dk[if*smrsm;ESifUroufqdkifay/}}(pm-43-44)
aZmfrif;xG#fu txufygtwdkif; qifajcwufxm;aomfvnf; ppfawGc&dkiftkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sd
ta&;ydkifrpwmprwf\ rsufjrifudk,fawGUvlOD;a&oef;acgifpm&if;udkazsmufzsufr&edkifyg/ 4if;pm
&if; aZmfrif;xG#fajymaom]]e,fcHwdkif;&if;om;&dk[if*sm}}[l rpwmprwfuraz:jycJUaomaMumifU
jAdwdoQacwfwGif]]&dk[if*sm}}vlrsdK;[lr&Sdao;aMumif;xif&Sm;onf/Z,m;az:jyaom r[mar'if
bmom0ifrsm;teuf armifawmESifUbl;oD;awmifjrdKUe,frsm;&Sdr[mar'ifwdkUrSmppfwaumif;om;rsm;
jzpfaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;?ppfawGc&dkif\jrdKYe,fwdkif;vnf;topf0ifvmaomppfwaumif;om;rsm;
&SdaeaMumif;udkvnf;aumif; odvm&ayonf/
xdkUjyif rdka&Sa,*g(Moshe Yegar)\ r[m0dZmbGJU,lusrf;]]jrefrmedkifiH\rlqvifrsm;}}(The
Muslims of Burma)vnf;rlqvifvlOD;a&pm&if;wGifvlrsdK;tkyfpktrnfrsm;udkaz:jyaomtcg]]&dk[if
*sm}}[laom vlrsdK;trnfryg0ifacs/oluatmufygtwdkif;a&;ygonf/
]]---1921 ck oef;acgifpm&if;?jrefrmwedkifiHvHk;&SdvlOD;a&onf( 13168099) OD;jzpfonf/
4if;teuf? rlqvifOD;a&rSm( 500592) OD;jzpfonf/ vlOD;a&tm;vHk;\ ( 3.8) &mcdkifESKef;jzpfonf/
50000592 OD;teuf usm; 318527 OD;? r 186065 OD;jzpf\/jrefrmedkifiH&Sd rlqvifrsm;tm;vHk;\
av;yHkwpfyHkonf ?jrefrmrlqvifrsm; (Burma-Muslims) jzpf\/ 4if;wdkUonf twef;tpm;tvdkuf
ZmAg'Drsm;(Zerbadees -jrefrmrlqvifujym;)?&cdkifrlqvifrsm;(Arakanese Muslims)??urefrsm;(The
Kamans) jzpf\/urefwdkUudk&cdkifjynf&Sdtjcm;rlqvifrsm;rScGJjcm;a&wGuf\/xdkUaemufyef;ao;rsm;
(Panthays)?rav;rsm;(Malays)jzpf\/ wcsdKUrSm rdrdudk,fudkudk;uG,frSKt&? rlqvif[kcH?vlrsdK;t&
jrefrm[kcH\/}}(pm-118)
]]---1931-ckoef;acgifpm&if;&cdkifrlqvifrsm;onfb*FgvDpum;udk4if;wdkU\rdcifbmom
pum;tjzpf az:jy&efawmif;qdkMu\/ppfwaumif;a'oESifUoHwGJvnf; xdktwdkif;awmif;qkdMu\/
odkUaomf? ZmAg'Drsm;um; jrefrmpum; (odkY) &cdkifpum;udkomrdcifbmompum;tjzpf az:jyMu\/}}
(pm-119)
]]---tdEd,rlqvifrsm;? plvD,m(Chulia)?avbdkufpf(Lebbais)? rdkyfvm(Moplah)? umum
(Kaka)? awvl*l( Telugu )? a'uefeD(Deccanis)? *l*sm&wD(Gugerati)? pl&wD(Soorti) ? ppfwaumif;
(Chittagong) ?ESifUwjcm;wdkUjzpf\/jrefrmrlqviftkyfpkrsm; ZmAg'D?&cdkifrlqvif?urefESifUajr'l;wdkU
yg0if\/(pm-120)
rdka&Sa,*g\ txufa&;om;csufrsm;]]uref}}trnf]]ppfwaumif;}}trnfwdkUygaomfvnf;
]]&dk[if*sm}} [laomtrnfryg&Sdacs/ bmompum;vnf; jrefrmbmompum;? &cdkifbmompum;?
b*FvDbmompum;udkom rdcifbmompum;tjzpf? cH,lMuaMumif;awGU&ygonf/ aZmfrif;xG#fajym
aom]]&dk[if*smvlrsdK;?&dk[if*smbmompum;}}[l jAdwdoQacwfr&Sdacs/jrefrmedkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&jyD;
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&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
64
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f ufu ]]jrefrmedkifiH\pD;yGg;a&;avmuajymif;vJrSKonf tD*spfedkifiHpl;tufwl;ajrmif;zGifUjyD;
aemufydkif; 1871 ckESpfrSpwifvmonf}}[k aumufcsufcsjyD;?(jrefrmedkifiH\)ta&;ygt&ma&mufqHk;
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us,fjyefUwdk;wufvmavonf/}} [lqdkcJUonf/(ausmfouf?pm-457?463) &cdkifjynfwGifvnf; pyg;
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jcif;tajccHtaMumif;wpfckjzpfcJUonf/
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armifawmjrdKUe,f&rdS q
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&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
65
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wrf;wifxm;cJUonf/
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ppfwaumif;odUk jyefvmcJUMuavonf/jrefrmbk&ifcu
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ppfwaumif;om;rlqvifrsm;ukdvufrcHMuawmYay/
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wkdYxHtrSKxrf;cJYaomaMumifY armifawmuRef;tkyfcefY&efaxmufcHxm;onf/
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pufwifbmv 17 &ufaeY?jrefrmou&mZf 1223 ckoDwif;uRwfvqkwf 3 &ufaeY uRef;tkyf&mxl;ukd
cefYtyfvkdufaMumif;azmfjyxm;onf/
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aqmif? vl 118205 OD;&Sdonf[kazmfjyxm;onf/ Ak'bmomvkH;0r&Sd(okdY)q,fOD;rjynfYaom&Gmaygif;
46 &Gm&Sd r[mar'ifvkH;0r&Sd(okdY)q,fOD;rjynfYaom&Gmaygif; 19 &Gm&Sdonf/ &ckdifESifY ukvm;wJGae
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131134 OD;&Sdonf/ pwk&ef;wpfrkdifvQif 230 OD;aexkdif ppfawGc&kdif vlOD;a&txlxyfqkH;jzpfonf/
--- pkpkaygif;vlOD;a& teuf 77 &mESKef;ausmfrSm ppfwaumif;om;rsm;jzpfMuonf/ ppfwaumif;om;

