Running Head: Effects of tooth powder on plaques induced Gingivitis Your name

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Introduction The scientific community and in particular the clinical researchers have for yea rs explored the significance and the value of tooth powder I regard to the basic oral health. This has contributed the researchers to question, examine, critici ze and as well execute detailed studies in regard to the effects of toothpowder on oral dental health. In this way the studies explored the relationship between tooth powder with plaques as well as gingivitis. Though the duration of these i nvestigations including the outcomes differed considerably, it is evident that f rom the very beginning human race used diverse plants to take care of their teet h. In this way exploring the scope of the given topic it is evident that since t he invention of toothpowder the scope of oral health care has undergone tremendo us changes. According to the existing clinical records it is widely recognized t hat the usage of tooth powder changed the global approach in regard to oral hygi ene(Deasy , et al 1991).The drive was necessitated by the greater society desire to have a healthy and trustworthy medication to trust. Thus, exploring the prev ious generation, the instances of extreme or acute oral health issues were adver se and according to the available government many citizens succumbed to oral inf ections for lack of proper oral dental health. Also it is emerging that the expa nse of influence of tooth powder on plaque induced gingivitis is also allied to the treatment or prevention of dental issues such as oral cavity, infections as well as plaques. In regard to systems of dental surgery the significance of toot h powder is highly regarded(Bolden,et al 1992). It ought to be noted that the us e of tooth powder is also integrated with traditional health practices such as a yurveda so as to manage diverse dental problems which includes gingivitis. In re gard to this observation, traditional medicine employed diverse plants which wer e either dried or mashed to make tooth powder used to treat different oral infec tions and in particular gingivitis. These traditionally prepared tooth powder as testified by those who opts to employ traditional science such as ayurveda has both medicinal as well as anti-cariogenic attributes(Mankodi et al 1992). Also t his traditionally prepared tooth powder as is modern tooth powder had unique oil properties which are said to interfere with plaques properties and in this way controlling the growth or the proliferation of harmful bacterial around the gum or the enamel. Similarly, emblic myroblan or as is typically known as Amla is al so employed and exploited as a typical rebuild of dental health(Sintes,et al 200 2). While vaccinium myrtillus as well as hawthorn berry are used to strengthen t

he gum including reinforcing collagen. In this way the mouth lining as allowed t o be naturally saturated. More so, this explains why the use of such herbal prod ucts as liquorice root is instrumental in enhancing anti cavity activities, red ucing plaques in addition to having antibacterial impact which is instrumental t o the overall wellbeing of ones dental care(Sintes, et al 1995). It is therefore paramount to understand that dental health is essential, the use of tooth powde r whether traditional or modern is essential in sustaining vibrant dental or ora l health if applied appropriately. It ought to be noted that the growing cases o f gingivitis can only be allied plaque and hence gingivitis. Exploring the effec ts of tooth powder on plaque induced gingivitis it is apparent that the usage of tooth powder has provided a broad approach to the manner individual oral health is established(Marinho,et al 20003). Since the scope of exploiting tooth powder enhances the stability as well as bacterial balance in the mouth, this involves using the suitable tooth powder to control plaques and the tooth powder must no t disrupt the natural mouth ph(DenBesten, et al 1996). Note that tooth powder en sures that dental health is ascertained. According to the available dental studi es integrating traditional and scientific prepared tooth powder it is establishe d that this ascertains safe, healthy and proper oral healthy procedures are foll owed and the eradication of plaques is effected using secure and effective tooth powder(Steiner, et al 2004). Considering that oral healthy is a holistic approach of medicine which has devel oped over the years, it would be instrumental to explore other facets allied to its significance in regard to the influence or the impact of tooth powder on ora l dental health. This can be allied to the fact that the impact of plaque induce d gingivitis has plagued the human race for years(Jackson, et al 2005). But the invention of tooth powder both within scientific and traditional platform has co nsiderably tilted the balance of dealing with the menace of plaque. Examining th e traditional approach of dealing with the scope of plaque induced gingivitis it evident that one arm of traditional medicine that has consistently employed the use of herbal tooth powder in dealing with this issue regards ayurvenda (Nadkar ni et al 1999). From traditional perspective, the effect of tooth powder on plaq ue induced gingivitis, it is prudent to note that the scope of the process has g rown to be a complementary procedure of ascertain that the dental health is sust ained. According to the existing literature on traditional dental health, it is emerging that ayurvenda had a branch that dealt with the issues linked to dental oral care wholly (Hooper, et al 2003). It is through the consideration and the significance of the dental care that the procedure of dental care was attached t o natural constituents which were grinded into tooth powder. Many of these tooth powders helped in controlling formation of plaques which could have facilitated the growth of harmful bacterias and eventual gingivitis or tooth decay. based on the overall knowledge,beliefs,skills as well as practices which were anchored o n indigenous understanding of dental oral care, the scope of gingivitis was hand led by application of diverse traditionally produced tooth powder from herbs, fi nished herbal properties, herbal materials, which constitutes the broader aspect s of mouth infections caused by plaques such as gingivitis(Baig et al 2005). I r egard to the mechanics and dynamics of ayurvenda dental care is perceived from i ndividualistic aspect. In this way a person is encouraged to apply tooth powder on a chewing sticks which or toothbrush when brushing the tooth one or twice a d ay. In this way plaques is reduced and the instances of gingivitis are compactly decreased(Muoz,et al 2004).Examining the scope of tooth powder on plaques induce d gingivitis within the scientific spectrum, it is evident that many of the avai lable tooth powders have properties which are anti halitosis ,anti plaque or ant i gingivitis, likewise the toothpowder have other aspects such as whitening as w ell as sensitizing advantages(Smith,et al 2003). Thus, due to these multiple adv antages it can be said that the principle effects of tooth powder on gingivitis is linked to its potent capability to destroy the bacterial harmful bacterias all ied to this infection. Tooth powder just like tooth paste has some properties wh ich makes extremely abrasive which included salt,chalk,charcoal and ground shell s(Dawson,et al 1998). However, modern tooth powder has contains such allied comp ounds as hydrogen peroxide, as well as baking powder which are commonly used wit

hin the dental field. Such compounds have been known to control instances of gin givitis due to their strong ph concentration (Ten, et al 1995). Hence, they have contributed in the way individuals manages personal dental hygiene and as well as removing plaques which has been cited as a primary contributor to dental prob lems. And this is also supplemented by the use of fluoride a very instrumental a ctive property that is highly effective and is also utilized as anti caries (Fea therstone 2000).What the tooth powder does is to give preventive, treatment and esthetic advantages. These benefits have become instrumental in shielding the en tire dental health from instances of tartar, caries, gingivitis as well as plaqu es. More so, they include additional advantages which paramount for dentinal hyp ersensitivity(Haywood, et al 2005). Mouth/ oral hygiene is proving to be very important in that it plays a big part in maintaining the image and dignity of the person, It is believed that there ar e more than 500 species of bacteria within the oral cavity. This is lead mostly by the facts and health effects that poor oral hygiene possesses (Salvato,et al 1993). Gingivitis is can also be known as inflammation of the gum and it is norm ally not destructive dental disease it is brought about by bacteria therefore le ading to the name plaque-induced gingivitis(Renson,et al 1986). Many medical den tal doctors have focused in the oral hygiene due to the increasing number of pat ients having the symptoms or have been diagnosed with gingivitis, dental caries and the other dental diseases the formation of plaque sets the center stage for the occurrence of many forms of periodontal diseases(Brnnstrm 1992). Gingivitis an d periodontitis are the 2 major forms of inflammatory diseases affecting the per iodontium. Their primary cause is bacterial plaque, which initiates the destruct ion of the fungi tissues and periodontal attachments. Gingivitis is inflammation of the gingiva that does not result in clinical attachment loss (Farrell,et al 2 007). Periodontitis is inflammation of the gingiva and the adjacent attachment a pparatus and is characterized by loss of connective tissue attachment and alveol ar bone each of these diseases can be classified based according to their causes , clinical classifications(Fine,et al 2006). Gingivitis is a reversible disease( Hu,et al 2003). Therapy is normally used by doctors for primary reduction of the causing factors to reduce or eliminate inflammation, hence allowing the gingiva l tissues to heal. The required supportive periodontal maintenance that includes personal and professional care is important in preventing re-occurrence of infl ammation of the disease (Vazquez,et al 2005). The periodontium inflammation may result from bacteria and trauma however, most types of gingivitis and periodonti tis result from the accumulation of tooth-affecting micro-organisms, prominent r isk factors for development of un-healable periodontitis is possible with the pr esence of specific sub gingival bacteria, tobacco use, diabetes, age, and gender . It is also proven that periodontal disease pathogenesis can be caused by envir onmental, genetic, and systemic factors (Overholser et al., 1990).Gingivitis for ms the early stages of periodontal diseases. The inflammation occurs due to a re sponse mediated towards the bacterial biofilm that is adjacent to the teeth. The gingival tissue bleeds on probing. Clinically the gingival tissue becomes eryth ematous, edematous and as some fibrous enlargement. Gingivitis sets the center s tage for a continuum of periodontal diseases(Olshan, et al 2000). If left untrea ted, gingivitis leads to the setting in of chronic infection and teeth losing th eir shape on the gums and also becoming loose. The Patients with chronic gingivi tis, alterations in gingival morphology, or systemic diseases that affect oral h ealth, may respond to a therapeutic regimen consisting of improved personal plaq ue control alone (Sowinski,et al 1998) .Many patients with gingivitis have calcu lus or other defective dental replacements that interfere with personal oral cle anliness and the ability to take care of the bacterial plaque. A positive therap eutic outcome for these patients is usually obtained when personal plaque contro l measures are performed in collaboration with a professional removal of plaque, calculus and other local contributing factors. Removal of dental calculus is ac complished by weighing and root planning processes using hand and ultrasonic ins truments (American Academy of Periodontology 1992). The therapeutic aim of scali ng and root planning is to take care of a plaque and calculus to reduce the sub gingival bacteria below a threshold level capable of influencing clinical inflam

