6.

003: Signals and Systems

Modulation

May 6, 2010

Communications Systems

Signals are not always well matched to the media through which we wish to transmit them. signal audio video internet applications telephone, radio, phonograph, CD, cell phone, MP3 television, cinema, HDTV, DVD coax, twisted pair, cable TV, DSL, optical ber, E/M

Amplitude Modulation

Amplitude modulation can be used to match audio frequencies to

radio frequencies. It allows parallel transmission of multiple channels.

x1(t)
cos x2(t) cos x3(t) cos
3t 2t 1t

z1(t)

z2(t)

z(t) cos
ct

LPF

y(t)

z3(t)

Superheterodyne Receiver

Edwin Howard Armstrong invented the superheterodyne receiver, which made broadcast AM practical.

Edwin Howard Armstrong also invented and patented the regenerative (positive feedback) circuit for amplifying radio signals (while he was a junior at Columbia University). He also in vented wide-band FM.

Amplitude, Phase, and Frequency Modulation

There are many ways to embed a message in a carrier. Here are three. Amplitude Modulation (AM): Phase Modulation (PM): Frequency Modulation (FM): y1 (t) = x(t) cos(c t) y2 (t) = cos(c t + kx(t)) t y3 (t) = cos c t + k x( )d

Frequency Modulation

In FM, the signal modulates the instantaneous carrier frequency.

x( )d y3 (t) = cos c t + k
(t)

d i (t) = c + (t) = c + kx(t) dt

Frequency Modulation

Compare AM to FM for x(t) = cos(m t). AM: y1 (t) = (cos(m t) + 1.1) cos(c t)

FM: y3 (t) = cos(c t + m sin(m t))

Advantages of FM: constant power no need to transmit carrier (unless DC important)

bandwidth?

Frequency Modulation

Early investigators thought that narrowband FM could have arbitrar ily narrow bandwidth, allowing more channels than AM. Wrong! t x( )d y3 (t) = cos c t + k t t = cos(c t) cos k x( )d sin(c t) sin k x( )d

If k 0 then t x( )d 1 cos k t t sin k x( )d k x( )d t y3 (t) cos(c t) sin(c t) k x( )d

Bandwidth of narrowband FM is the same as that of AM! (integration does not change bandwidth)

Phase/Frequency Modulation

Find the Fourier transform of a PM signal. x(t) = sin(m t)

y(t) = cos(c t + mx(t)) = cos(c t + m sin(m t))
= cos(c t) cos(m sin(m t))) sin(c t) sin(m sin(m t)))

2
x(t) is periodic in T = m , therefore cos(m sin(m t)) is periodic in T .

m sin(m t) m 0 m cos(m sin(m t)) 1 0 1 t increasing m t

Phase/Frequency Modulation

Find the Fourier transform of a PM signal. x(t) = sin(m t)

y(t) = cos(c t + mx(t)) = cos(c t + m sin(m t))
= cos(c t) cos(m sin(m t))) sin(c t) sin(m sin(m t)))

2
x(t) is periodic in T = m , therefore cos(m sin(m t)) is periodic in T .

cos(m sin(m t)) 1 0 1 m=0 |ak | 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 k t

Phase/Frequency Modulation

Find the Fourier transform of a PM signal. x(t) = sin(m t)

y(t) = cos(c t + mx(t)) = cos(c t + m sin(m t))
= cos(c t) cos(m sin(m t))) sin(c t) sin(m sin(m t)))

2
x(t) is periodic in T = m , therefore cos(m sin(m t)) is periodic in T .

cos(m sin(m t)) 1 0 1 m=1 |ak | 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 k t

Phase/Frequency Modulation

Find the Fourier transform of a PM signal. x(t) = sin(m t)

y(t) = cos(c t + mx(t)) = cos(c t + m sin(m t))
= cos(c t) cos(m sin(m t))) sin(c t) sin(m sin(m t)))

2
x(t) is periodic in T = m , therefore cos(m sin(m t)) is periodic in T .

cos(m sin(m t)) 1 0 1 m=2 |ak | 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 k t

Phase/Frequency Modulation

Find the Fourier transform of a PM signal. x(t) = sin(m t)

y(t) = cos(c t + mx(t)) = cos(c t + m sin(m t))
= cos(c t) cos(m sin(m t))) sin(c t) sin(m sin(m t)))