&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
66
rsm;0ifa&mufrSKonfwjznf;jznf;qufvufjzpfaeonf/ ,if;0ifa&mufrSKonfa'ocH&ckdifrsm;ukd
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tajctaeESiYfcsed x
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rsm;vufxJodkU a&muf&Sda&; &nfrSef;csufESifh wifjyjcif; jzpfayonf/}}
armifawmNrdKUe,f ppfwaumif;om; rlqvifrsm; wdk;vmouJhodkU bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,fodkU
ppfwaumif;om;rsm; 0ifa&mufvmyHkudkvnf; qufvufwifjyoGm;ygrnf/

bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,f&Sd rlqvifrsm;\ ordkif;rSef

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r,lawmifwef;umqD;xm;onf/ odkUaomf awmifMum;vrf;trsm;&SdjyD; 1919-ckrSp rD;&xm;vrf;
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ppfwaumif;om; rlqvifrsm; 0ifa&muftajcpdkufcJhaom NrdKUe,fwpfckjzpfonf/
ppfawGc&dkif a*ZufwD;,m;tydkif; (c)t& 1922-ck oef;acgifpm&if;wGif pkpkaygif; vlOD;a&
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aMumif; rSww
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Zmwdjzpfol jAdwdoQacwfESifh vGwfvyfa&;acwf &cdkifEdkifiHa&; acgif;aqmif OD;pHxGef;atmif (18991985) onf ]]udk,fawGUar,kajrESifh &dk[if*sm}} pmwrf;udk jyKpkcJhonf/ 4if;pmwrf;vnf;
ppfwaumif;om;rsm; 1904-ckESpfrSp tajcpdkufMuyHkudk rSwfwrf;wifxm;aMumif; awGU&onf/
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(11)&Gm ukvm;rsm; aexdik cf MhJ uonf[k qdo
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rSwfwrf;wifxm;ygonf/
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&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
67
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wdk;0ifrSKBuD; wpf&yfjzpfayonf/ wdk;0ifvmaom ukvm;rsm;onf ,cifpyg;&dwf&efvmaom &cdkifjynf
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avonf/ tcsdKUtdrfajc avsmhayghvmaom &cdkif&GmBuD;rsm;wGifvnf; 0ifa&mufaexdkifMuavonf/
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owdjyKrdcJYMuonf/ 4if;wkdYonf aemiftcg a'ocH&ckdif?Ak'bmomrsm;twGufaemiftcg tE&m,f&Sd
ekid af Mumif;ukv
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Muonf/ xkdaumfr&Sif\ tpD&ifcHpmtcef;(7)pmrsufESm 49 wGif 1931 ckESpfaumuf,laom oef;acgif