mation (Overholser et al., 1990). The application of topical antibacterial age nts to help reduce bacterial attack may be advantageous for the prevention and t reatment of gingivitis in some patients. Most of these agents in oral rinses and intoxications have been tested in clinical laboratories example in America by t he American Dental Association (ADA) Council on Dental Therapeutics as an effect ive agent for the treatment of gingivitis, a sample must remove the attack and s how effective reduction of gingival inflammation over a duration of at least 6 m onths(Drake,et al 1994). For use by the patient and not show any harmful or unex pected side effects. Some of the active ingredients of one product are thymol, m enthol, eucalyptol, and methyl salicylate. The main and most active recipes in t he other medications are chlorhexidine digluconate and triclosan (Furuichi, etal 1999) . If properly used in the addition of an ingredient, Anti-plaque agent as a ging ivitis medical regiment should be for patients with low plaque control (Overhols er et al 1990;). Since it will likely result in the treatment of gingivitis. Ho wever, experimental evidence shows that penetration of topically applied agents into the gingival infection is very low (Overholser et al., 1990). This proves that, these agents are more helpful for the control of supra gingival, and not sub gingival attack. (Overholser et al 1990). The individuals who do not carr y out unlimited oral cleanliness, supra gingival irrigation along with or withou t suitable medicaments is capable of eliminating gingival soreness ahead of that normally attained by tooth brushing alone (Overholser et al., 1990). This eff ect is made possible because of the flushing out of sub gingival bacteria during brushing (Overholser et al., 1990). This paper primarily reviews the effects and causes of plaque-induced gingivitis and chronic periodontitis, but there might be some areas where the described me dications will not resolve the disease or arrest disease progression. Moreover t he treatments discussed should not be collected and studied inclusive of all pos sible therapies and methods of care reasonably directed at obtaining good result s. The ultimate decision regarding the appropriateness of any specific procedure must be made by the practitioner at hand with the issues presented by the patie nt involved (White,et al 1997). The main aim of good oral hygiene care is to remove as much plaque as possible, in order to control oral diseases. Dental plaque contains bacteria that cause th e two main oral diseases: tooth decay and gum (periodontal) disease. When plaque grows around teeth and dentures, it inflames the gums (gingivitis), which will often bleed, causing pain and discomfort (Williams,et al 1998). This also makes the residents breath smell bad. The bleeding will worsen unless the plaque is reg ularly removed. If plaque is not controlled, it will lead to mouth pain, eating problems, behavioral problems, and many medical complications, including the ris k of aspiration pneumonia Two major reckoned forms of inflammatory diseases are Gingivitis and Periodontit is affecting the periodontium (Armitage 1999). These diseases are associated wit h the presence of bacterial macrobiotics on the surfaces of the teeth. The bacte rium gives out acids after reacting with the carbohydrates such as sucrose and d isaccharides which can cause carious lesions (Featherstone 1981). This acid form ation leads to the corrosion of the teeth and inflammation of the gingival tissu es. Gingivitis can be divided into two as shown by dental experts, that is, the clinical periodontics i.e. plaque gingivitis and the non-plaque induced gingival disease (American Academy of Periodontology 1992) .The clinical presentation of this disease is characterized by inflamed and erythematous gums, bleeding of gu ms after brushing and tenderness of gums. Therefore removal of bacterial plaque is an important element in promoting oral health and the use of dentifrices whic h dates back to the ancient Greeks and Roman civilization is preferred(American Academy of Periodontology 2004). Dental plaque contributes to a range of oral di seases. Evidence has shown that the bacterial film threat is found in the dental plaque is associated with various systemic infections. The Dentifrices are compiled with components which effectively prevent the forma tion of plaque(Hltt,et al 1992). This is because the formation of plaque is the f irst step that leads to the occurrence of mouth diseases. Examples of such compo

nents that prevent the formation of plaque are the calcium carbonate and the ess ential oils. The two components defer in terms of their physical and chemical pr operties, the effectiveness of the property uses enable them to become helpful i n the prevention of plaque from forming two components have different functionin g mechanisms. Patients suffering gingivitis have determined of properties that i nterfere with personal mouth hygiene and the ability to remove bacterial plaque (Jensen,et al 1988). A therapy results are important for the individuals and is usually obtained when personal plaque control measures are performed in collabor ation with the professional removal of plaque. Removals of dental calculus are m ade possible by scaling and root planning procedures using hand, ultrasonic inst ruments. The therapy reason is aimed at removing plaque and reduces subgingival b acteria below a threshold level capable of initiating clinical inflammation. The success of instrumentation is determined by evaluating the periodontal tissues following treatment and during the maintenance phase of therapy. The use of topi cal antibacterial agents to help reduce bacterial plaque may be advantageous for the prevention and treatment of gingivitis in some patients (Brecx et al 1992). A number of these agents in mouth rinses and dentifrices have been experimente d in clinical trials and, are accepted by the Therapeutics as an effective agent for the treatment of gingivitis; a product must lower the effect of the plaque and demonstrate effective reduction of gingival inflammation over a period of mon itored time. The agent must also be safe and not show any unexpected side effect s. Medicaments have been given the Seal of Acceptance for the control of gingiv itis. The active ingredients of one product are thymol, menthol, eucalyptol, and methyl salicylate(Berkowitz 2003).Essential oils and the carbonates are importa nt in preventing the formation of plaque. Many of the dentifrices have these add itional which are part of increasing the elimination of plaque formation. The a dditional has different chemical properties that enhance the ability to prevent the formation of plaque. The essential oils have different properties that enabl e them to effectively prevent the formation of plaque. For instance, the essenti al oils effectively adhere on membranes and are not soluble in water. The carbon ates have the ability to neutralize acids found in the oral cavity after microbi al activity. In addition the calcium carbonate has larger particulate sizes (Ber kowitz 2003) Many known antimicrobial agents have been added to in mouth washes to prove the aftermath of perfunctory oral hygiene measures or to put back involuntary plaqu e management. Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) is at the moment the most successful compound having prominent antimicrobial impacts both on Gram-positive as well a s Gram-negative bacteria along with fungi and a number of viruses (Brecx,et al 1 992). CHX is a absolutely charged bisbiguanide, which can suck up to dissimilar unconstructively charged sites such as salivary pellicle including mucous membr anes on teeth along with titanium implant exteriors as well as numerous such as bacteria, extracellular polysaccharides and glycoproteins(Brecx,et al 1992). How ever, it has not been recommended for long periods because of the observed side effects. The reported side effects include alteration in taste, increase of calc ulus formation, staining of teeth and mucous membranes and, more rarely, oral mu cosa desquamation and parotid swelling, however, the most obvious and important local side effects are the brown staining of the teeth, restorative materials an d dorsum of the tongue (Badirstein,et 1975) . The essential oils are effective i n controlling the formation of plaque. Most of the functions of the essential oi ls are based on its physical and chemical properties. Essential oils are vital i n the prevention of effects of microbial agents in gingivitis and dental carries formation (Brecx,et al 1992). There are various formulations of essential oils with the most common being the mouth rinses such as Listerine (Brecx,et al 1992 ). The component found in the essential oils enables them to effective deal with both the gram positives and negative bacterias. Essential oils are effective in dealing with the cariogenic bacteria (Brecx,et al 1992). The effectiveness of es sential oils is increased when it contains the fluoride which prevents the forma tion of caries (Badirstein 1975). More so, dental caries is a communicable and i nfectious disease (Berkowitz 2003) From clinical perspective it is evident that even over the counter dentifrices a

