Ventilation

System that delivers fresh air into the house and removes obnoxious gases from the house

Important Terminology
Psychrometrics
The relationship between the mixtures of air and water vapor at various temperatures

Dry Bulb Temperature

Ambient Temperature

Wet Bulb Temperature

Temperature at Saturation or 100% relative Humidity

Important Terminology
Relative Humidity
A ratio of quantity of water vapor in the air compared with the total that can be held at a given temperature

Dew Point Temperature

Temperature at which water vapor is transformed back to liquid

Relative Humidity
Warm air significantly hold more water than cold air Water holding capacity of air doubles with each 11oC increase in temperature

CFM and Static Pressure

Volume of air being moved by a fan or entering an air in let The difference between inside and outside atmospheric pressure

Air inlet & impingent air jet

Acontrollableopeninggenerallylocatedatthe Acontrollableopeninggenerallylocatedatthe eave controlling the velocity of air Air that is allowed to travel adjacent to a smooth surface, generally a ceiling or side wall.

Throw
The distance an air jet will travel before its maximum speed is decreased to 75 feet per min. Less than 75 fpm the air moves aimlessly

Throw
X=KVib Vx X=throw K=10 Vi=air velocity(fpm) b=width of air inlet Vx=air velocity (X) feet from the air inlet(75fpm)

Hot Vs Cold Weather Management of Ventilation

Fundamental principles of ventilation systems used in summer and winter months are quite similar but reasons for ventilating during the two seasons are very different During summer the main aim is to control temperature During winter the main purpose is to control moisture and ammonia

Types of Ventilation
Tunnel Ventilation Minimum Ventilation Transitional Ventilation Natural Ventilation

Mechanisms of Ventilation
Positive pressure Negative pressure Turbo

Reasons for Ventilation

There are basically five reasons why we must ventilate poultry houses: To remove heat To remove excess moisture To minimize dust and odors To limit the build up of harmful gases such as ammonia and carbon dioxide To provide oxygen for respiration (Bucklin et al., 2008)

Tunnel Ventilation
Consists of fans on one side of the house and pads on the other side Uses Negative pressure For Tunnel Ventilation, generally the dimensions of house are 40ft x 450ft x 8 8-10ft

Fan Requirements for Tunnel Ventilation

Cross Sectional Area Air Velocity CFM of Air Moved by Fan

Example
Cross Sectional Area = 40 10 = 400 sq. ft. Required Air Velocity = 450 ft/min CFM of box fan = 19500 No. of fans = 400 450 / 19500 No. of fans = 9.2 10 fans will be required

Calculation for Pads

Total Fan Capacity (CFM) Desired Air Velocity

Example
Total Fan Capacity = 10 19500 = 195000 cfm Desired Air Velocity = 450 ft/min Pad Area required = 195000/450 Pad Area Required=433.33 sq.ft.

Calculation for Evaporative Cooling

8,747 Btu required to convert 1 gallon (3.79 liters) of water into vapor The equation used to calculate heat loss by converting cubic ft./min to cu. evaporative cooling is
ft./hr

Q = 0.018 t cfm 60

quantity of air being exhausted from the house in cubic ft per minute Desired reduction in temperature (normally 8 - 10 F)
o

Heat Production in Btu (per hour)

a constant

Example
Q = 0.018 t cfm 60 Q=o.018101950060 60 Q=210600Btumustbelosttogetthedesired Q=210600Btumustbelosttogetthedesired temperature As 8747 evaporate 1 gallon 210600 Btu will evaporate 210600/8747 gallons So, 24 gallons or 91.25 liters of water will be required

Fan Calculation for Minimum Ventilation

vg. body weight CFM requirement per kgNo of birds CFM of Fan

Example
Avg body weight = 2.5 kg Cfm required = 0.5 /kg Cfm of fan = 9000 No. of Fans = (2.5 x 0.5 x 30000)/9000 No. of Fans = 4.16 5fanswillbeneededforwinterventilation 5fanswillbeneededforwinterventilation

Operating time for Fan

Total CFM Requirement Total Fan Capacity

Example
Total cfm requirement = 37500 Total fan capacity = 9000 x 5 = 45000 Operational time = 37500/45000=0 .83 = 0.83 x 60 sec = 49.9 sec It means that in 1 min fan should be on for 50 sec and off for 10 sec. To get reasonable operational time, we multiply by 4 50 x 4 = 200 It means in 4 min fan should be on for 3 min & 20 sec and off for 40 sec