&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
68
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onf/ 12848 a,mufrmS olwyg;v,fuv
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Muonf/ v,fpm&if;iSg;rsm;teuf 5570 a,mufrSm tdEd,wGifzGm;jrifolrsm;jzpfonf/
---- jynfolYusef;rma&;XmenTefMum;a&;0ef\ 1930-31 ckESpftpD&ifcHpmwGifomreftm;jzifY
wpfESpfvQif ppfwaumif;om;ulvDaygif; 40000-cefY ppfawGc&kdifokdY0ifa&mufavY&SdaMumif;azmfjyyg&Sd
onf/
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(vlrsdK;aygif;pkH) 251945 a,muf&Sdonf[kazmfjyxm;onf/
---txufazmfjycJYaompkHprf;ppfaq;a&;aumfr&Sifonf &ckdifwkdif;rS Oya'jyKukd,fpm;vS,f (7)
OD;tygt0if oufao (8)OD;ukdppfaq;ar;jreff;cJYMuonf/ ,if;wkdY\wifjycsufrSm &ckdifwkdif;okdY ESpfpOd
ESpw
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tajcpkdufaexkdifvsuf&Sdaom ukvm;vlrsdK;rsm;yifrESpfjrKdYMu[kqkdMuonf/ ,cktwkdif;om &ckdifokdY -

&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
69
ppfwaumif;ukvm;rsm;tqufrjywf0ifvmaejcif;ukd rwm;qD;cJYvQif aemiftem*wfwGif vlrsdK;a&;
t"du&kP;f rsm;jzpfymG ;rnfudk pk;d &dr&f ygonf[q
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f idk ;f okYd
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urmppfBuD;aMumifY rnfokdYrQtaumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Gufekdifjcif;r&SdcJYMuay/ }} (pm 92-96)
pkHprf;a&;aumfr&Sif\ tpD&ifcHpmaumufeKwfcsufukdavYvmokH;oyfMunfYvQif &ckdifjynfe,f
(txl;ojzifY ppfawGc&kdif) ,ck&Sdaeaomrlqviftrsm;pkrSm jAdwdoQacwf wHcg;r&Sd 'g;r&Sd0ifa&muf
tajcpkdufaexkdifcJYMuaom ppfwaumif;om; b*FgvDrsm;jzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;ygonf/ udpa MumifY
aemifumv vlrsdK;a&;t"du&kPf;jzpfvmrnfukdBuKdwifrSef;qod&SdcJYMuaomfvnf; tcsdefrDajz&Sif;ray;
ekdifcJY 'kwd,urmppftwGif; ukvm;&ckdif t"du&kPf;jzpfyGm;cJY&avonf/
t"du&kPf;\ 'Pf&m'Pfcsufrsm;rSm txl;jyif;xefvSaomaMumifY ,if;\ qkd;usdK;rsm;ukd
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rlqvifrsm;jzpfaMumif; BuKd;pm;wifjyjcif;jzpfaMumif;awGY&onf/ olYwifjycsufrsm;rckdifvkHaMumif;ukd
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ppfwaumif;om; b*FgvDrlqvifrsm;ukdwkdif;&8f;om;jzpfaMumif;vkH;axG;vSnfYywfa&;om;csufwkdYonf
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\ pmtkyft& 1925 ck rlqvifOD;a& (30000)&SdcJY&mrS 1931 ckwGif rlqvifOD;a& (207491) OD;&Sdvm
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rlqvvifOD;a&wkd;rSKpm&if;ukd aemufqufwJG(3) wifjyxm;ygonf/

&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
70

OD;odefazjrifY\ pmukdtvJGokH;pm;vkyfol
aZmfrif;xG#o
f nf ]] &k[
d if*sm}} trnfco
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pum;ESiYf pmay&Sad v[efvyk Bf uHwifjycJY&m? vdrn
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jyD; tjyifxkwf0wfonf/ &kd[if*smrsm;u jrefrmtusukd vkHcsnftwGif;xnfY0wfMuonf/ b*FfgvD
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bmompum;rsm;a&maESm orkdif;aMumif;t&jzpfay:vmaom oD;jcm;bmompum;jzpfonf}} [kajymcJY
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ukd vdrfnm r&ekdifyg/

