Noe

History,StateoftheArtandPerspectivesof SuperconductingPowerEquipment
Prof.Dr.Ing.MathiasNoe P f D I M thi N InstituteforTechnicalPhysics,KarlsruheInstituteofTechnology,Germany September21st 2011,TheHague,Netherlands p , g ,
MathiasNoeEUCAS2011,History,StateoftheArtand Perspectives ofSuperconducting PowerEquipment
History,StateoftheArtandPerspectivesof SuperconductingPowerEquipment S d i P E i
Acknowledgementinalphabeticalorder c o edge e a p abe ca o de Allcolleaguesallaroundtheworldcontributingtothisfield andespeciallyforthispresentation JoachimBock JanThureEriksson PaulGrant P lG t NaokiHayakawa DrewHazelton ReinhardHeller LarsKhn PeterKomarek HeinzWernerNeumller MinwonPark MarkStemmle Mark Stemmle
History,StateoftheArtandPerspectivesof SuperconductingPowerEquipment
Introduction Highenergytransmissionwithcables Highefficiencywithrotatingmachines Highpowerdensitywithtransformers High power density with transformers Fastenergystoragewithmagnets Fastprotectionwithcurrentlimiters F i ih li i Bettertransport withmagneticlevitation Summaryandoutlook
Motivation Powersystemsofthepast Power systems of the past

Loadandgenerationwaslocallycoupled Power Length 300hp 176km
Voltage 15kV Voltage 15 kV Frequency50Hz q y
No copyright
FirstACtransmissionsysteminGermanystartedAugust25th 1891
Motivation Powersystemstoday Power systems today

Largeinterconnectedsystemswheregenerationfollowsload >1000km >1GWperline
1GW=1000MW 1MW=1000kW 1kW=myvacuum cleanerathome cleaner at home
(Source: http://www.spchina.com/powerNetwork/gridmap.htm) MathiasNoeEUCAS2011,History,StateoftheArtand Perspectives ofSuperconducting PowerEquipment
Motivation Powersystemsinthepast
Loadangenerationwaslocallycoupled Load an generation was locally coupled
Powersystemstoday
Largeinterconnectedsystemswhere generationfollowsload Net generation history from 1975 to 2008 (UCTE)
Source: All Source:All values are calculated to represent 100% of the national values UCTE database as of 06 April 2009
Powersystemsinthefuture
More electricity Moreelectricity
Fossile fuels
Others
Nuclear power Hydro power
Powersystemstoday
Largeinterconnectedsystemswhere generationfollowsload Sum of electricity exchanges of the UCTE in TWh
Source: UCTE database as of 02 April 2009
More electricity Moreelectricity Moreenergytransport
Powersystemstoday
Largeinterconnectedsystemswhere generationfollowsload
CO2 Emission by Sector

Source: IEA CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2010 Edition)
More electricity Moreelectricity Moreenergytransport MoreCO2 emissions
Powersystemstoday
Full load ho ours
Full load hours of G F ll l d h f German wind power i d
More electricity Moreelectricity Moreenergytransport MoreCO2 emissions Morestorageandflexiblegeneration
Year
Source: ISET 2005
e.g. Data 50 Hertz Transmission (2009)

Installed wind power Max. Generation Min. Generation Largest 15 min. change Largest 60 min. change Largest daily change 10.126 MW 9.094 MW 0 MW + 785 MW, -769 MW +1723 MW, -1727 MW 7.692 MW
HistoricR&DHighlights R&Dstateoftheart
Powersystemstoday
More electricity Moreelectricity Moreenergytransport MoreCO2 emissions Morestorage Moreintelligentsystemswhereload More intelligent systems where load followsgeneration
Perspectives
Topicsofthistalk
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Introduction Highenergytransmissionwithcables Highefficiencywithrotatingmachines Highpowerdensitywithtransformers High power density with transformers Fastenergystoragewithmagnets Fastprotectionwithcurrentlimiters F i ih li i Bettertransportwithmagneticlevitation Summaryandoutlook
11
VisionaryStudyfromGarwinandMatisoo
Data PowerCapacity VoltageDC CurrentDC Length

50 cm c
100GW 200kV 500kA 1000km >99.9% >99 9 % 4.2K 1km
Efficiency Linetemperature Jointspacing
Vacuumpumpspacing500m Refrigeratorspacing 20km Superconductor