Inlet Calculation
Inlet area (sq. in.) = Total cfm required 4 = 37500/4 = 9375 sq inch = 65.10 sq ft No. of Vents = Area Required/Area of Vent = 65.10/ 1m x 0.4 m = 65.10/ 3.2808 x 1.3123 = 65.10/4.30 = 15. 13 16 inlets will be required

Inlet Calculation on basis of CFM

No. of inlets = capacity x average weight x 0.5cfm(per kg)/2000cfm = 30000 x 2.5 x0.5 /2000 =18.75 This formula suggests 19 inlets should be used

Review

In tunnel ventilation air is drawn into one end of the house and exhausted at the other end.

The air velocity in a tunnel ventilated house is greater than that in a conventional cross cross-ventilated arrangement with similar rates of air exchange.

(Lott et al.1998)

Review
There is improvement in weight gains of broilers in tunnel ventilated houses as compared to traditional cross ventilated houses

(Lacy and Czarick, 1992)

Review
Higher air velocities cause faster reduction in body temperature as compared to lower velocities after a thermal stress

(Drury and Siegel, 1966)

Review
Body weight gain of broilers in tunnel ventilated houses is more than cross ventilated houses.

(Lacy and Czarick, 1992)

Review
With increased air velocity there is increase in body weight gain and improvement in feed utilization.

( Lott et al., 1998)

Review
At 30 oC, sensible heat loss of broilers increases by increasing wind speed.

(Mitchell, 1985)

Review
Higher wind speeds increase sensible heat loss and reduce latent heat loss in broilers.

(Timmons and Hillman, 1993)

Review
There are improvements in broiler performance with an air velocity of 125 m/min as compared with an air velocity of less than 15 m/min (still air).

(Lott et al., 1998)

Review
Optimum velocity for big birds is 600 to 650 foot per minute during the last two weeks of grow out Replace worn fan belts, clean dirty shutters and clean pads

(Doizzer, 2007)

Review
Total heat loss remains the same but increased air velocities result in greater sensible heat loss and less latent heat loss between 29.5oCand 35oC

(Simmons et al., 1997)

Review
Factors like corrosion, dirt accumulation and out belts can cause variation in fan worn performance up to 24% Plastic shutters offer less resistance to air flow as compared to aluminum shutters due to less corrosion and better design Power consumption varies even among similar fans

(Casey et al., 2008)

Review
An increase in air velocity over the birds decreases skin temperature in broiler chickens, mainly in unfeathered areas such as the legs. Broiler chickens seem to reach thermal equilibrium during ventilation within the first 10 min with incoming air temperature of 29 29C (Furlan et al., 2000)

Review
Tunnel ventilation is an arrangement in which ventilating air is drawn into one end of the house and exhausted at the other end. The air velocity in a tunnel ventilated house is greater than that in a conventional cross-ventilated arrangement with similar rates of air exchange.

(Lott et al., 1998)

Review
Ventilation flow in the building influences heat, moisture and gas balance, and thus it affects the indoor Temperature, RH and gas concentration

(Blanes and Pedersen 2005)

Review
The ventilation, together with some other factors, such as building geometry, location, number and size of the inlets and exhaust fans and the presence of indoor obstacles, determines the airflow pattern in the buildings and, therefore, air velocity in the zone occupied by the animals (Bjerg et al., 2000, 2002).

Review
Air velocity has an important influence on animal heat loss. Consequently, under Mediterranean conditions, when the outdoor T and RH are extremely high and the efficiency of the evaporative cooling systems on the farm decreases, air velocity becomes a decisive factor in the control of animal heat stress

(Dozier et al., 2005)

Review
T, RH and air quality can be defined on a theoretical basis, by means of relatively simple heat, moisture and gas concentration balances, respectively. Therefore, by adjusting airflow rate, it is possible to obtain a T, RH, and gas concentration suitable for the birds

(Schauberger et al., 2000)

Conclusion
Improved weight gain and FCR Faster reduction in body temperature Less chances of disease outbreak

References
Bjerg B., Svidt K., Zhang G., Morsing S., 2000.The effects of pen partitions and thermal pig simulatorson airflow in a livestock test room. J Agric Engng Res 77(3), 317 317-326. Bjerg B., Svidt K., Zhang G., Morsing S., Johnsen J.O., 2002. Modelling of air inlets in CFD prediction of airflow in ventilated animal houses. Comput Electron Agric 34, 223 223-235. Blanes V., Pedersen S., 2005. Ventilation flow in pig houses measured and calculated by carbon dioxide, moisture and heat balance equations. Biosyst Eng 92(4), 483 483-493.