re also prepared from diverse ingredients found in tooth powder, the advantages of such properties revolves within ascertaining that individual has strong teeth , healthy gum as well as plaque free teeth (Brecx,et al 1992). These attributes has resulted in establishing such benefits as having teeth cleaning solutions in strumental to ones dental health care. Thus, the concept of tooth powder has ind icated that the supply of topical fluoride regularly is essential since it helps in the process of reminalization (Brecx,et al 1992). This in most instances occ urs when acid erodes and destroys the teeth enamel as a result of excessive form ation of plaque (Badirstein 1975). From medical point of view, many of the activ e ingredients found in tooth powder are essential in ascertaining that plaque do es not form and thus instances of gingivitis are decreased. These is made possib le by the fact that concentration of sodium fluoride or sodium monofluorophospha te in many of the available tooth powder products is set to counter the crystall ization or the formation of the plaque (Badirstein 1975). The significance of s uch concentration has been established from scientific studies to be paramount i n reducing instances of caries, gingivitis as well as periodinitis. What this in dicates is that tooth powder is instrumental in the way diverse teeth problems a re handled. More so, the control of plaque which is associated with diverse dise ases has been compactly dealt with. As established by diverse scientific studies , diverse compounds were employed from ancient times to the current time to cont ain development of plaques. It is thus essential to understand how important the scope of dental health was viewed. Hence, the scientific studies have been carr ied out to examine the how the diverse levels of fluoride influences the growth or the inhibition of plaque or instances of fluorosis (Brecx,et al 1992). As indicated by various studies it is evident that other aspects allied to the o ral dental health and equally paramount in regard to the effects of plaque conce rns anti calculus. The tooth powder properties have been established to be contr ol dental plaque which is also a product of saliva including gingival crevicular liquid which is said to contain very deadly bacteria (Listgarten et al 1985) . In this regard numerous studies performed in regard to the potency of tooth powd er also explored the significance of Anti-calculus components, which are markete d as anti-tartar constituent; and consist of tetrapotassium in addition to tetra sodium pyrophosphates, as well as sodium hexametaphosphate, in addition to zinc( Listgarten et al 1985) These studies point out that Pyrophosphates work by stead ying the calcium intensity in saliva as well as obstructing with the intensifica tion of the crystals that facilitate form calculus. They have as well been estab lished to offer anti-microbial reimbursements (Brecx,et al 1992). Zinc composite s employed as anti-tartar compounds consist of zinc citrate trihydrate which wor k by slowing down crystal augmentation as well as controlling bacterial intensif ication. Equally, Triclosan or copolymer components has as well been establishe d in numerous studies and is allied to the broad objectives of fighting plaque which causes gingivitis (Fabrcio,et 2009). On the other hand, another profound co mponent which has been examined within the same range with tooth powder and has direct effect on plaques and other dental related components include; Chlorine d ioxide, indispensable oils as well as zinc chloride which have all been employed as a constituent of lessening halitosis by inhibiting the making of impulsive s ulfur composites (Fabrcio,et 2009).. I relation to the significance of tooth powd er and its effect on plaque induced gingivitis, Essential oil constituents was i nstituted in one of the various investigation to be instrumental in reducing ha litosis (Iowa Geriatric Education Center 2004) Another clinical study have demon strated that the combination of Triclosan, fluoride and copolymer dentifrice to extremely influential in as far as control as well as decreasing the microbes associated with capricious sulfur compounds, along with anaerobic periodontal mi croorganisms, in so doing lessening these compounds including halitosis (Isidor et 1985). Conversely, Stannous fluoride components along with sodium hexametapho sphate have as well been established to diminish unpredictable sulfur compound m aking (Isidor et 1985). The prospective of using tooth powder or as well tooth paste to slow down plaque formation, with ensuing advantages to gingival health, according to existing dental health literature, was recognized over 21 years ag o with the emergence of chlorhexidin mouth rinse (Ciancio 2003; Davies,et al 200

4). Assimilation of chlorhexidine or additional plaque inhibitory substances int o toothpowder would perceptibly be advantageous to gingival wellbeing. In terms of principal and tertiary preclusion, the utilization of such components in toot hpaste as contrasting to mouth rinses can be said to be beneficial since over 80 % of the populace on a regular basis brush their teeth with conventional toothpa ste, at the same time as only 30 percent exploits mouthrinses on a usual basis ( Qaqish,et 2001. Even though there are various components accessible which, at le ast in the laboratory, will slow down plaque microbes, comparatively few are exp loited in toothpaste preparations that are medically verified to hold back plaqu e formation as well as assist gingival health. Efficient antiplaque components, whether in toothpaste, tooth powder or mouthrinses, ought to take the following attributes, that is, they must be: expansive antibacterial activity; substantivi ty perseverance of action on dental surfaces; minimal toxicity; pleasant flavor; compatibility with tooth powder or toothpaste compounds (Fabrcio,et 2009). Howev er, it is widely acknowledged that numerous setbacks have been bumped into in in tegrating antiplaque compounds into toothpastes, as a lot of them are cationic m oreover evolving to be unable to coexist with anionic toothpaste components suc h as detergents such as sodium lauryl sulphate (Qaqish,et 2001). Additional comp licatedness in sustaining plaque-inhibitory efficiency in toothpastes include: t he configuration of composites with supplementary toothpaste constituents such a s detergents as well as denaturation of the dynamic compounds (Fabrcio,et 2009). The inadequate accomplishment of chlorhexidine-containing toothpowder or toothpa ste can be credited to its inactivation by anionic compounds, in addition to the rivalry for oral preservation sites (Qaqish,et 2001). Chlorhexidine enclosing g els, similarly, have exposed comparatively excellent plaque reticence. On the ot her hand, citizens tend to favor conservative toothpaste since gels do not have abrasives plus detergents. Latest evidence from a 10-daystudy of a toothpowder c onsisting of chlorhexidine demonstrated a highly large lessening in plaque (Qaqi sh,et 2001). What this indicates is that the control of plaque has been a major source of concern. It is evident that tooth powder properties have consistently played a critical role in the way diverse dental problems are handled. Exploring diverse dental compounds found in both conventional and traditional tooth powde r as well as tooth pastes it is evident plaque has been one single attribute tha t fuelled previous and current investigations into the manner diverse compounds can be employed to ascertain a positive dental health (Ciancio 2003). Thus, the effects of essential oils on bacteria can be grouped into bacterialcidal and bac terial static (Ciancio 2003). The bacterial cidal effect occurs when the essenti al oils eliminate a proportion of bacteria within the oral cavity. The bacterial static effect on the other hand occurs when the bacteria limit the number of th e bacterial microorganisms that exists in the oral cavity. The prevention of for mation of acids leads to a decline in the chances of formation of plaque. This t herefore means that the essential oils act a preventive measure towards the form ation of plaque. The essential oils have high affinity of the membranes of the o ral cavity (Ciancio 2003). The essential oils are readily bound to the membranes of the oral cavity. The binging of the essential oils on the membranes therefor e limits the contact between the acids and the membranes. In addition, the bindi ng lowers the surface area upon which the microorganisms react with the fermenta ble food particles to form acids. The decline in the acid volume decreases the c orrosion of the teeth and damage to the oral cavity (Ciancio 2003). Based on the ir ability to easily bind on the membranes within the oral cavity, the essential oils prevent the adhesion of the microorganisms on the walls of the oral cavity . The essential oils limit the activity of them bacterial microbes by limiting t heir abilities to adhere to the membranes. The decrease in the adhesion capabili ties makes the bacteria not to be fixed on to the gingival tissues and the teeth . This makes them to have less contact with the surfaces of the oral cavity. The adhesion limiting ability therefore makes the bacteria not to cause the formati on of plaque since they require adhering to the membranes for the effect to take place (Axelsson and Lindhe 1987). The properties of the essential oils having high affinity for the membranes in the oral cavity make it to have longer reten tion properties. This means that the essential oils are still effective long aft