30 cm R.L.GarwinandJ.Matisoo,Superconductinglinesforthe RL G i dJ M i S d i li f h transmissionoflargeamountofelectricalpowerovergreat distances,ProceedingsoftheIEEE,Vol.55,Nr.4,April1967
Nb3Sn
Totalcostestimation 806Mio.US$
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67 1970
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The boom years with cryocables (end of 60 up to mid 80)

Institution / Company C AUSRI AEG Siemens AT CERL BNL Union Carbide Hitachi CRIEPI
Myowninvestigation
Country USSR
Design Data 110 kV, 50 m
Years 75 74-75 74 75 77-78 79-80 77 82-86 75-76 70-71 70-71 -
Conductor Nb3Sn Nb3S Sn NbAl Nb NbZr Nb3Sn Nb/Cu/Invar Al (no SC) Al (no SC) -
DC, kV, 12.5 kA, Germany DC 100 kV 12 5 kA 25 m G Germany 110 kV, 10 kA, 35 m Austria UK US US Japan Japan 60 kV, 1 kA, 50 m 33 kA, 5 m 138 kV, 1000 MVA, 115 m 138 kV, 3400 MVA, 12.2 m 345 kV, 500 kV, 12.2 m 66 kV, 100 MVA, 30 m 66 kV, 37 m
General Electric US
Thefirstsuperconductingcableinapublicpowersystem TheArnsteincableinAustriain1979 The Arnstein cable in Austria in 1979
PeterKlaudy
P. Klaudy, J. Gerhold, A, Beck, P. Rohner , E Scheffler and G, Ziemek First field test trials of a superconducting power cable within the power grid of a public utility IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Voll. MAG 17 , Nr. 1, pp. 153-156, January 1981
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Thefirstsuperconductingcableinapublicpowersystem TheArnsteincableinAustriain1979 The Arnstein cable in Austria in 1979

Data Commissioning Voltage Current Length Superconductor 10/1979 60kV 1000A 50m NbCu
Cryogenic loss at 6K 0.15W/m Cryogenic loss at 77K 4W/m Fully flexible cryostat flexiblecryostat Fieldtest with low current,separatehigh current lab.test
P. Klaudy, J. Gerhold, A, Beck, P. Rohner , E Schef f ler and G, Ziemek First field test trials of a superconducting power cable within the power grid of a public utility IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Voll. MAG 17 , Nr. 1, pp. 153-156, January 1981
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Thefirstsuperconductingcabletransmittingpower TheBrookhavenCable The Brookhaven Cable
Installation site at Brookhaven
B. Forsyth Superconducting power transmission lines the past and possibly the future Supercond. Science and Technology 6 (1993) 699-714
4100 A, 80 kV cable
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
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82 1980
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Thefirstsuperconductingcabletransmittingpower TheBrookhavenCable The Brookhaven Cable

Data Test Voltage V l Power Length Temperature Cooldown
Installation site at Brookhaven
19821986 135kV 135 kV 1000MVA 115m 115 m 6.5 8.5K 6.58.5 K 100h
SuperconductorNb3Sn Totaltimecold2727h
B. Forsyth Superconducting power transmission lines the past and possibly the future Supercond. Science and Technology 6 (1993) 699-714
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17
Thehard work with low temperaturesuperconducting cables
Courtesy:Dr.HeinzWernerNeumller,formerSiemensCorporateTechnology MathiasNoeEUCAS2011,History,StateoftheArtand Perspectives ofSuperconducting PowerEquipment
ThefirstHTScableoperatinginapowersystem Carrollton,Georgia,US Carrollton Georgia US

Commissioning Voltage Current Superconductor Temperature Lossperterminal Croystatloss Croystat loss
Figure: Southwire
01/2000 12.4kV 1.25kA BSCCO2223 77K 230W 1W/m/Phase 1 W/m/Phase
Totalloss1490W@77K,600A ll
ACloss0.2W/m/Phase@600A
J. P. Stovall et. al. Installation and operation of the Southwire 30 m HTS power cable IEEE Transaction on Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2001
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SuperconductingACCables StateoftheArtofHTSACCableTestssince2000 State of the Art of HTS AC Cable Tests since 2000
275kV,3kA,Japan 275 kV, 3 kA, Japan
160 Phas se-Phas Voltag / kVRMS se ge 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0

1960 1970
LIPAII11 LIPAI08
Gochang11
Threephasescoaxial 1phasein1cryostat 3phasesin1cryostat 3 phases in 1 cryostat Inredwarmdielectric
Yokosuga04 Yokohama12
Albany06 y
Yunnan04
Gochang07 Copenhagen01 Icheon10 Columbus06 Moscow 09 Carollton01 Essen13 NewYork10 k
1
1980
2 3 CurrentRMS / kA
1990 2000
4
2020 2030 2040
5
2050
1940
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20
SuperconductingACCables StateoftheArt State of the Art

