EIA/TIA-232, 422, and 485 Networks

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Tuesday, June 26, 2012

RS232 to RS422 / RS485

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Glossary

EIA/TIA-232, 422, and 485 Networks

Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA (Electronic Industry Alliance) and TIA (Telecommunications Industry Alliance) groups, under the numerical labels 232, 422, and 485. This section discusses these three network types.

EIA/TIA-232
The EIA/TIA-232C standard, formerly1 known as RS-232, is a standard defining details found at layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model (voltage signaling, connector types) and some details found at layer 2 of the OSI model ( asynchronous transfer, handshaking signals between transmitting and receiving devices). In the early days of personal computers, almost every PC had either a 9-pin or a 25-pin connector (and sometimes multiple of each!) dedicated to this form of digital communication. For a while, it was the way peripheral devices such as keyboards, printers, modems, and mice were connected to the PC. USB (Universal Serial Bus) has now all but replaced EIA/TIA-232 for personal computers, but it still lives on in the world of industrial devices. EIA/TIA-232 networks are point-to-point, intended to connect only two devices2. The signaling is single-ended (also known as unbalanced), which means the respective voltage pulses are referenced to a common ground conductor, a single conductor used to transfer data in each direction:

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EIA/TIA-232 specifies positive and negative voltages (with respect to the common ground conductor) for its NRZ signaling: any signal more negative than -3 volts detected at the receiver is considered a mark (1) and any signal more positive than +3 volts detected at the receiver is considered a space (0). EIA/TIA-232 transmitters are supposed to generate -5 and +5 volt signals (minimum amplitude) to ensure at least 2 volts of noise margin between transmitter and receiver. Cable connectors are also specified in the EIA/TIA-232 standard, the most common being the DE-93 (nine-pin) connector. The pinout of a DE-9 connector for any DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) device at the end of an EIA/TIA-232 cable is shown here:

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EIA/TIA-232, 422, and 485 Networks

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Pin number 1 2

Assignment Carrier Detect Received Data

Abbreviation CD RD

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