er their use. The formation of dental carries results into the demineralization of the teeth. The demineralization further weakens the tooth and makes it to be more susceptible to the hydrolysis. This means that the exposure of the tooth to the acid results into more severe corrosion wit time. The essential oils functi on by facilitating the remineralization of the teeth making them to be less susc eptible to corrosion. In addition, the ability of the essential oils to facilita te and enables the enamel to reconstruct(Axelsson and Lindhe, 1987). The recon struction hence slows the progression of the corrosive activity on the teeth. In addition, it reduces the corrosion n hence decreases the surface area that is e xposed to the acids. Finally it is able to prevents the formation of plaque. The food particles that remain in the mouth offer a favorable environment for the f ormation of acids in the mouth by the microorganisms. The reaction between the b acteria in the oral cavity and the food particles which can be fermented such as sucrose results in the formation of acids. The elimination of the food particle s from the oral cavity definitely reduces the volume of acid formed (Axelsson and Lindhe, 1987). The use of carbonates is based on the reduction of the amount s of food particles in the oral cavity. This is because of the particulate natur e of carbonates. The particulate nature allows them to be abrasive. The abrasive nature enables the removal of particles from attaching on the teeth and gums. T his therefore limits the chances of the microorganisms found in the mouth reacti ng with the food particles. The end result of this is the decline in the amount of acids that are formed in the oral cavity. In addition the carbonates abrasive capabilities facilitate the removal of coloration from the surfaces of the teet h. This therefore reduces effects of dental carries on the teeth (Featherstone, 2008). The susceptibility of the two classes differs. The bacterial microorganisms are responsible for triggering the formation of the acid after fermentation of the f ood substances within the oral cavity. Formation of acids amplifies with the inc rease in the number of colonies of the bacteria (Axelsson and Lindhe, 1987). The elimination of bacterial activity is facilitated by the use of dentifrices that has the antimicrobial capabilities. The bacterial cidal antimicrobials lead to the elimination of the entire colony of the bacteria (Axelsson and Lindhe, 19 87). This means that the entire population of the bacteria will be wiped out . This will result in prevention of plaque as well as gingivitis. The inhibiting o f the enzymatic reactions deprives the bacteria from mediating the essential che mical reactions that enhance its survival. Furthermore the essential oils are ca pable of inactivating the chemicals which are produced be the bacteria(Axelsson and Lindhe, 1987) The essential oils are effective in controlling the formation of plaque. Most of the functions of the essential oils are based on its physical and chemical prop erties. Essential oils are vital in the prevention of effects of microbial agent s in gingivitis and dental carries formation(Ciancio 2003). There are various formulations of essential oils with the most common being the mouth rinses such as Listerine. The component found in the essential oils enables them to effecti ve deal with both the gram positives and negative bacterias. Essential oils are e ffective in dealing with the cariogenic bacteria. The effectiveness of essential oils is increased when it contains the fluoride which prevents the formation of caries (Ciancio 2003). The alteration of the pH in the oral cavity is bound to prevent the formation of plaques (Banting, Bosma and Bollmer, 1989). The preven tion of the formation of plaque reduces the incidences of gingivitis and dental carries. Carbonates mediate their function by alteration of the pH within the or al cavity. This is because the carbonates are known to have alkaline properties (Ciancio 2003). The alkaline property is essential in preventing the effects of the formation of plaque from taking toll (Ciancio, 2003). The formation of plaq ue is enhanced by an acidic ph. which is maintained by the reaction between the microorganisms and the fermentable food particles .The presence of the acid is w hat leads to corrosion and change of the architecture of the tooth surfaces as w ell as the gums (Banting, Bosma and Bollmer, 1989). The alkaline property enable s the carbonates to react with acids and neutralize them. The neutralization mak es the effects of the acids to be minimized. In the oral cavity, the formation o

f plaque results from the production of acids after the microorganisms react wit h food particles mainly from carbohydrates.The formation of acids makes it favor able for oral diseases to set in. When the carbonates are used, they are able t o neutralize these acids. This leads to the weakening of the effects triggered b y the acids on the oral cavity. The neutralization of the acids leads to the cre ation of a pH that does not favor the formation of carries and plaques (Ciancio 2003). The neutralization of the acid by the carbonates therefore reduces the am ount of plaque that is formed since the volume of the acid that is active will b e less. The neutralization of the acid lowers the effects of the acid on the or al cavity. This therefore prevents the formation of plaque that triggers a casca de of oral diseases with gingivitis being one of them. The formation of plaque is favorable under certain pH ranges within the oral cav ity. These favorable pH ranges facilitate the corrosion and demineralization of the teeth. In addition, the survival of the microorganisms is only favored under certain pH ranges. The pH within the mouth fluctuates from time to time dependi ng on the contents within the oral cavity. The formation of plaque is enhanced w hen the favorable pH ranges are maintained (Paraskevas, 2005). The acidic pH characterizes the formation of plaque. The activity of plaque form ation is favorable under a certain pH range (Bakdash, 1995).The acidic pH offers the best environment for the development of plaque. The creation of the acidic pH is facilitated by the activity of microorganisms on the fermentable food part icles which remain within the oral cavity. Plaque formation is enhanced by the p resence of the acidic medium around the teeth (Paraskevas, 2005). When the acid ic pH is not eliminated within the oral cavity, the bacterial microorganisms thi eve even more. The colonization of the oral cavity is increased when the pH is a cidic. The acidic pH enhances the corrosion of the teeth. The corrosion leads to the loss of the mineralization properties of the teeth. The loss of mineralizat ion means that the strength of the teeth is lost. This even predisposes the teet h to more wearing out. The loss of minerals makes the teeth more prone to dissol ution. The constant subjection to the teeth to the acids leads to the change of the architecture of the teeth. This means that the shape and the size of the tee th gradually reduce. The dissolution of the teeth continues with the increase in the acidic medium. At the same time, the presence of the acid leads to the loss of the normal white color of the teeth. The teeth will thus adopt stains on its surfaces. The stained darken as the teeth continue to be exposed to the acid In addition, the acid also affects the tissues in the oral cavity. Most notably ar e the gingival tissues. The tissues become soft and easily bleed on touch. The a cid leads to loss of membrane integrity of the tissues in the oral cavity(Bantin g, Bosma and Bollmer, 1989). The acidic environment makes the issues to become soft and wear out. It is this activity of the acids on the tissues that triggers an inflammatory cascade to occur. The tissues in the oral cavity become inflame d and erythematous (Bakdash, 1995). The activities of the acid within the oral cavity are halted once the acidic pH is eliminated. Most of the dentifrices use this property to eliminate the effect s of the acids within the oral cavity (Charles et al. 2001). The alteration of the pH within the oral cavity reduces the activity of the acids within the oral cavity. Dentifrices such as those with calcium carbonate alter the oral cavity ph. same as Calcium carbonate which has the basic properties (Ciancio, 2003). T his makes calcium carbonate have the capabilities of altering the pH (Baker, 199 3). Calcium carbonate affects this by triggering a reaction. The reaction betwee n calcium carbonate and the acids within the oral cavity leads to the neutraliza tion of the acids (Banting, Bosma and Bollmer, 1989).The neutralization of the a cids means that the pH within the oral cavity is elevated. The elevation of the pH reduces the effects that the acids previously had on the oral cavity (Banting , Bosma and Bollmer, 1989). In addition, the change of the pH within the oral ca vity allows the teeth to carry out the remineralization. This enables the teeth to gain their mechanical strength and resists further corrosion The adhesive capabilities have to do with the ability of the microorganisms atta ching themselves in the oral cavity. The formation of the biofilm that leads to plaque formation is only possible when adhesion occurs. The adhesion enhances th