Columbus LIPA Gochang
Figure: LS Cable
Ultera 13.2kV,3kA,200m TriaxialTM Design Design BSCCO2223 Energized2006 Highreliability High reliability
1940 1950 1960 1970
Figure: Ultera
Nexans 138kV,2.4kA, 600m 600 Singlecoaxialdesign BSCCO2223 Energized2008 Energized 2008

1990 2000
Figure: Nexans 11 2010

2020
LSCable 22.9kV,50MVA,100m BSCCO2223 BSCCO 2223 Energized2007 500mfieldtestwithYBCO in2011 in 2011

2030 2040 2050
1980
21
Thefuture ofsuperconducting cables Hydricity A combination of liquid hydrogen and HTS electricity Acombination ofliquidhydrogenand HTSelectricity
Paul M. Grant, Chauncey Starr, Thomas Overbye A power grid for the hydrogen economy, Scientific American 2006 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
30? 2030
2040
2050
Thefutureofsuperconductingcables
R&DTrends Towards longer lengths.Acable lenght of1kmwillbe demonstrated soon. Towards higher currents up to 5kA Towards the trial use ofYBCOtapes Towards DCcables forhigh power Attractive Applications Avoid bottlenecks inpowertransmission and distribution Eliminate high voltage substations in urban areas inurbanareas Improve efficiency and enable high powertransmission with DCcables DC cables for degaussing ships and connecting data centres DCcables fordegaussing
24
Themotivationofsuperconductingrotatingmachines
Smallervolumeandweight
Halftheweightandvolume Twotimeshigherpowerdensity
Lessresources
Higherefficiency L Lessmaterial i l
Improvedoperationparameters
L Lowervoltagedrop(xd~ 0 2 0 3 lt d ( ~0.20.3p.u.) ) Higherstability Higher torque Highertorque Higherratioofbreakdowntorqueto nominaltorque Morereactivepower Enables new drive and generator systems
LTS synchronous generators tested (> 10 MVA)

Institution /Company MIT Westinghouse General Electric Fuji Electric Hitachi Elektros la Elektrosila All Union Inst. Siemens Super GM Country US US US Japan Japan USSR USSR y Germany Japan Data 10 MVA 10 MVA 20 MVA 30 MVA 50 MVA 300 MVA 20 MVA 400 MVA (rotor only) ( y) 70 MVA, 3600 rpm Years 74-80 -86 -83 80 85 80-85 82-83 80 9 80-92 -82 -91 88-00
Source:D.Lambrecht,L.Intichar,Summaryreportonanswerstoaquestionnaireconcerningtheprogressinthedevelopmentof superconductingrotating machines,superconductingmaterialandcryogenicequipment,ElectraN.139,December1991,pp.4361 MathiasNoeEUCAS2011,History,StateoftheArtand Perspectives ofSuperconducting PowerEquipment
TheSuperGMprojectinJapan
Data Capacity Voltage Current Powerfactor Power factor Polenumber Rotationspeed Synchr.reactance Fieldcurrent Rotorouterdiam. Rotor outer diam 70MVA 10kV 4215A 0.9 09 2 3600rpm 0.35p.u. 3200A 885mm 885 mm
Recordholder Worldslargestoutput79MVA ld l Worldslongestcontinousoperation1500h Worldsfirstconnectiontorealpowersystem Worlds first connection to real power system
Ikuo Oishi, Kenichi Nishijima, Summary of development of 70 MW class model superconducting generatorresearch and development of superconducting for electric power application, Cryogenics 42 (2002) 157167 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980
88-00 1990
2000
2010
2020
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SuperconductingRotatingMachines StateoftheArtoflargescalerotatingmachines State of the Art of large scale rotating machines
Source:MinwonPark,CNU,Currentstatusof HTSpowerapplicationsafter100yearsof superconductivity Sep.12162011Marseille,France,22nd Sep 12 16 2011 Marseille France 22nd InternationalConferenceonMagnet Technology
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SuperconductingRotatingMachines StateoftheArt State of the Art