References
Casey, K. D., R. S. Gates, E. F. Wheeler, H. Xin, Y. Liang, A. J. Pescatore and M. J. Ford, 2008. On On-Farm Ventilation Fan Performance - Evaluations and Implications J. Appl. Poult. Res. 17:283 17:283-295 doi:10.3382/japr.2006-00055 00055 Drury, L. N., and H. S. Siegel. 1966. Air velocity and heat tolerance of young chickens. Trans. ASAE 9:583 9:583-585.

References
Dozier W.A., B.D. Lott, S.L. Branton, 2005. Growth responses of male broilers subjected to increasing air velocities at high ambient temperatures and a high dew point. Poultry Sci 84(6), 962 962-966. Drury, L. N., and H. S. Siegel, 1966. Air velocity and heat tolerance of young chickens. Trans. ASAE 9:583 9:583-585. Furlan', R. L., M. Macari, E. R. Secato, and J. R. Guerreiro, 2000. Air velocity and exposure time to ventilation affect body surface and rectal temperature of broiler chickens. j. applied poult. Res.9:1 Res.9:1-5 Harral B.B., Boon C.R., 1997. Comparison of predicted and measured air flow patterns in a mechanically ventilated livestock building without animals. J Agric. Engng. Res. 66(3), 221 221-228.

References
Lacy, M. P., and M. Czarick, 1992. Tunnel Tunnel-ventilated broiler houses: broiler performance and operating cost. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 1:104-109. Lott, B. D., J. D. Simmons, and J. D. May, 1998. Air Velocity and High Temperature Effects on Broiler Performance Poultry Science 77:391-393

References
Lacy, M. P., and M. Czarick. 1992. Tunnel Tunnel-ventilated broiler houses: Broiler performance and operating cost. J. Appl.Poult. Res. 1:104 1:104109. Lott, B. D., J. D. Simmons, and J. D. May. 1998. Air velocity and high temperature effects on broiler performance. Poult. Sci. 77:391 77:391393. Mitchell, M. A. 1985. Effects of air velocity and convective and radiant heat transfer from domestic fowls at environmental temperatures of 20 and 30 C. Br. Poult. Sci. 26:413 26:413-423. National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th rev. ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

References
Simmons, J. D., B. D. Lott, and J. D. May, 1997. Heat loss from broiler chickens subjected to various wind speeds and ambient temperatures. Appl. Eng. Agric. 13(5):665 13(5):665-669. Simmons, J. D., B. D. Lott, and J. D. May. 1996. Heat loss from broiler chickens subjected to various wind speeds and ambient temperatures. Schauberger G., Piringer M., Petz E., 2000. Steady Steady-state balance model to calculate the indoor climate of livestock buildings, demonstrated for finishing pigs. Int J Biometeorol 43, 154-162.

References
Smith J.H., Boon C.R., Webster A.J.F., Wathes C.M.,1999. Measurements of the effects of animals on airflow in an experimental piggery. J Agric Engng Res 72, 105 105-112. Simmons J.D., B.D. Lott, D.M. Miles, 2003. The effects of high-air velocity on broiler performance. Poultry Sci 82(2), air 232-234.

References
Tao X., Xin H., 2003. Acute synergistic effects of air temperature, humidity and velocity on homeostasis of market-size broilers. T ASAE 46(2), 491 size 491-497. Timmons, M. B., and P. E. Hillman. 1993. Partitional heat losses in heat stressed poultry as affected by wind speed. 4th International Livestock Environment Symposium, London. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI.

References
Yanagi T., Xin H., Gates R.S., 2002. A research facility for studying poultry responses to heat stress and its relief. Appl Eng Agric 18(2), 255-260. Yahav S., Straschnow A., Vax E., Razpakovski V., Shinder D., 2001. Air velocity alters broiler performance under harsh environmental conditions. Poultry Sci 80(6), 724 724-726. Yahav S., Straschnow A., Luger D., Shinder D., Tanny J., Cohen S., 2004. Ventilation, sensible heat loss, broiler energy, and water balance under harsh environmental conditions. Poultry Sci 83(2), 253-258.