e contact between the microorganisms and the oral cavity surfaces. Plaque format ion results from the bacteria forming a biofilm around the teeth and the tissues within the oral cavity .The increase in the adhesive capabilities leads to the formation of bacterial colonies within the oral cavity. The increase in the adhe sive capabilities is increased by poor oral hygiene. Poor oral hygiene enables t he microorganisms to continue attaching themselves on the surfaces of the oral c avity (. The adhesion makes the microorganisms to be in close contact with the oral cavit y surfaces,. This means that the acids they produce come directly in contact wit h the surfaces of the oral cavity too. The adhesion makes the contact of the ora l cavity and the acid to be constant. The contuse exposing of the oral cavity to the acids therefore leads to the corrosion of the teeth and the alteration, The use of the essential oils is meant to decrease the adhesive properties of the m icroorganisms to the surfaces of the oral cavity. The essential oils have a high affinity for the membranes within the oral cavity. Their binding to the oral ca vity membranes deters the binding of the microorganisms on the surfaces of the m embranes. Therefore this decreases the surface area upon which the microorganism s get attached to the surfaces within the oral cavity. By doing this, the abilit y of the microorganisms within the oral cavity to form colonies is decreased. Th e essential oils thus effect their function by preventing the adhesion of the mi croorganisms on the walls of the membranes o the walls of the oral cavity Parask evas, 2005). The microorganisms within the oral cavity are mainly composed of the bacterial s pecies. Other species of microorganism that are present within the oral cavity i nclude the viral and fungal species. The species differ from each other basing o n their membrane properties. The effects of antimicrobial agents are based on t he susceptibility of the microorganisms (. The bacteria can be notable be classi fied into two groups which include the gram positives and the gram negatives. Th e susceptibility of the two classes differs. The bacterial microorganisms are re sponsible for triggering the formation of the acid after fermentation of the foo d substances within the oral cavity. Formation of acids amplifies with the incre ase in the number of colonies of the bacteria. Increased number of colonies mean s that the amount of acid formed in tremendously increased However, a decline in the population of the colonies also affects the production of the acids. When t he populations of the colonies of bacteria are reduced, there will be a decline in the volume of acid that will be produced. The acid that is produced after the reaction between the bacterial microorganisms and the food particles results in the corrosion of the teeth and alteration of the integrity of tissues within th e oral cavity. This results in the formation of plaque and gingivitis respective ly The elimination of bacterial activity is facilitated by the use of dentifrice s that has the antimicrobial capabilities. The bacterial cidal antimicrobials le ad to the elimination of the entire colony of the bacteria. This means that the entire population of the bacteria will be wiped out (Sharma, 2004).The eliminati on of the entire colony means that the fermentation activity that occurs when th e bacteria react with the food particles will be eliminated. As a result, the fo rmation of the acid will no longer take place. The subjection of the teeth and t he membranes of the oral cavity to the acid will cease to occur. This will resul t in prevention of plaque as well as gingivitis (Ciancio 2003) On the other hand, other dentifrices have the bacterial static capabilities. The bacterial static capabilities enable the dentifrices to control the growth of t he bacterial colonies. This means that the rate of the growth of the colonies wi ll be reduced Therefore, a marked reduction in the colonies that react with th e food particles to form the acid will be exhibited. This means that a smaller v olume of the acid will be formed. The bacterial static effect thus reduces the e ffects of the acid on the oral cavity and teeth to a considerable proportion (Ci ancio, 2003). In this case, the essential oils have both the bacterial cidal and bacterial sta tic properties. The essential oils are able to eliminate some of the bacterial colonies. At the same time, the essential oils are able to eliminate just a frac tion of the population of the microorganisms (Banting, Bosma and Bollmer, 1989)T

he bacterial static capabilities of the essential oils bring about the eliminati on of the entire population of the microorganisms that are susceptible within th e oral cavity. On the other hand, the bacterial static properties enable the bac teria to slow down the growth of some bacterial populations. The essential oils are thus able to control the activity of the bacterial microorganisms within the oral cavity. The control of the bacterial population in the oral cavity means t hat the production of the acid that triggers the occurrence of gingivitis and pl aque is significantly reduced (Banting, Bosma and Bollmer, 1989)The essential oi ls mediate their antibacterial functions by penetrating into the deeper layers o f the bacterial film. The mechanism for action of the essential oils entails the disruption of the bacterial cell wall structure (Banting, Bosma and Bollmer, 19 89).The disruption of the walls brings about the lysis of the cellular structure s which are found within the bacterial cells. In addition, the essential oils ar e able to mediate the antimicrobial capabilities by inhibiting the enzymatic rea ctions of the bacteria (Banting, Bosma and Bollmer, 1989).This means that the va rious physiologic reactions and processes of the bacteria are hampered. These ph ysiological processes include the feeding of the bacteria which requires the dig estive enzymes. The inhibiting of the enzymatic reactions deprives the bacteria from mediating the essential chemical reactions that enhance its survival. Furth ermore the essential oils are capable of inactivating the chemicals which are pr oduced b the bacteria (Banting, Bosma and Bollmer, 1989). A number of investigations have assessed the use of systemic antibiotics to slow the progression of periodontitis or to improve periodontal status (Ciancio, 200 3). The adjunctive use of systemically delivered antibiotics may be indicated i n the following situations: patients with multiple sites unresponsive to mechani cal protections, acute infections, medically compromised patients, presence of t issue-invasive organisms and ongoing disease progression. What this indicates is that gingivitis can be classified under common reversible diseases. The available treatment or therapies associated with plaque induced g ingivitis touches o the perimeters of lessening the available etiologic attribut es which may be influenced or swayed by tooth powder to lessen or eradicate infl ammation and this allows the infected area to heal. It is well documented that s uitable periodontal support which includes professional as well as individual ca re is essential in stopping inflammation recurrence. In this way the combination of toothpowder, toothpaste as well as therapeutic advances for handling the pla que induced problems falls with two principal classes, that is; anti-infective a pproach which is formulated to stop the advancement of periodontal attachment th rough the removal of any etiological aspects; the other procedure entails hat is known as regenerative therapy, the process entails the exploitation of anti-inf ective medication which is also projected to reinstate structures damaged by the gingivitis. It is crucial to note that these two medication procedures are para mount in handling plaque induced gingivitis especially when the constituents of tooth powder re used appropriately. It is thus evident that plaque that allows t he formation of gingivitis is controlled by the various medications which are fo rmulated using diverse components that make tooth powder. Treatment for persons with chronic gingivitis is primarily projected at lessening of oral bacteria in addition to related calcified with nonqualified deposits. persons with persisten t gingivitis, but with no considerable calculus, modifications in gingival struc ture, or complete contamination that have an effect on oral health, may counter to a curative treatment consisting of enhanced personal plaque management alone. The periodontal prose has over the years covered both the short- and long-term impacts of following self-treatment of gingivitis through exploitation of person al plaque management. though, whereas it may be probable under proscribed condit ions to get rid of most plaque with a range of motorized oral hygiene aids, a lo t of patients lack the enthusiasm or dexterity to accomplish and preserve a plaq ue-free condition for considerable periods of time. Experimental trials also poi nt out that self managed plaque control programs only, with no periodic speciali zed support, are incoherent in facilitating long-term reticence of gingivitis. F rom clinical point of view plaque induced gingivitis is attributed to poor brush ing as well as flossing is by far the extreme and widespread basis of gingivitis