ShipPropulsion
Picture from: Nature Physics 2, 794 - 796 (2006) doi:10.1038/nphys472 Wired for the future John Clarke & David C. Larbalestier
EUHydrogenie Hydrogenerator
ShipPropulsion
ImageCourtesyofConverteam
ImageCourtesyofSiemens
AMSC 36.5MVA,6kV 120rpm 8poles,75tons Efficiency>97% Dimensions:3,4mx4,6mx4,1m

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980
Converteam 1.790MW,5.25kV 214rpm,77.3kNm 28poles,32.7tons 4.7mx5.2mx3.5m Installationin2011

1990 2000
Siemens 4MW,3.1kV 120rpm,320kNm 37tons 50kmHTS Testin2010

2020 2030 2040 2050
11 2010
Thefutureofsuperconductingrotatingmachines
R&DTrends Moredetailedstudiesandtechnologyprojectsonwindpower Widevarietyofdifferentapplications(torque,rating,speed) Nearlyallmaterialsarewelcome(MgB2,BSCCO,YBCO,LTS) MajorApplications Renewablegeneration Largepowergenerators Ship propulsion Shippropulsion Specialapplications
31
Themotivationofsuperconductingtransformers
Manufacturingand transport
Compactand lightweight p g g (~50%Reduction)
Environmentand Marketing
Energy savings (~50%Reduction) Ressourcesavings Inflammable(no oil)
Operation
L Lowshortcircuit i h i i impedance d Higherstability Less voltage drops Less reactive power Active current limitation Protection ofdevices Reduction ofinvestment
LTS transformer projects

Institution p y /Company GEC Alstom y y Kyushu University Toshiba Nagoya University Kyushu University ABB Osaka University Country France Japan p Japan Japan Japan Switzerland Japan Data 80 kVA, 660/1040V 72 KVA, 1057/218 V 30 kVA, 100/100 V 100 kVA, 6600/210 V 1000 kVA, 3300/220 V 330 kVA, 6000/400 V 40 kVA, 460/115 kVA Year 1986 1988 1991 1991 1992 1993 1995
Source:B.W.McConnell,,S.Mehta,M.WalkerHTSTransformers,IEEEPowerEngieneeringReview2000
Wilkinson1966,IEEETrans.Magnetics there is little loss inconventional transformers or cables,to make the very high cost ofrefrigeration worthwhile. of refrigeration worthwhile
LTStransformer demonstrators inJapan

6.6 kV, 100 kVA 6 kV, 1000 kVA
Corutesy:Prof.Hayakawa,NagoyaUniversity
Y.J.Tang,T.Kato,N.Hayakawa,Y.Yokomizu,T.Matsumura,H.Okubo,Y.Kito,K.Miyake, T.Kumano,W.Satoh,K.Satoh:DevelopmentoftheProspectivePowerTransmission ModelSystemIntegratedunderSuperconductingEnvironment PROMISE IEEE Model System Integrated under Superconducting Environment PROMISE ,IEEE Trans.onAppliedSuperconductivity,Vol.5,No.2,pp.945948(1995)
ThefirstHTStransformerinoperationinJanuary1997
Power Voltage V lt Type Frequency q y Shortcircuit imp. Current Superconductor Cooling Lossat Loss at Ir 630kVA 18720/420V 18 720 / 420 V Dyn11 50Hz 4,6% 11.2/866 Bi2223 LN2 bei77KV 337W@77K 337 W @ 77 K
Source:H.Zuegeretal,Cryogenics1998Volume38,Number11 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
97 2000
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Stateoftheartofsuperconductingtransformers
Country USA USA Japan Germany G EU Korea Japan China Japan Japan Germany G New Zealand USA Inst. Waukesha Waukesha Fuji Electric U Kyushu Siemens S CNRS U Seoul RTRI CAS U Kyushu U Nagoya KIT IRL Waukesha Application Demonstrator Demonstrator Demonstrator Railway Demonstrator Demonstrator Railway Demonstrator Demonstrator Demonstrator Demonstrator D t t Prototype Prototype Data 1 MVA/13.8 kV/6.9 kV 5 MVA/24.9 kV/4.2 kV 1 MVA/22 kV/6.9 kV 1 MVA/25 kV/1.4 kV / / 41 kVA/2050 V/410 V 1 MVA/22 9 kV/6 6 kV MVA/22.9 kV/6.6 4 MVA, 25 kV, 1.2 kV 630 kVA/10.5 kV/0.4 kV 400 kVA, 6.9 kV/2.3 kV 2 MVA/22 kV/6,6 kV 60 kVA 1 MVA, 11 kV/415 V 28 MVA/69 kV Phase 1 3 Dy 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 3 < 2001 2001 2003 2004 2004 2005 2009 2010 2012 2012 Year HTS Bi 2223 Bi 2223 Bi 2223 Bi 2223 P-YBCO S- Bi 2223 Bi 2223 Bi 2223 Bi 2223 YBCO P-Bi 2223 S-YBCO P-Cu/S-YBCO P C /S YBCO YBCO YBCO
Activecurrentlimitation
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Stateoftheartofsuperconductingtransformers
KarlsruheInstituteofTechnology NagoyaUniversity Waukesha/SuperPower
Courtesy y:N.Hayakawa
60kVADemonstrator 1kV/0.6kV Primarycopper SecondaryYBCOtapes S d YBCO t Successfultestin2010 Recoveryundernominalload