2
x(t) is periodic in T = m , therefore cos(m sin(m t)) is periodic in T .

cos(m sin(m t)) 1 0 1 m=5 |ak | 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 k t

Phase/Frequency Modulation

Find the Fourier transform of a PM signal. x(t) = sin(m t)

y(t) = cos(c t + mx(t)) = cos(c t + m sin(m t))
= cos(c t) cos(m sin(m t))) sin(c t) sin(m sin(m t)))

2
x(t) is periodic in T = m , therefore cos(m sin(m t)) is periodic in T .

cos(m sin(m t)) 1 0 1 m = 10 |ak |

0 10 20 30 40 50 k 60
t

Phase/Frequency Modulation

Find the Fourier transform of a PM signal. x(t) = sin(m t)

y(t) = cos(c t + mx(t)) = cos(c t + m sin(m t))
= cos(c t) cos(m sin(m t))) sin(c t) sin(m sin(m t)))

2
x(t) is periodic in T = m , therefore cos(m sin(m t)) is periodic in T .

cos(m sin(m t)) 1 0 1 m = 20 |ak | 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 k t

Phase/Frequency Modulation

Find the Fourier transform of a PM signal. x(t) = sin(m t)

y(t) = cos(c t + mx(t)) = cos(c t + m sin(m t))
= cos(c t) cos(m sin(m t))) sin(c t) sin(m sin(m t)))

2
x(t) is periodic in T = m , therefore cos(m sin(m t)) is periodic in T .

cos(m sin(m t)) 1 0 1 m = 30 |ak | 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 k t

Phase/Frequency Modulation

Find the Fourier transform of a PM signal. x(t) = sin(m t)

y(t) = cos(c t + mx(t)) = cos(c t + m sin(m t))
= cos(c t) cos(m sin(m t))) sin(c t) sin(m sin(m t)))

2
x(t) is periodic in T = m , therefore cos(m sin(m t)) is periodic in T .

cos(m sin(m t)) 1 0 1 m = 40 |ak | 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 k t

Phase/Frequency Modulation

Find the Fourier transform of a PM signal. x(t) = sin(m t)

y(t) = cos(c t + mx(t)) = cos(c t + m sin(m t))
= cos(c t) cos(m sin(m t))) sin(c t) sin(m sin(m t)))

2
x(t) is periodic in T = m , therefore cos(m sin(m t)) is periodic in T .

cos(m sin(m t)) 1 0 1 m = 50 |ak | 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 k t

Phase/Frequency Modulation

Fourier transform of rst part. x(t) = sin(m t)

y(t) = cos(c t + mx(t)) = cos(c t + m sin(m t))
= cos(c t) cos(m sin(m t))) sin(c t) sin(m sin(m t)))

ya (t)

|Ya (j)|

m = 50

c 50m

Phase/Frequency Modulation

Find the Fourier transform of a PM signal. x(t) = sin(m t)

y(t) = cos(c t + mx(t)) = cos(c t + m sin(m t))
= cos(c t) cos(m sin(m t))) sin(c t) sin(m sin(m t)))

2
x(t) is periodic in T = m , therefore sin(m sin(m t)) is periodic in T .

m sin(m t) m 0 m sin(m sin(m t)) 1 0 1

increasing m

t increasing m

Phase/Frequency Modulation

Find the Fourier transform of a PM signal. x(t) = sin(m t)

y(t) = cos(c t + mx(t)) = cos(c t + m sin(m t))
= cos(c t) cos(m sin(m t))) sin(c t) sin(m sin(m t)))

2
x(t) is periodic in T = m , therefore sin(m sin(m t)) is periodic in T .

sin(m sin(m t)) 1 0 1 m=0 |bk | 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 k t

Phase/Frequency Modulation

Find the Fourier transform of a PM signal. x(t) = sin(m t)

y(t) = cos(c t + mx(t)) = cos(c t + m sin(m t))
= cos(c t) cos(m sin(m t))) sin(c t) sin(m sin(m t)))

2
x(t) is periodic in T = m , therefore sin(m sin(m t)) is periodic in T .

sin(m sin(m t)) 1 0 1 m=1 |bk | 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 k t