&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
71

tcef; (5) a0zefpm

aZmfrif;xG#o
f nf tcef;(3)wGif &cdik jf ynf&rdS q
l vifrsm;udak &S;acwfuyif&cdS UJ aomrlqwvifrsm;
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wGif 4if;rlqvifwdkUrSm jrmufOD;acwfuyifOD;a&rsm;cJUav[ef ? jAdwdoQacmwfrlqvifOD;a&rSmvnf;
a&S ; acwf t quf q uf r l q vif O d ; a&rS w d k ; yG g ;vmjcif ; jzpf a v[ef v S n f Y ywf w if j ycJ Y onf /
4if;rlqvifwdkYonf &cdkifrSwpfqifYjredfrmjynfodlUjyefUyGg;oGm;av[eftcef;(5)wGifwifjyvdkufonf/
olUwifjycsufrSefrrSefudk pdppfMunfUMuygrnf/
oabFmysufyHkjyifrScsJUum;,laomrlqvifjyefUyGg;rSK
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atmuf 'kwd,AdkvfrSK;MuD;0if;armif\ ]]omoemYa&mif0gxGef;apzdkY}}pmtkyfudk udk;um;jyD; ]]tpvmrf
bmomrSm jrefrmedkifiHodkUvGefcJUaomESpfaygif;(1300)?at'D(700)cefUu pwifa&muf&SdcJUaMumif;?xdkodkU
a&muf&Sdjcif;rSm? tm&Afukefonfrsm;?yg&Sefukefonfrsm;ESifY?a&mrukefonfwdkUu ukefpnful;oef;oGm;
vmrSKjyK&mrS oabFmysujf yD; &cdik u
f rf;ajrmifa'owGif rlqvifoabFmom;rsm;twnfwusaexdik v
f mcJU
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om;rsm; aus;GmwGiftwnfwusae&mcsay;aMumif;awGY&\/jrefrmedkifiHwGifyifv,furf;jrdKUrsm;jzpf
aom ausmufjzL?ykodrf?oefvsif?rkwr?jrdwf ponfwdkUwGif tvm;wloabFmrsm;ysufjym;jcif;qdkif&m
taMumif;t&mrsm;rSm tcsdefumvapmpGmuyif&SdcJUonf/}}[k wifjyvdkufjyefonf/
rdka&Sa,*gurl jrefrmedkifiHodkU rlqvifrsm;tapmqHk;a&muf&SdrSKonf at'D9&mpkcefYujzpfrnf[k
rSef;qonf/w&kwfc&D;onfrsm;udknTef; at'D 860 wGifjrefrmedkifiHESifY,leefwdkU ukefonfudkvdkeDrsm;
udak wGUonf[q
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a&mufvrd Yf rnf[,
k q
l onf/ 9 &mpkyg&Secf &D;onf tdik Af ifc'kd gAg (Ibin Khordhbeh) ESiYf tm&yfc&D;onf
qlavref (Suleiman ) wdkY\a&;om;csufrsm;vnf;aumif;?10-&mpkyg&Sefc&D;onf tdkifaeftmvfzguDG
(Ibin Al Faquih) a&;om;csufvnf;aumif;?jrefrmedik if aH wmifyikd ;f udak z:jycJUonf/tcsufuMkd unfY
yJcl; rlqvifukefoG,fudkvdkeDrsm;xlaxmifjyD;jzpf[efwlonf[krSef;qonf/jrefrmedkifiHawmifydkif;jzpf
aom(odUk )wduspGmajym&vQif &cdik u
f rf;&d;k wef;?{&m0wDjrpf0uRef;ay:?yJc;l ?weoFm&Durf;&d;k wef;wdUl onf
rlqvifoabFmom;rsm;odaom ta&SYbufa&aMumif;vrf;jzpfonf[l,lqonf/(pm-2)
jrefrmUordkif;ynm&Sif AdkfvfrSK;b&Sifurl]]Ak'bmomjrefrmedkifiHESifYtpvmrfbmomwkdYyifv,f
a&aMumif;qufoG,faerSKrSmrajymyavmufacs/at'D 10 &mpktm&AfESifYyg&SefwdkUonf tef'refuRef;
rSvGJplrmMwmqdyfurf;rsm;\ajrmufbufa'orsm;udk tenf;i,frQomodcJUMuonf/}}[k,lqonf/
(pm-3)