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980
2MVADemonstrator 22kV/6.6kV PrimaryBi2223tapes Secondary YBCO t S d YBCOtapes Successful test in2009
Source:W Waukesha
Copyrigh ht:KIT
28MVAPrototype 69kV Primaryandsecondarywith YBCOtapes YBCO t Testplannedin2012
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Thefutureofsuperconductingtransformers
R&Dstatus and trend HTStransformers with afew MVA have been realized Presently,there are a fewlargescale activitiesonHTStransformerswith activities on HTS transformers with activecurrentlimitation Applications Inprinciple there are many different transformers applications
G
Generator stepup transformer t f
G
Auxiliary transformer
Extrahighvoltage(380kV)
Power Power transformer
Highvoltage(110,220kV)
Substation transformer
Mediumvoltage(630kV)
Distribution transformer
Lowvoltage(0.4kV)
39
Theneedforenergystorage
Fuel
Generation
Transmission
Distribution
Customer/Load
Large scale
Energy Storage
Small scale
Store Renewables
Load Balance
Higher Utilization Benefits
Stability
Power Quality
Theneedforenergystorage
Distribution
Customer/Load
Energy Storage
Small scale
Stability
Power Quality
Large scale SMES studies

ThefirstpaperonSMESforenergystorage M.Ferrier,Stockagedenergiedansunenroulementsupraconducteur,,inLow TemperatureandElectricPower.London,England:1970,Pergamon.pp.425432. Bechtel 1984 Energy Power Height Diameter Inductance Temperature Current Superconductor g Wire length Efficiency Total cost 5500 MWh 1000 MW 16 m 1568 m 67.7 67 7 H 1.8 K 765 kA NbTi 587.6 km 93.7% 1311 Mio. US $ Masuda 1985 5000 MWh 1000 MW 10.8/18/10.8 10 8/18/10 8 m 400/376/400 m 71.8 71 8 H 4.1 K 707 kA Nb3Sn 403 km 95% 1452 Mio. US $ Hassenzahl 1989 5250 MWh 1000 MW 19 m 1000 m 945 H 1.8 K 200 kA NbTi 506 km 94% 958 Mio. US $
Source: T. Fleischer, K.-P. Jngst, V. Brandl, W. Maurer, E. Nieke, Energiespeicherung in supraleitenden Spulen (SMES), Wissenschaftliche Berichte FZKA 5575, Mai 1995
LargeenergystoragewithlargeSMES
Source: U.S. Department of Energy
Toroidalconceptof5000MWhSMES
Early SMES demonstrator projects (>100kJ)

