O.

De Schutter - Gender Equality and Food Security

GENDER EQUALITY AND FOOD SECURITY Olivier De Schutter

The views expressed in this paper are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank ADB), or its Board of Governors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The countries listed in this paper do not imply any view on ADB's part as to sovereignty or independent status or necessarily conform to ADB's terminology.

ADB, 22 June 2012

O. De Schutter - Gender Equality and Food Security

1. 2. 3. 4.

Womens role in the food systems The impact of society-wide discrimination against women The impact of discrimination at household level Gender equality and the worlds of agriculture

ADB, 22 June 2012

O. De Schutter - Gender Equality and Food Security

ADB, 22 June 2012

O. De Schutter - Gender Equality and Food Security

THE GENEALOGY OF HUNGER

ADB, 22 June 2012

O. De Schutter - Gender Equality and Food Security

Source : FAO, State of Food Insecurity 2011 (fig. 1) Female share in agriculture : total number of women active in agriculture / total population active in agriculture. Regional averages weighted by population.
ADB, 22 June 2012

O. De Schutter - Gender Equality and Food Security

FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION FACED BY WOMEN 1. In access to land: legal and social barriers 2. In access to inputs / technologies 3. In access to extension services 4. In access to education

ADB, 22 June 2012

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

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ADB, 22 June 2012

Women holders

O. De Schutter - Gender Equality and Food Security

Fra nc e( 20 07 ) Pe r Eth iop (199 4 ia (20 ) 01 Ar ge -2) nti na (2 Ky rgy 002) sta n Ind (200 ia (20 2) 00 -2 Ph ilip 001) pin e C s(2 00 te 2) dI vo ire Gu (200 1 ate ma ) la (20 Eg 0 yp t (1 3) 99 9-2 00 0) Ma r Ba ng oc(1 lad 9 es 96) h( 20 05 )

W omen holders

O. De Schutter - Gender Equality and Food Security

ADB, 22 June 2012

O. De Schutter - Gender Equality and Food Security

FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION FACED BY WOMEN 1. In access to land: legal and social barriers 2. In access to inputs / technologies 3. In access to extension services 4. In access to education
- Peterman, et al., A Review of Empirical Evidence on Gender Differences in Nonland Agricultural Inputs, Technology, and Services in Developing Countries, IFPRI 2010 : 79 percent of studies on fertilizer, seeds, pesticides, tools, found men have higher mean access to these inputs - But notable variations, inequality much more pronounced in Southern Asia (Bangladesh and Pakistan) and in West Africa (Ghana and Nigeria).

ADB, 22 June 2012

O. De Schutter - Gender Equality and Food Security

FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION FACED BY WOMEN 1. In access to land: legal and social barriers 2. In access to inputs / technologies 3. In access to extension services 4. In access to education

FAO survey of extension organisations covering 97 countries with sex-disaggregated data: only 5 percent of all extension services were directed at women, and only 15 percent of extension personnel were women (comp. Tanzania, where share of female extension services was raised to 30 percent in 1990s) The role of woman-to-woman training

ADB, 22 June 2012

O. De Schutter - Gender Equality and Food Security

ADB, 22 June 2012

O. De Schutter - Gender Equality and Food Security

THE GENDER GAP AS A YIELD GAP - On average, yield gaps between women-headed farms and men-headed farms is 20-30 percent - Bridging the gap could increase agricultural output in developing countries by 2.5-4 percent, enough to reduce the number of hungry people by 100-150 million people

ADB, 22 June 2012

O. De Schutter - Gender Equality and Food Security

DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL - The division of labour within households: women provide 8590 percent of time spent on food preparation, child care, other household chores - In Africa, women provide 70 percent of field labor, incl. 90 percent of preparing the earth before planting, and are responsible for 90 percent of domestic water

ADB, 22 June 2012

O. De Schutter - Gender Equality and Food Security

DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL

Unequal division of labour in the family

Lower education and qualitifcations, and failure to count politically

Lack of outside employment opportunities

Lack of contact with the outside world

Poor bargaining position within the family

ADB, 22 June 2012

O. De Schutter - Gender Equality and Food Security

THE GENDER GAP AS A GAP IN NUTRITIONAL OUTCOMES The impact of decisionmaking by women on childrens achievements The importance of focusing on the 1,000-days window: pregnant and lactating women, and children before their second birthday

ADB, 22 June 2012

O. De Schutter - Gender Equality and Food Security

GENDER EQUALITY AND THE WORLDS OF AGRICULTURE

Small-scale family farming: a buffer against acute malnutrition Contract farming: access to cash by high-value crops Plantation work: access to employment outside the home

ADB, 22 June 2012

O. De Schutter - Gender Equality and Food Security

GENDER EQUALITY AND THE WORLDS OF AGRICULTURE

Strong competitiveness High productivity by active labourer, but lower productivity by hectare Social and environmental costs : the unreliability of pricing systems
ADB, 22 June 2012

Weakly competitive Highly productive per hectare but labour intensive Contribution to rural development Capacity to implement agro-ecological practices

O. De Schutter - Gender Equality and Food Security

The case of contract farming - Women largely excluded because of lack of control over land, family labour and other resources required to guarantee delivery of a reliable flow of produce (SOFI 2011, p. 13) - Women are fewer than 10 percent of contract farming schemes in Kenyan fruit and vegetable export sector - Only 1 of 59 farmers in Senegal producing French beans for export was a woman - While the contracts are controlled by men, most of the work is performed by women as family labourers

ADB, 22 June 2012

O. De Schutter - Gender Equality and Food Security

THANK YOU

ADB, 22 June 2012