. With no satisfactory brushing, plaque which is a film like stuff made up chief ly of microbes stays along the gum contour of the teeth. More so, Plaque as well accumulates in defective fillings as well as approximately the teeth after that to inadequately cleaned fractional dentures, links, as well as orthodontic appl ications. When plaque is left on the teeth for over 72 hours, it solidifies into tartar or calculus, which is not absolutely cleansed by comb-out and flossing. The gums acquire reddish or rather than a strong pink. They swell and turn out t o be impermanent as an alternative of being stiff and taut alongside the teeth. The plaque induced gingivitis also causes the patient gums to bleed effortlessly , particularly whereas cleansing the teeth or eating. Despite the available cons ervative or traditional medication, this form of plaque is highly contained by t he appropriate use tooth powder, though even good oral hygiene is paramount. How ever, if tartar is allowed to build up, flossing or brushing cannot help, only t he dentist who can remove it. It ought to be noted that individuals with poor or al hygiene have a high chance of developing gingivitis and more than often they require medical attention so as to remove plaque. The making of antibiotics for the treatment of chronic periodontitis should foll ow accepted pharmacy rules including, when appropriate, identification of pathog enic organisms and antibiotic sensitivity testing (Ciancio, 2003). Considerable research efforts have focused on systemic application of host modulating agents such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and sub antimicrobial dose doxycy cline. Investigators have reported some benefit when these medications are incor porated into treatment protocols (Lobene 1968). Benefits included a statistically significant reduction in probing depths, a gain in clinical attachment levels a nd a reduction in the incidence of disease progression (Lobene 1968). Overall, the data suggest that use of sub antimicrobial dose doxycycline as an adjunct to scaling and root planing provides defined but limited improvement in periodonta l status (Ciancio, 2003). Mechanical home-care methods have long been recommend ed as the best way for patients to get rid of plaque, but still bacterium is oft en left behind. This is mostly because of the lack and ignorance in brushing and flossing techniques. Even well groomed patients may miss hard-to-reach areas ar ound posterior teeth or marginal gingivae(Banting, Bosma and Bollmer, 1989). Th e, elderly patients, those with physical or mental disadvantages, and those with protruding teeth, bridgework or orthodontic appliances may find brushing and in side the mouth cleaning especially difficult (Lobene 1968). Flossing is mostly r eferred to as tedious, time wasting and complicated, the motivation and complian ce depends on time, although this may partially be compensated by the use of alt ernative mouth cleansing devices for some toothpicks take the first choice (Cian cio, 2003). For these reasons, therapeutic agents may have a key role another o ption compared to mechanical methods for preventing and treating periodontal dis ease How-ever, long-term field studies on patients compliance in the use of mouth washes are also still lacking. Quick and safe; able to kill plaque bacteria in hard to-reach areas; palatable; easy to use and able to reach the location of disease infested (supra gingival f or gingivitis; sub-gingival for periodontitis) (Banting, Bosma and Bollmer, 1989 ). Antibacterial mouthwashes have the ability to meet most of these standards related to gingivitis. Seal of Acceptance Although some generic EO mouthwashes have also obtained the ADA Seal of Acceptance, these are solely based on in vitr o studies of each of their ingredients, and not on clinical studies of efficacy against plaque and gingivitis. Demonstrating that EO mouthwashes penetrate and e xert antimicrobial activity interproximal Santos 2003).These clinical studies al so clearly demonstrate that EO mouthwashes have excellent safety and tolerabilit y histories(Listgarten1985).They demonstrate no evidence of extrinsic tooth stai n compared with controls, and intraoral soft-tissue examinations showed no aberr ations of any kind(Listgarten1985).In addition, the users reported no change in taste perception and showed no increase in calculus formation (Charles et al. 20 01).In addition strict later marketing follow ups performed for the EO mouthwash , in addition to regulatory monitoring agencies, involved strongly support the s afety of the product. It should also be noted that an EO mouthwash has been wide ly available globally for more than a century with less reports of unexpected si

de effects (Santos 2003). Therapy for individuals with chronic gingivitis is basically directed at reducti on of mouth bacteria and related Calcium filled and no calcium filled deposits t hose with chronic gingivitis, but without significant calculus, alterations in g ingival morphology, or systemic diseases that affect oral health, may result to a therapeutic regimen consisting of modified personal plaque control alone(Listg arten1985).The literature documents summarized and lengthened affects following self-treatment of gingivitis by personal plaque control(Badirstein1975).On the o ther hand, while it may be possible under monitored conditions to get rid of mos t of the plaque with a variety of mechanical mouth hygiene aids, many patients l ack the motivation and the ability to attain and maintain a plaque-free state fo r significant periods of time(Le, 1967).Medical trials also show that self-admini stered plaque control programs alone, without the monitoring by professionals, are inconsistent in providing long-term inhibition of gingivitis(Listgarten1985) . In some research programs it is proven that the regular use of repeated professi onal prophylaxes together with the toothbrush instruction it leads to the establ ishment and maintenance of healthy gingival tissues and very low almost none exi stence of the gingivitis infection (Badirstein1975), in the young growing childr en and a slow in the infection rate and a retardation in the rate and progressio n of marginal periodontitis in adults . The studies also showed that in a three year period there was minimal increase in gingivitis all due to the use of proph ylaxes and that the use of prophylaxes for a period of two weeks improves the gi ngival state preventing the usual signs of gingival inflammation and this leads to the high levels of maintenance in oral hygiene(Le, 1967).Presently there are a lot of clinical trials to determine the effectiveness of some of the types of a gents for the prevention or reduction of plaque and gingivitis. For evaluation o f the effects of chemical agents used as replacements to toothbrush in the proce ss of reducing the rate of gingivitis it is usually required that the reduction of the level of gingival Inflammation in a certain population in a short period of time mostly without changing their mouth hygiene behaviors(Badirstein1975).If the required oral hygiene instruction is instituted the effect of this improvem ent can quickly vitiate the clinical effects of mouthwash. Its mostly effective i f the mouthwash also known as the antiplaque and anti-gingivitis agent is a posi tive but modest Dentifrices offer an easier way that can be applied in the maintenance of high m outh hygiene standards. Coming in many forms dentifrices tend to have different properties that enable them effectively prevent the formation of plaque and ging ivitis. These properties mainly target the elimination or the control of the mic roorganism s population within the oral cavity (Laspisa, Singh, and Deasy, 1994) . The control in growth of the bacterium is aimed at reducing their activity in terms of the production of endo-toxins and the reaction with the fermented food particles to release acids. The limitation of the microorganism s population als o targets at reducing the volume of acid that is produced after the they react w ith the food particles. Small colonies of the bacteria within the oral cavity ar e less likely to produce more detrimental effects when compared to the larger ba cterial colonies (Le, 1967). Mouth infections act like the precipitants of other diseases affecting the body. This is because most of the harmful bacteria that find their way into the oral cavity are able to cause infections to other parts of the body. This is because they are able to spread quickly to the other parts of the body from the mouth ca vity. Therefore, maintaining the cleanness of oral cavity has to be considered a s a priority in maintaining the health of the body and even the surroundings in order to keep safe. The appearance of infections and infestation of diseases in the mouth/oral cavit y mostly happens in a complicated way. In most instances, one infection bounds t o lead to the occurrence of other multiple oral infections taking place. The ora l diseases thus have to be prevented since they can occur and trigger a chain of reaction that lead to numerous diseases taking toll Plaque and gingivitis are t he most common diseases that affect the oral cavity. The occurrence of the two d