&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
72
ynm&SifESpfOD;\txufwifjycsufrsm;udk ESdKif;,SOfoHk;oyfMunfUvQif? jrefrmedkifiHurf;&dk;wef;
a'orsm;odkUat'Dukd;&mpk?q,f&mpkcefUrSp rlqvifc&D;onfrsm; a&muf&SdcJhrSKudp wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;
,lqyHkrwlMuaMumif;awGY&onf/
rdka&Sa,*guqufvuf? ]]tm&yfukefonfESpfOD;\om;ESpfa,mufjzpfaom? aTzsOf;nDaemif
ESpfOD;\taMumif;rSm jrefrm&mZ0iftapmqHk;awGY&aom yk*Hacwfrlqvifrsm;jzpfonf/}}[kvnf;qdk
xm;onf/(pm-2) rGefbk&if &mZm"d&mZf(1385-1429)onf '*Hkudk0dkif;0ef;ydwfqdkUaomtcg
rlqvifoabFmom;rsm;\tultnDaMumifYomatmifjrifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/(pm-9) wyifaTxD;(15311550)onf rkwrqdyfurf;jrdKUudk 1541 ckwGifatmifedkifcJh\/xdkpOfu jrdKUvHkjcHKa&;twGuf 4if;wGif
aexdkifolrlqvifrsm;u wuf<upGmyg0ifcJUMuonf/(pm-10)
16 &mpk jrefrmbk&ifrsm;onfrq
l vifrsm;udk jrefrmedik if t
H xufyikd ;f aTbckd &dik af jr'l;teD;ae&m
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tqufqufrS brf;qD;ac:,lvmolrsm;jzpfonf/ajr'l;odUk tOD;qH;k ac:,lvmaomrlqvifrsm;rSmyJc;l jrdK Y
udk1539 ESifY 1599 ckrsm;wGifckcHumuG,faomrlqvifrsm;jzpfonf/wyifaTxD; &cdkifudk 15460if
wdkufcdkufpOfbrf;qD;ac:,lvmolrlqvifrsm;vnf;yg0ifonf/taemufzufvGefrif; (1605-1628)
oHvsifudkatmifjrifpOf 'Db&pfwdkESifYwuG 4if;udkulnDolrlqvifrsm;udkvnf; ppfoHkYyefYtjzpfbrf;qD;
ac:,lvmonf/4if;wdkUudk ajr'l;ESifYteD;tem;c&dkifrsm;jzpfaom ppfudkif;?&rnf;oif;?ausmufqnfwfkU
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(pm-11) um; rdka&Sa,*g\okawoejyKwifjycsufrsm;jzpfonf/
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&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
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jrefrmedkifiHawmifydkif;urf;&dk;wef;udka,bk,soabm&nfnTef;az:jycJUjcif;omjzpfonf/ a'otrnf?
jrKdkUtrnfwdkUukd wduspGmaz:jycJUjcif;r[kwfacs/ rdka&Sa,*g\wifjycsufrsm;vnf; &cdkifurf;&dk;wef;?
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vmcJUaMumif;od&onf/}}[kqdkvdkufjyefonf/(pm-51) oabFmysufyHkjyifrsm;udk rdrdvmomtwnfjyKjyDF;
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tavsmuf a&Munf&m?jrufEk&maecGifhr&cJhMuacs/ jrefrmbk&ifrsm;u 4if;wdkUtm;tpkta0;jzpfroGm;
atmif?tiftm;wpf&yfjzpfroGm;atmifae&mcGJxm;cJhonf/xdktaMumif;udk rdka&Sa,*guodkUrSwfwrf;
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&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
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ppfqwaumif;om;rlqvifrsm;udkvnf;aumif;?rsufarSmufacwf &cdkifjynfe,frSwqifhrw&m; cdk;0if
jyD; jrefrmjynftESHUa&muf&SdoGm;Muaomppfwaumif;EG,frlqvifrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? (olUpum;t&)
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&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
148

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a*s;bufpwm\ &ckid w
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1931 ckESpfrS 1956 ckESpftxd bl;oD;awmif?armif;awm jrKdYe,frsm;okdYw&m;ojzifYaomfvnf;
aumif;?rw&m;ojzifYaomfvnf;aumif; 0ifa&mufvmMuaom ygupwefrlqvifrsm;tjyif? 1961
ckESpfESifY 1971 ckESpftxd jzpfekdifzG,f&m&Sdaom w&m;0ifESifYw&m;rJY rlqvifekdifiHjcm;om;rsm;ESifY
ywfouf rpwm a*sbufpwm 1 BuD;rSL;aom tpD&ifcHpm\ xkwfeKwfcsufukdtenf;i,fazmfjy
vkdygonf/
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vlrsdK;rsm;\ vlOD;a&ukdatmufygZ,m;twkdif;azmfjyxm;ygonf/
CENCUS

TOTAL
INDIAN
INDIAN
POPULATION POPULATION PERCENTA

1881

5,87,510

1,13,557

19.6

1891

6,71,889

1,37,922

20.5

1901

7,62,102

1,73,884

22.8

1911

8,39,839

1,97,990

23.5

1931

10,08,535

2,17,801

21.6

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tpvmrfbmom0ifOD;a&ukdjyefvnfokH;oyfMunfYaomf1921 ckESpf oef;acgif;pm&if;t&
armifawme,f
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armifawme,f
139078
bl;oD;awmife,f
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pkpak ygif;
230276
1955 ckESpf ?Zlvkdifv(29) &ufaeY trsdK;om;pDrHudef;0efBuD;Xmeoef;acgifpm&if;XmecJGrS xkwf
jyefaMujimcsufpmrsufESm(2) t&?1941 ckESpf? oef;acgifpm&if;t& (ppfjzpfaomaMumifY xkwfjyefrSK
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armifawme,f
165936
bl;oD;awmife,f 108810
pkpkaygif;
274746
1 Mr. J. Bexter
2. Report on Indian Immigrant