Institution LASL Westinghouse KFK ANL Westinghouse KEK KEK KEK KEK Japan BPA Kyushu Hitachi Chubu Electric Country US US Germany US US Japan J Japan Japan J p n Japan US Japan Japan Japan Energy 244 kJ 302 kJ 220 kJ 1.5 MJ 400 kJ 100 kJ 3 MJ 400 kJ 200 kJ 30 MJ 100 kJ 5.06 5 06 MJ 1 MJ 1 MJ Year 1978 1978 1978 1979 1979 1979 1979 1981 1981 1983 1985 1986 1989 1991 Superconductor NbTi/Cu NbTi/Cu NbTi/Cu NbTi/CuNi/Cu NbTi/Cu NbTi/C NbTi/Cu NbTi/CuNi/Cu NbTi/C Ni/C NbTi/Cu NbTi/Cu NbTi/CuNi/Cu NbTi/CuNi/Cu NbTi/Cu
Tohoku Electric Japan
Source: T. Fleischer, K.-P. Jngst, V. Brandl, W. Maurer, E. Nieke, Energiespeicherung in supraleitenden Spulen (SMES),
MathiasNoeEUCAS2011,History,StateoftheArtand Perspectives ofSuperconducting PowerEquipment Wissenschaftliche Berichte FZKA 5575, Mai 1995
TheBPA30MJSMES
30MJSMEScoil Nonconductingdewar
Energy Max.power Max.current Max. current
30MJ 10MW 4.9kA 4.9 kA
Max.field Superconductor Op.Temperature Op Temperature
2.95T NbTi 4.5K 45K
Source:J.D.Rogers,R.I.Schemer,B.L.Miller,andJ.F.Hauer,30MJSuperconductingMagneticEnergyStorageSystemforElectric UtilityTransmissionStabilization,ProceedingoftheIEEE,Vol.71,No.9.Sept.1983
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Stateoftheartofsuperconductingmagneticenergy storage
Lead Institution KIT AMSC KIT Chubu Chubu KERI Ansaldo Chubu CAS KERI CNRS KERI ABB/SP Country Germany US Germany Japan Japan Korea Italy Japan China Korea France Korea US 2004 2004 2004 2005 2005 2007 2007 2007 2008 2011 2013 Year 1997 Data 320 kVA, 203 kJ 2 MW, 2,6 MJ MW 2 6 25 MW, 237 kJ 5 MVA, 5 MJ 1 MVA, 1 MJ 750 kVA, 3 MJ 1 MVA 1 MJ MVA, 10 MVA, 19 MJ 0,5 MVA, 1 MJ 600 kJ 800 kJ 2.5 2 5 MJ 2.5 MJ, 20 kW Super Superconductor NbTi NbTi NbTi NbTi Bi 2212 NbTi NbTi NbTi Bi 2223 Bi 2223 Bi 2212 YBCO YBCO Application Flicker compensation Grid stability Power modulator Voltage stability Voltage stability Power quality Voltage stability Load compensation Power-, Voltage quality Military application Power quality -
StateoftheartofHTSsuperconductingmagnetic energystorage energy storage

Chubu,Japan B id i Bridgingvoltagedips lt di KERI,Korea P Powerquality lit CNRS,France Milit Militaryapplication li ti
Figure:ChubuElectric
1MJ,1MW Bi2212tape 500A, 500 A, 5Kconductioncooled Voltage:2.5kV
2.5MJ YBCOtape,22km 550A 550 A 20Kconductioncooled BmaxII 6.24T Testin2011 Test in 2011
Figure:KERI
Figure:CNRS 814kJ Bi2212tape 315A 315 A 20Kconductioncooled Diameter :300/814mm Height:222mm H i ht 222
Thefutureofsuperconductingmagneticenergystorage
R&Dstatus and trends Afew MJClassHTSSMEShave been realized Mostofthe present activities are inAsia Afew activities to further develop technology HTSmaterialis notyet cost competitive to LTSmaterialinSMESapplication Applications Highpowerand modest energy applications are favourable forSMES Hybrid energy storage with liquid hydrogen Hybridenergy liquidhydrogen More,if the SMESsystem is competitive to other energy storage options
49
Oneofthefirstlargescalefaultcurrentlimiters
DCbiasedironcoretype Voltage Frequency F Normalcurrent Faultcurrent Fault current forfaultatVpeak 2900Apeak forfaultatVzero 14750A k for fault at V zero 14750 Apeak Normalvoltagedrop4.4% 3kV 50Hz 50 H 556ARMS
B.P. Raju, T.C. Bartram; Fault current limiter with superconducting DC Bias, IEEE Proc Vol 129 No 4 July 1982 pp 166 Proc. Vol. 129, No. 4, 1982, pp.166
1940
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198082
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My first summary on SCFCL activities in 1994

Institution / Company KfK GEC Alsthom GEC Alsthom GEC Alsthom NEI ASC / General Dyn. ABB BB ABB Daimler B D i l Benz Hydro Quebec Hydro Quebec H d Q b TEPCO / Toshiba TEPCO / Toshiba Sekei Uni. Country / Year Germany / 1980 France / 1989 France / 1992 France / 1994 UK 1979 US / 1995 CH / 1 H 1989 CH / 1989 Germany / 1993 G Canada / 1993 Canada / 1995 C d Japan / 1990 Japan / 1990 Japan / 1990 Type Resistive Resistive Resistive Resistive DC biased iron DC biased iron Shielded iron h ld d Shielded iron Shielded iron Shi ld d i Inductive Inductive I d ti Inductive air coil Inductive air coil Inductive Data 40 MW / 47 kV 25 kV / 200 A 7.2 kV / 1 kA 63 kV / 1.25 kA 5 MVA 100 MVA 100 VA 20 kVA 100 VA 100 kVA 400 V / 100 A 6.6 6 6 kV / 1.5 kA 15 600 V / 6 A Superconductor NbTi NbTi NbTi NbTi NbTi BSCCO BSCCO B BSCCO YBCO BSCCO BSCCO NbTi NbTi NbTi
ThefirstHTSfaultcurrentlimiterinapowersystem InstalledandcommissionedinahydropowerstationinSwitzerland Installed and commissioned in a hydro power station in Switzerland