iseases is favored by the creation of an environment within the oral cavity that favors the growth and the activities of bacterial bacteria being sustained. The sustaining of the activities of bacteria means that the oral cavity will be sub jected to various changes and they trigger the presence of the bacterial colonie s within oral cavity initiating the formation of acids and endo-toxins (Ronis, 1 994). This occurs when there are fermentable food particles within the oral cavi ty. The acids and the endo-toxins trigger the occurrence of reactions on the te eth and tissues within the oral cavity. The reaction makes the teeth to lose th eir physical properties such as shape and structures. In addition, they exhibit the loss of the normal white coloration due to staining. (Overholser et al., 199 0). The cavities on the other hand become inflamed and erythematous. At the same time, the cavities lose their mechanically strength hence bruise easily even wi th the slightest touch (Lamster et al., 1983). The formation of the plaque and g ingivitis greatly gets its favors and places them on the oral health practices o f an individual. Individuals who practice high oral hygiene standard are less li kely to be infected with plaque and gingivitis as compared to those with low hyg iene practice (Ronis, 1994). The choice of cleaning agents for the teeth is made by the customers who do not have sufficient knowledge on how the various compou nds are effective. Most people just go ahead to use the abrasives based on the p erception that they are able to prevent the attachment of foods and bacterial fi lms around the teeth. With this belief, most people believe that the use of abra sives prevents them from getting stains on their teeth while at the same time re duce the staining in the teeth which have already had the staining(Overholser et al., 1990). The choice of the cleaning agents by the members of the public is b ased on the ability of abrasives to prevent the staining, however, the converse is true since there is no known correlationship that has been established to sho w the association of abrasiveness on the ability of dentifrices to prevent the f ormation of stains (Ronis, 1994). Most people would thus not significantly benef it even after using the abrasive primarily to prevent the formation of stains on the surfaces if the teeth(Le, 1967). The dentifrices abilities in the control as well as the elimination of the bacte rial population within the oral cavity, enhances the protection from oral diseas es(Lobene, 1968).The use of the dentifrices can therefore be advocated for in ma ny terms mostly based on the components that they contain. These dentifrices hav e the capabilities of totally eliminating the microbial activities while at the same time posing less harm to the body and are considered to be the most effecti ve (Minah, 1989). The dentifrices have the ability to eliminate the presence of food particles in the oral cavity and are very effective in preventing plaque fo rmation and gingivitis. By brushing one is able to take care of the food particl es and eliminates the environment that favors the activity of the bacteria. This is because there reaction between the bacteria and the food particles to produc e acid will no longer occur after the food particles have been eliminated. Effects of the acids within the oral cavity can be slowed down. If this is to be come effective the use of dentifrices that promote the remineralization of the t eeth is advocated and adhered to systematically .The remineralization of the tee th enables and promotes the possibility of regaining their original strength. Th us it is said to be one of the factors that facilitate the strengthening of the teeth. Making the teeth become very resistant to corrosion which is caused by th e acids. This resistance though means that the shape and color of the teeth/toot h is preserved. At the same time, further destruction of the teeth is prevented and kept low level by the remineralization process (Minah, 1989). Some of the de ntitrifices tend to have a higher retention capability which enables them to las t for a longer duration after use. This meaning and giving the assurance that th e dentitrifices will continue to offer protection to the oral cavity for a longe r period (Renson 1986). This means that the oral cavity will be free from the fa ctors that necessitate the formation of plaque or gingivitis. Use of essential o ils and the calcium carbonates are based on their property which make them more important or unique. The two have one common advantage which is having the abili ty to prevent the colonization of the oral cavity by the bacteria hence limiting the occurrence of gingivitis and plaque formation However, essential oils and t

he calcium carbonates has various advantages which make them stand out as the de ntitrifices of chose in the prevention of plaque and gingivitis Advantages of Using the Essential Oils The essential oils have for a long time proved effective in the prevention of de ntal plaque. This is attributed to the advantages that they pose to the users. T he essential oils have proved to be effective in the elimination of the bacteria biofilm that is notorious in the formation of plaque.This is attributed to the ability of essential oils infiltrating into the deeper layers of the biofilm. Th e affinity that essential oils have for membranes within the oral cavity makes t hem to easily penetrate the bacterial biofilms (Oliver, Brown, and Loe, 1998). This is attributed to their high retention capabilities. The retention propertie s mean that protection is enhanced to the teeth and the gingival tissues for a l onger periods. (Overholser et al., 1990). The third advantage of essential oils is the in ability to stain the tongue, teeth and other tissue within the oral ca vity. This means that the normal coloration of the oral cavity will be sustained when they are used. In addition, the essential oils do not affect the taste per ceptions after use. This means that one is able to perceive the normal tastes of foods even after application (Overholser et al., 1990). Advantages of Calcium Carbonates When compared to the other forms of dentitrifices, the calcium carbonate has pro perties which make it effective in the prevention of plaque and gingivitis (Para skevas, 2005).Calcium carbonates I a known alkaline. It has the capabilities of reacting with the acids and causing a neutralization reaction to take place. The neutralization reaction eliminates the damages that are likely to be caused by the acid. In addition, calcium carbonate enhances the whitening of the teeth an d eliminates the color changes that had taken place due to the effects of the ac ids within the oral cavity (Paraskevas, 2005). Furthermore, the coarseness of ca lcium carbonate enables it to have the abrasion properties. The abrasion propert ies enable calcium carbonate eradicates food particles from lodging within the o ral cavity. The dislodging of the particles thus eliminates the formation of the acids by the bacterial population In as far as the denitrifies such as the esse ntial oils and the calcium carbonates are considered to be effective; they do no t offer the oral cavity the ultimate protection. This is because it is difficult to totally get rid of all the microorganisms within the oral cavity. The essent ial oils and the calcium carbonates simply eliminate a considerable bacterial po pulation but not the entire population as many people presume Therefore, not al l the bacterial microorganism are eliminated when the essential oils and calcium carbonates are used. The two only reduce the bacterial colonies and hence provi de an environment that is least likely to support the harmful effects of the bac terial microorganisms being released the color of the teeth is a great concerned among members of the public. Most people invest in the dentifrices that have th e capabilities of maintaining the normal white color of their teeth. The teeth i n various individuals vary in color. The colors normally range from; brown, yell ow, green, orange and black. The color of teeth is affected majorly by the types of food one eats, tobacco and the action of chromogenic bacteria (Paraskevas, 2005).The contact cleaning of the surfaces of the teeth prevent the continued ac cumulation of food particles and the formation of bacterial bio-films around the teeth. The ability of the cleaning agents to prevent the formation of bio-films around the teeth has made many people to embrace oral hygiene. Cleanliness of t he teeth has for a long time been associated with the prevention of staining of the teeth. Most people seek dentifrices that have cleansing properties which enh ance the preservation of the normal white color of the teeth. The public has a p erception that effective dentifrices ought to prevent the formation of stains on the tooth. This is evidenced by the wide consumer acceptance of the dentifrices which were purported to have properties that enhance the prevention of stains. It is evident that the public values the cosmetic component of oral health. Ther efore, the public fancies the use of dentifrices which primarily prevent the for mation of stains. However, most people base the ability of the dentifrices to pr event the formation of stains on the abrasiveness. The choice of cleaning agents for the teeth is made by the customers who do not have sufficient knowledge on

how the various compounds are effective. Most people just go ahead to use the ab rasives based on the perception that they are able to prevent the attachment of foods and bacterial films around the teeth. With this belief, most people believ e that the use of abrasives prevents them from getting stains on their teeth whi le at the same time reduce the staining in the teeth which have already had the staining. The choice of the cleaning agents by the members of the public is base d on the ability of abrasives to prevent the staining; however, the converse is true since there is no known correlation that has been established to show the a ssociation of abrasiveness on the ability of dentifrices to prevent the formatio n of stains. Most people would thus not significantly benefit even after using t he abrasive primarily to prevent the formation of stains on the surfaces if the teeth. It is perceived by the public that the ammonium ion dentifrices have the capabil ities of reducing the occurrence of dental carries. There is a wide public inter est especially on the dentifrices which have the ammonium phosphate and urea com ponents. The demands from the public for the dentifrices which have the capabili ties of preventing carries have always been on the rise. The effectiveness of th e ammonium ion dentifrices is based on the ability to reduce the effects of lact o bacillus. Many people are embracing the use of ammonium ion dentifrices based on their properties. The ammonium ions have the capabilities of reducing in the amount of lactobacillus is associated with the diminishing the amount of acids which are produced within the oral cavity. The decline in the amounts of acids p roduced means that the magnitude at which the dental carries will be formed shal l be significantly reduced. However, the ammonium ion dentifrices do not bring a bout significant changes in terms of preventing the formation of dental carries (Davies and King, 1951). The use of essential oils is associated with the prevention of plaque and gingiv itis prevention. The essential oils are effective in preventing the formation of plaque. Their effectiveness is based on their ability to prevent the formation of biofilms around the tooth surfaces(Lobene, 1968).The essential oils have chem otherapeutic abilities to prevent the biofilms from forming around the teeth hen ce limiting the incidences of plaque formation(Paraskevas, 2005).The essential o ils have the antimicrobial capabilities which make them effective in controlling the colonies of microorganisms in the oral cavity which are responsible for the formation of plaque and gingivitis(Paraskevas, 2005). The control of the colon ies of the microorganisms means that the amount of acids produced which bring abo ut the staining as well as the corrosion of the teeth will be significantly redu ced. The essential oils prevent the overgrowth of opportunistic microorganisms h ence averting their effects on bringing about the formation of plaque and the de velopment of gingivitis(Paraskevas, 2005). The use of essential oils is also bas ed on their long retention capabilities which make them to pose their effect wit hin the oral cavity for longer periods. The long retention capabilities mean th at the teeth are effectively protected. However, a challenge still remains on th e ability to continue providing the essential oils that still possess the chemot herapeutic abilities with the emergence of new and variant strains of the opport unistic microorganisms. A variation in the strains will mean that the microorgan isms are not affected by the chemotherapeutic capabilities of the essential oils hence plaque and gingivitis formation is eminent(Paraskevas, 2005). The other c hallenge that the use of essential oils faces is the ability to incorporate them into a dentifrices. Their incorporation into dentifrices is a challenge since t he factors such as safety; efficacy and dosage have to be established. Therefore , these factors affect the acceptability of dentifrices which contain essential oils by the consumers. Diverse toothpowders and toothpastes including mouth rinse have over the years b een recommended for fighting plaque. However, there are numerous chemicals such as ammonium compounds which are exploited along these tooth powders. The signifi cance of these elements when employed to fight plaque which causes gingivitis is that they tend to produce inhibitory impact. It is from such observation that s uch chemicals as cetyl pyridinium as well as benzalkonium have been testified wi thin tooth powder within ammonium compounds. Hence, in their application they ha