&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
149

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1956 ckESpfoef;acgifpm&if;cefYrSef;ajc
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bl;oD;awmife,f
pkpak ygif;

193600
126950
320550

txufazmfjyyg vlO;D a&rsm;onf vlrsKd ;aygif;pk\

H vlO;D a&jzpfygonf/ armif;awm bl;oD;awmif
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35 &mckdifESKef; toD;oD;jzpfygonf/
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vkdufaom rlqvifvlOD;a&pm&if;onf atmufygtwkdif;jzpfvmygonf/
(tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm; e,frsm;wGifajymyavmufatmifr&Sdacs)
armifawm

ckESpf
wkid ;f &if;om; ekid if jH cm;om; pkpak ygif; wkid ;f &if;om;
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1931
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104
139
30114
1941
40484
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1956
5808 187792 193600

armifawm ? bl;oD;awmif (2) e,faygif;vlOD;a&

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1956

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295699

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274746
320550

10
15

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(15) ESpfwkdYwGif atmufyg&mckdifESKef;twkdif;wkd;vmonfukdawGY&Sd&ygonf/
yxr (10) ESpf
19.31 &mckdifESKef;
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51.50
/
xdkYaMumifYwpfESpftwGif;
19.31 &mckdifESKef; (okdYr[kwf) 3.43 &mckdifESKef;
2 &mckdifESKef;

&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
150

aemufqufwGJ(3)c-2
armifawm- bl;oD;awmifvlOD;a&wkd;ESKef;jyem
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]]ae&Sif;owif;pm}} wGifacgif;pOfjzifYazmfjyxm;onfrSm ]] ,cktcg ygupwef vlOD;a&onf wpfESpfvQif 2 &mckdif
ESKef;wkd;aeonf[kazmfjyxm;ygonf/ ,ck 1931 ckESpf ESifY 1941 ckESpf (10 ESpftwGif;) jrefrmjynf
armif;awm? bl;oD;awmife,fvnf;wpfESpfvQif 2 &mckdifESKef;wkd;jyD;aemufykdif; (15 ESpftwGif;) 3.43
&mckdifESKef;jzpfvmonfYjyemukd pOf;pm;zkdYvkdayvdrfYrnf}} [k acsya&;om;cJYavonf/
1931 ckESpf? armif;awm-bl;oD;awmif?rlqvifoD;a&pm&if;onf? twdtusjzpfjyD;? jrefrmjynf
vufpJGpmtkyf 1 trsdK;om;pDrHudef;0efBuD;Xme? oef;acgifpm&if;XmewkdY\ xkwfjyefaMujimcsuft&
1941 ckESpfwGifvnf; rSefuefonf[k ,lq&rnfjzpfygonf/ okdYaomf (10)ESpftwGif; wpfESpfvQif 2
&mcdkifESKef;wkd;onfukdawGY&jyD;? ygupwefvnf; 2 &mckdifESKef;wkd;onf[kqkdjyef&m 2 &mckdifESKef;wkd;jcif;
wlaeojzifY 1941 ckESpf?armif;awm?bl;oD;awmifrlqvifOD;a&ukdtajcwnf wpfESpfvQif 2 &mckdif
ESKef;jzifY wkd;vmonf[k wGufMunfYrnfqkdaomf 1956 ckESpftxd (15)ESpftwGif; jzpfekdifonfYvlOD;a&
rSmarmifawme,f
161787
bl;oD;awmife,f
91944
pkpak ygif;
253731
okdYaomf trsdK;om;pDrHudef;0efBuD;XmerSxkwfjyefaMujimcsufwGif armifawm? bl;oD;awmif\
vlOD;a&cefYrSef;ajcpm&if;onf
armifawme,f
187792
bl;oD;awmife,f 107917
pkpkaygif;
295699 a,muf&SdojzifY 15 ESpftwGif;
vlOD;a&rSm

295699
253731
41968
a,mufrQ&Sdygonf/
xkdYaMumifY wpfESpfvQif zsOf;rQcsuftm;jzifY vlaygif; 2789 a,mufrQ0ifa&mufaexkdifMuonfrSm
xif&Sm;aeygonf/
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f (16)&ufaeYwiG f vl0ifrKS BuD;Muyfa&;Oya'pwiftmPmwnfvmojzifY 1941
ckESpfrS 1947 ckESpf ZGefvtxd armifawm? bl;oD;awmife,fwGif (6)ESpfausmftwGif; topf0ifa&muf
vmaom rlqvifukvm;rsm;rSm 16787 a,muf&Sdygonf/
,if;rlqvifwYdkonf vl0ifrKS BuD;Muyfa&; Oya'ray:rDuyif0ifa&mufvm w&m;0ifonf[k
qkdaomfvnf; ekdifiHjcm;om;rSwfykHwifukdifaqmifxm;aomrlqvifrsm;jzpf&ygrnf/
armif;awm? bl;oD;awmife,fwGif 1958 ckESpf 'DZifbmv(31)&ufaeYxd ekdifiHjcm;om;rSwfykH
wifukd ukdifaqmifxm;aomOD;a&rSm ygudpwef(170)ESifYw&kyf (2)a,mufom&Sdygonf/