Shieldedironcoretype Voltage Frequency Normalcurrent Lim.Current Temperature Superconductor Loss 10kV 50Hz 70ARMS 700Apeak 77K Bi2212bulk 80literLN2/d l /day
Noshortcircuitduring installation
Source:W.Paul,M.Lakner,J.Rhyner,P.Unternahrer,Th.Baumann,M.Chen,L.WidenhornandA.Guerig, Testof1.2MVAhighTc superconductingfaultcurrentlimiter,Supercond.Sci.Technol.10(1997)914918. 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
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ThefirstresistiveHTSfaultcurrentlimiterina powersystem TheCURL10projectinGermany power system The CURL10 project in Germany

Voltage Frequency Normalcurrent Faultduration Max.lim.current M li t Temperature Superconductor 10kV 50Hz 600ARMS 60ms 8.75kA 8 75 kA 66K Bi2212bulk Bi 2212 bulk
Onlyasinglephaseshort circuitduringinstallation
Source:R.Kreutz,J.Bock,F.Breuer,K.P.Juengst,M.Kleimaier,H.U.Klein,D.Krischel,M.Noe,R. Steingass,andK.H.Weck,SystemTechnologyandTestofCURL10,a10kV,10MVAResistiveHighTc S i dK H W k S T h l dT f CURL 10 10 kV 10 MVA R i i Hi h T SuperconductingFaultCurrentLimiter,IEEETrans.OnAppliedSuperconductivity,Vol.15,No.2,June2005
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Thefirstthreephasefaultofasuperconducting faultcurrentlimiterinapublicpowersysteminChina fault current limiter in a public power system in China

Diodebridgetype Voltage V lt Normalcurrent Superconductor Coilinductance 10.5kV 10 5 kV 1500ARMS Bi2223 Bi 2223 6.24mH
A three phase shortcircuit Athreephaseshort circuit duringinstallation
Source:D.Hui,Z.K.Wang,J.Y.Zhang,D.Zhang,S.T.Dai,C.H.Zhao,Z.Q.Zhu,H.D.Li,Z.F.Zhang,Y.Guan,L.Y.Xiao, L.Z.Lin,L.F.Li,L.H.Gong,X.D.Xu,J.Z.Lu, Z.Fang,H.X.Zhang,J.P.Zeng,G.P.Li,andS.Z.Zhou,DevelopmentandTestof10.5kV/1.5kAHTSFaultCurrentLimiter,IEEETrans.onAppliedSuperconductivity VOL.16,NO.2,JUNE2006 VOL 16 NO 2 JUNE 2006 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
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Stateoftheartofsuperconductingfaultcurrent limiters Realizedandplannedprototypessince2005

1000,0
Vo oltage/k kV(phas sephase)
100,0
10,0
1,0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Current/A
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2050
Stateoftheartofsuperconductingfaultcurrent limiters
12kV,800A Bi2212bulk Bi 2212 bulk 10kV,800A YBCOcoated YBCO coated conductor 20kV,1kA YBCOcoatedconductor YBCO coated conductor
11/2009 12kV,100A Bi2212bulk
10/2011 12kV,400A Bi2212bulk
2012 10kV,2.3kA YBCO
10/2009
1940 1950 1960 1970
2011
1980 1990 2000
2013
11 2010
2020 2030 2040 2050
Stateoftheartofsuperconductingfaultcurrent limiters
AMSC/Siemens Innopower KEPRI
Cour rtesy:Siemens
Courtesy:Inno opower
ResistiveType 115kV,1200A YBCOtapes YBCO tapes 1phasetestin2011
DCBiasedIronCoreType 220kV,280MVA Bi2223tapes Bi 2223 tapes Substation Installation2011