ve fueled substantial reduction in plaque and the impacts on gingivitis have bee n instrumental. Though there are no established studies which supports the effec tiveness of these compounds when used together with toothpastes to fight plaques induced gingivitis, however, it is evident that the use of their chemicals in e ither toothpowder or toothpastes has been curtailed due to: their cationic anody ne concentration as well as their established incongruity with active ingredient s; and their staining effect when used for prolonged period. Equally, metal salt s such as zinc citrate has been blended with some tooth powder along with numero us toothpastes. Their effect on plaque has been considerably noticeable. More so , it has no known side effects and its action on plaque is positive since it doe s extensive staining and it has low toxicity. Similarly its concentration on oth er features allied to inhibition of plaque formation is quite high since it has capabilities of fighting heavy plaque. When this compound is blended with other anti plaque agents as surfactants along with antimicrobials found in tooth powde r and they are said to produce synergistic anti plaque impact. Diverse studies h ave as well shown that tooth powders with considerable degree of such metals lik e tin have potential anti plaque inhibitors which are works effectively against plaque, though when high concentrations are used they may cause toxicity problem s along with different side effects which may include taste interruption as well as the staining which may arise as a consequence of high concentrations. The is sue of plaque induced gingivitis has seen the rise in usage of stannous fluoride along toothpowder so as to control effects of plaque on gingivitis. This kind o f fluoride though commonly used as a constituent of oral therapeutic components such as toothpastes is essential,however,its instable chemical configuration hav e been incorporated with other stable toothpowder formulations such as pyrophosp hate along with citrate. These latest compounds have made the effect of tooth po wder on plagued induced gingivitis to be highly successful. Examining the broad scope of fighting plaque, it has become equally paramount to delve into the expa nsive usage of baking soda as well as oxidizing elements. These agents incorpora ting diverse oxidizing agents which consist of peroxide, have turned out to be s ome of the popular agents being employed to fight plaque but no credible evidenc e is available to support their efficiency. Hence, a recent survey on the usage of peroxide and bicarbonate showed that their usage on toothpaste were not as ef fective as conventional toothpowder in eliminating plaque. It is paramount to re alize that plaque induced gingivitis can be injurious if left unchecked. From cl inical perspective it has been established that the usage of various anti plaque agents, powders or compounds have played a vital role in enhancing personal ora l hygiene. As is testified by the above observations, the effect of tooth powder on plaque induced gingivitis is can be said to be exceedingly positive.Due to t he weigh and significance of oral health concerns especially matters concerning plaque induced gingivitis, the subject has evolved to be a primary area of inter est since plaque induced gingivitis has been considered a public issue. In this way, the desire for strong teeth, fresh breath, as well eradication of persisten t oral malodor. As is demonstrated by the various peer reviewed journals, it is pertinent that the scope of plague has contributed to bacterial production which are also linked to the growth or the production of volatile sulphur compounds a nd in particular both hydrogen sulphide as well as methyl mercapten. These compo unds have also been linked to the destruction of various oral tissues in regard to periodontal diseases. That is why typical tooth powder more than often blends various compounds so as to act as flavors or antic microbial to fight plaque. B ut as the new dental techninologies are continuing to emerge the scope and the m agnitude of fighting the plaque induced gingivitis is also gained more significa nce since the impact of using tooth powder is being supplemented with other adva nced clinical procedures. Some of these measures include the process of blending tooth powder with such anti microbial agents as zinc or stannous fluoride, amon g others. Some of these tips help us maintain the oral hygiene which has been pr oved to be very important some of the simple techniques include; Brushing at lea st three times daily for four minutes each time, Soni care; run this process at least a two minute cycle on upper teeth and the same cycle applied on lower teet h. Use your orthodontic toothbrush as instructed by physician and use circular

brush strokes under and above the brackets then gently massage bristles along th e gum line. Daily flossing is a necessary part of your oral hygiene routine use floss thread s per instruction from a physician Floss threads are reusable do not discard aft er using it ones, waxed floss will aid in ease of flossing and it is very critic al while in treatment to keep gums toned and healthy Rinsing; use home fluoride rinse daily Rinsing helps to remineralize the tooth enamel and should be used th rough the duration of treatment (Paraskevas, 2005). Combating plaque induced gin givitis using tooth powder has demonstrated to be the most effective conventiona l oral hygiene procedure. Consider that there are home applications which have p roved to be ineffective and unreliable. However, the dimensions of using tooth p owder especially in the context of being blend with other compounds have establi shed that it can be paramount in checking and containing the damages caused by p laque formation. Despite these drastic measures it ought to be noted that even the use of abrasiv e ingredients in various tooth powders such as finely grounded silicon, calcium carbonate as well as magnesium carbonate along with aragonite among other varied silicas. According to numerous studies combating plaque using abrasive elements helps to supplement the manner tooth powder handles plaques. Since the expanse of employing abrasives rely on the use of radioactive dentin along with the aver age brushing procedures in determining its efficiency in combating plaque. This explains why when compare to the effectiveness of using tooth powder abrasive ra dioactive dentin is considered to be secure and effective when is below 250 as R DA or radioactive dentin abrasivity. This procedure ascertains the utmost tooth cleanliness which is free from dental plaque and equally less instances of being affected by plaque induced gingivitis. As is established by various clinical in vestigations plaque can accumulate due various factors which do as well contribu tes to increased risks of abrasion and teeth staining. These factors may include diet, oral hygiene as well as usage of sugary or fatty substances as well as sm oking. More so, the scope of refraction contributes in the manner tooth enamel a s well as gums are affected plaque, hence, in some instances abrasive compounds helps or provides the essential cleaning capabilities. The efficiency of such a process is determined by the type of abrasive compound used along with the tooth powder as well as the amount of anti plaque agents within the given product so as to help remove plaque and other debris from the ones tooth surface. In this w ay an individual is guaranteed of healthy dentals since the usage of these compo nents eliminates any instances of acquiring or getting plagued by gingivitis due to plaque. References American Academy of Periodontology (1992), Reconstructive Periodontal Surgery Ch icago: American Academy of Periodontology (2004) Research, Science, and Therapy Committ ee American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs. Professionally applie d topical fluoride: evidence-based clinical recommendations. J Am Dent Assoc. 2006; 137(8):1151-9. Armitage GC (1999) Development of a classification system for periodontal diseas es and conditions. Ann Periodontol Badirstein, A., Egblberg G (1975) Effect of monthly Property on caries and gin givitis in School for Children, Community Baig A, He T, Buisson J, et al. Extrinsic whitening effects of sodium hexametaphosphate: a review including a dentifrice with stabilized stannous fluoride. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2005 Sep; 26(9 Suppl 1):47-53. Berkowitz RJ (2003) Acquisition and transmission of mutans streptococci. J Calif Dental

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