&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
151

aemufqufwGJ(3) c 3
1974 ckESpf ZGefvaemufykdif;rS 1956 ckZGefvxd (6)ESpfvkH;vkH;rw&m;0ifa&mufaomygupwef
ekdifiHjcm;om;aygif; 25181 a,muf&Sdaeygonf/
,if;twkdif;qkdaomf 1961 ckESpftwGif; armifawmESifY bl;oD;awmifwGifjzpfekdifaom vlOD;a&
rSm (1941 ckESpfrS 1956 ckESpfxd wpfESpftwGif; 3.43 &mckdifESKH;wkd;onfqkdaomf)
armifawme,f
222271
bl;oD;awmife,f
126712
pkpak ygif;
348983
txufazmfjycsufwGif 1931 ckESpfwGif arG;jyD;? 1946 ckESpfwGif t&G,fa&muf tdrfaxmifjyKjyD;
aemufaygufzGm;vmaomcav;i,frsm;r0ifao;acs/
1971 ckESpfwGifarmifawme,f
252513
bl;oD;awmife,f 143503
pkpak ygif;
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onfwGifvnf;-1941 ckESpfwGif arG;jyD; + 1956 ckESpfwGift&G,fa&muf tdrfaxmifjyKjyD;
aemufaygufzGm;vmaomcav;rsm;ryg0ifao;acs/
1943 ckESpfjrefrmjynfvufpJGpmtkyfpmrsufESm(6)wGif &ckdifwkdif;wpfwkdif;vkH;&Sd 1931 ckESpf
oef;acgifpm&if;t& tdEd,vlOD;a&pm&if;onf 217801 jzpfcJY wpfESpfvQif zsOf;rQjcif; 2 &mckdifESKef;
wkd;onfqkdaomf
1961 ckESpfwGif
348480 a,muf
1971 ckESpfwGif
392042 a,muf
jzpfvmekdif&m onfwGif 2 &mckdifESKef;twkd;jzifYwGufxm;aomaMumifh cdk;0ifvmolrsm;ray:
vmao;acs/ cdk;0ifvmolrsm;udkygxnfUoGif;wGufrnfqdkygu rcef;rSef;EdkifavmufatmifyifjzpfvmEdkif
ygonf/
uJhodkU wpfESpfvQifysOf;rQjcif; 2789-a,mufrSmcdk;0ifaeMujyD; ? armif;awm-bl;oD;awmif
e,f w G i f t d r f a jctwnf w usjzif h bd k ; bG m ;pOf v mtquf u aexd k i f v mouJ h o d k U ajymqd l j yD ; vQif
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udk w&m;Hk;rsm; GmvHk;uRwfoufaoxGufqdkMuonfrSmtHhMop&mr&Sdyg/
xdktcsdefuppfawGc&dkifwGifw&m;rJh0ifa&mufaexdkifolwdkUtm; zrf;qD;&rnfUta&twGufrSm
az:jyxm;aomudef;*Pef;t& trsm;tjym;yg&SdaeonfrSm oHo,r&Sdapvdkyg/
ta&SUygupwefrS ,if;odkU0ifa&mufolwdkUukdzrf;qD;xm;&rnfUta&twGufESifhw&m;pGJqdk
jynfESif'Pfay;onfUtcg ygupwefEdkifiHrSvufrcHojzifhtusOf;axmifwGif;xm;&rnfUOD;a&onf
ppfawGaxmifrqefUavmufatmifrsm;aeygrnf/
ppfawGtusOf;axmifwGifjy|mef;xm;aomvlOD;a&rSm (429)a,mufomjzpf ,ckvuf&SdwGif
ppfawGtusOf;axmif rlqviftrsdK;orD;tygt0iftusOf;om;ajrmufrsm;pGm&Sd4if;wdkU\auR;arG;
xm;&onfU twGuf wpfESpfvQifaiGusyfoHk;odef;xufruukefusrnf[kcefUrSef;ygonf/

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armif&ckdif
rSwpf k
a'gufwmbem*sD\pmtkyf ( Banarjee A.C , The Eastern Frontier of British India, 1784, 1980.
Third Edition, Caleutta , 1964 )
- uRef;tkyfOD;armifnKd\ rSwfwrf;pmrsm;(4if;rSwfwrf;pmrsm;onf atmufyg Langhan Charter \aqmif;yg;wGifyg0ifonf/
Langhan Charter, Archives of an Arakanse Family JBRS Vol XXVIII, Part II, August 1938

ppfawGc&kdifa*ZufwD;,m;rsm;(1)

Smart, R.B Burma Gazetteer, Akyab Distriet, Vol A. Rangoon, 1957.