Phase/Frequency Modulation

Find the Fourier transform of a PM signal. x(t) = sin(m t)

y(t) = cos(c t + mx(t)) = cos(c t + m sin(m t))
= cos(c t) cos(m sin(m t))) sin(c t) sin(m sin(m t)))

2
x(t) is periodic in T = m , therefore sin(m sin(m t)) is periodic in T .

sin(m sin(m t)) 1 0 1 m=2 |bk | 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 k t

Phase/Frequency Modulation

Find the Fourier transform of a PM signal. x(t) = sin(m t)

y(t) = cos(c t + mx(t)) = cos(c t + m sin(m t))
= cos(c t) cos(m sin(m t))) sin(c t) sin(m sin(m t)))

2
x(t) is periodic in T = m , therefore sin(m sin(m t)) is periodic in T .

sin(m sin(m t)) 1 0 1 m=5 |bk | 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 k t

Phase/Frequency Modulation

Find the Fourier transform of a PM signal. x(t) = sin(m t)

y(t) = cos(c t + mx(t)) = cos(c t + m sin(m t))
= cos(c t) cos(m sin(m t))) sin(c t) sin(m sin(m t)))

2
x(t) is periodic in T = m , therefore sin(m sin(m t)) is periodic in T .

sin(m sin(m t)) 1 0 1 m = 10 |bk | 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 k t

Phase/Frequency Modulation

Find the Fourier transform of a PM signal. x(t) = sin(m t)

y(t) = cos(c t + mx(t)) = cos(c t + m sin(m t))
= cos(c t) cos(m sin(m t))) sin(c t) sin(m sin(m t)))

2
x(t) is periodic in T = m , therefore sin(m sin(m t)) is periodic in T .

sin(m sin(m t)) 1 0 1 m = 20 |bk |

0 10 20 30 40 50 k 60
t

Phase/Frequency Modulation

Find the Fourier transform of a PM signal. x(t) = sin(m t)

y(t) = cos(c t + mx(t)) = cos(c t + m sin(m t))
= cos(c t) cos(m sin(m t))) sin(c t) sin(m sin(m t)))

2
x(t) is periodic in T = m , therefore sin(m sin(m t)) is periodic in T .

sin(m sin(m t)) 1 0 1 m = 30 |bk | 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 k t

Phase/Frequency Modulation

Find the Fourier transform of a PM signal. x(t) = sin(m t)

y(t) = cos(c t + mx(t)) = cos(c t + m sin(m t))
= cos(c t) cos(m sin(m t))) sin(c t) sin(m sin(m t)))

2
x(t) is periodic in T = m , therefore sin(m sin(m t)) is periodic in T .

sin(m sin(m t)) 1 0 1 m = 40 |bk | 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 k t

Phase/Frequency Modulation

Find the Fourier transform of a PM signal. x(t) = sin(m t)

y(t) = cos(c t + mx(t)) = cos(c t + m sin(m t))
= cos(c t) cos(m sin(m t))) sin(c t) sin(m sin(m t)))

2
x(t) is periodic in T = m , therefore sin(m sin(m t)) is periodic in T .

sin(m sin(m t)) 1 0 1 m = 50 |bk | 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 k t

Phase/Frequency Modulation

Fourier transform of second part. x(t) = sin(m t) y(t) = cos(c t + mx(t)) = cos(c t + m sin(m t)) = cos(c t) cos(m sin(m t))) sin(c t) sin(m sin(m t)))
yb (t)

|Yb (j)|

m = 50

c
50m

Phase/Frequency Modulation

Fourier transform.
x(t) = sin(m t) y(t) = cos(c t + mx(t)) = cos(c t + m sin(m t)) = cos(c t) cos(m sin(m t))) sin(c t) sin(m sin(m t)))
ya (t) yb (t)

|Y (j)|

m = 50

c
50m

Frequency Modulation

Wideband FM is useful because it is robust to noise. AM: y1 (t) = (cos(m t) + 1.1) cos(c t)

FM: y3 (t) = cos(c t + m sin(m t))

FM generates a very redundant signal, which is resilient to additive noise.

Summary

Modulation is useful for matching signals to media. Examples: commercial radio (AM and FM)

Close with unconventional application of modulation in microscopy.

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6.003 Signals and Systems

Spring 2010

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