(2)

Grantnan, S.and Maung Lat, Burma Gazetteer, Akyab District, Vol B..No.1 Rangoon
1956

&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
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S.B Qanungo \ ppfwaumif;&mZ0if
A History of Chittagong , Vol ,1 Billah Printers. Chittagong.
Gatman P .

\ a&S;a[mif;&ckdifjynf-

Ancient Arakan , Ph.D Thesis , Austalian National University , 1970

Prof - M Ahshad and Prof . H-Rahman

wkdY\ tif'kdygupweforkdif;

History of Indo-Pakistan Ideal Publication ,Dacca, Third Edition, 1969

&ckdif'*Fg;okawoD z,f,m
Phayre , A.P Coins of Arakan of Pegu and of Burma , London, 1882.

(azmfjyxm;aom z,f,m pmtkyf zwf&SKekdifygonf/)

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&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
128

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vdktyfygrnf/ INDO-PARKISTAN HISTORY (MUSLIM PERIOD.BY PROF .M.ASSHAD &
RAHMAN f wGif rlqvifwdkUonf (10)&mpk ukefcgeD; (GHAZNI) rif;qufudk OD;pGm xlaxmif
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[k azmfjyxm;\/ CHITTAGONG DISTRICT GAZETTEER (pm-122)wGif rlqvifrsm;onf
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BY J.M GOSH (pm-133)wGif SONARGON e,fpm;(SAMRUDDIN) onf c&pf 1347 wGif ppfwaumif;
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BY PROF.A.M.SERA JUDDEN,JASB VOL;XXXI (1986)

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&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
137

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&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
138

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&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
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&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
140

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aemufqufwJG 2(*)8
armifawmjrKdYe,f&adS us;&Gmrsm;trnfpm&if;ukjd rKdYe,fajrykEH iS Yfy;l wJ
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39/ &Dcsrf;acsmif;
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opfwkH;em;&Gm

&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
141

aemufqufwJG 2(*)9
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0usdef;aoQ
pHum;yif&if;
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j*pfacsmif;(txuf&mG )

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qifojD yiftxuf
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&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
142
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'uf&Gm
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aemufqufwJG 2(*)10
vmvD&Gm
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wref;om;

&kd[if*smorkdif;vdrfukda0zefjcif;
143

aemufqufwJG 2(*)10
armifawmNrdKUe,fvuf&Sd Ak'bmomwdkif;&if;om;aus;&Gmrsm;(1992)
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tif;'if
yJ&Hk(ewv&Gmopf)
tv,foaH usmf
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rif;BuD;&Gm

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wref;om;
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aumfrwDu armifa&TzpD mtkyo
f nf qlyrl KS \ &kww
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bmoma&;aMumifYr[kwaf Mumif;txl;ojzifY atmufjrefrmekid if H tE,
d ekid if o
H m;rsm;tqufrjywf0ifa&muf
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f macgif;aqmif
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d ekid if o
H m;rsm; jrefrmokYd?0ifa&mufrKS xed ;f csKyo
f ifYaMumif;wifjy
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odr;f yku
d cf YJ yw
Hk Ydk udk okawoejyKwifjycJYonf/ (pm-35-39)
*srd ;f bwfpw
f m\ &ckid jf ynfEiS Yf ywfoufaom 1939 ck tpD&ifcpH m? jrefrmjynfrESiYf ywfoufaom
1941 ck tpD&ifcpH mwkYdudk ok;H oyfMunfYvQif tdE,
d rS jrefrmekid if o
H Ydk tqufrjywf0ifa&mufvmaom {nfYonf
(txl;ojzifYrq
l vif) rsm;aMumifY vlrsdK;a&; t"du&kP;f jzpf&eftaMumif;cH&adS eaMumif;ay:vGiaf eonf/

&k[
d if*smorkid ;f vdru
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&kwfw&ufjzpf&jcif;taMumif;&if;
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uk,
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f nf &ckid v
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f nfrrd Zd mwdcsuaf <u
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&k[
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21/
22/

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? &kd[if*smtrnfcH b*FgvDrsm;jyempmwrf;?1989
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f rdik ;f ?r[m0dZm bJYG ,u
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k ak woejyKvkyaf &;? &cdik Uf wefaqmifr*Zif;?1975-76
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S v
f pfvrf;pOfygwDA[dXk mecsKyf? &cdik ?f &efuek ?f 1976
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f u
kd Mf uD;? 1288
oef;xGe;f ? a'gufwm? acwfa[mif;jrefrm&mZ0if? r[m'*kepf may? &efuek ?f 1964
trsKd ;om;ygwD? &cdik ^f &d[
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f u
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