1970 1980 1990 2000
Courtesy y:KEPRI
Hybridtype 22.9kV,3.0kA YBCOtapes YBCO tapes Factorytestedin2011
1940
1950
1960
11 2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Thefutureofsuperconductingfaultcurrentlimiters
R&DTrends Towards compact andinexpensive mediumvoltageSCFCLs TowardshighvoltageSCFCL demonstratorsandprototypes demonstrators and prototypes Towardspermanentinstallationsto demonstratereliability Towardstestsstandards Towardscommercialication Applications Many,many,many Busbar coupling Transformerfeeder Generator feeder Generatorfeeder Powersystem auxiliaries ..
Sub-transm. Network (e.g. 110 kV)
FCL
FCL FCL
Transmission network (e.g. 380 kV)
FCL
FCL
3
FCL
FCL
FCL
FCL
7
FCL
FCL
10
8 11
FCL
Canwe see superconducting systems? Asuperconducting A superconducting substation commissioned in China in 2011 inChinain2011
1MJ/0.5MVA SMES
10kV HTS FCL
10kV/400V/630kVA HTS Transformer
75m/10kV/1.5kA 75m/10kV/1 5kA HTS Power Cable
Courtesy:IEEECAS
61
Magneticlevitation
Electrodynamic levitation FZ FX IS Superconductor (moving) vS Superconducting levitation Superconductor (moving)
BS BP IP Permanentmagnets (track) Majorbenefits Very high speeds self guiding at high speed Majorbenefits Stable passive speed independant p p
Electrodynamiclevitation
Photo:JTEriksson,1974
JapanNationalRailway first levitated test vehicle p g 4passengers
Electrodynamiclevitation
MLX01
Superconductingmagnetanda Superconducting magnet and a liquidheliumtankontopofit
1977 1996 Nov.1997 Nov. 1997 Dec.2nd 2003 May18th 2011 y
7kmtestlineinMiyazakiPrefecture y 42.8kmtestlineinYamanashi firsttimespeedwithmorethan500kmperhour first time speed with more than 500 km per hour 581km/h worldspeedrecordforalltrains ConsentonTokyo Osakaline(505km/h) y ( / )
Superconductinglevitation
80mtestlinecommissionedin2011inDresden(evicoandIFWDresden)
Tracklength NdFeBmagnets Levitationforce Superconductor Speed Vehiclemass V hi l Propulsion
80.84movalshape 4.85tons 89kNat810mm YBCObulk 20km/h 400kg 400 k Asynchronousshort stato statorlinearmotor ea oto
Courtesy:evico
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
11 2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
66
Summary
Technology demonstration Large scale prototypes in field i fi ld Cable MVSCFCL HVSCFCL Powergenerator Shippropulsion Ship propulsion Hydro generator LTSSMES LTS SMES HTSSMES Transformer Electrodynamiclev. SC.levitation SC levitation
First commercial products d t
Full market entry
Whatisneeded?
Lower materialcost and better materialperformance? Invisible,reliableandcheaprefrigeration? Longtermreliabilitytests? Moreeducation ofsystem benefits and performance? Morepublic R&Dsupport? Or simply someone who wants to have it? Thursday 20:00SpecialSession Commercialization ofSuperconductivity
Summary
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
1982 1st LTSpowertransmission 1979 1st LTScable
2000 1st HTScable 2008 1st transmissionvoltageHTScable
1996 HTSSCFCL 1996 1st HTS SCFCL 1982 1st LTSSCFCL
2009 2009 1st commercial SCFCL commercialSCFCL 2004 1st resistiveHTSSCFCL
1971 PioneerLTSmotor
2009 36.5MWHTSmotor
1985 30MJSMES
2004 HTSSMES 2004 1st HTS SMES
1997 1st HTSTransformer 2009 2MWHTSFCLTransformer 1997 1st >500km/h

1MJ/0.5MVA SMES 10kV HTS FCL 10kV/400V/630kVA HTS Transformer 75m/10kV/1.5kA HTS Power Cable
2011 1st HTSsubstation

2020 2030 2040 2050
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1965 Steklycryostabilization 1961 Utilization ofNbTi
2005 YBCOcommercially available
1986 DiscoveryHTS 2001 DiscoveryMgB2

Noe

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History,StateoftheArtandPerspectivesof SuperconductingPowerEquipment

Prof.Dr.Ing.MathiasNoe P f D I M thi N InstituteforTechnicalPhysics,KarlsruheInstituteofTechnology,Germany September21st 2011,TheHague,Netherlands p , g ,

MathiasNoeEUCAS2011,History,StateoftheArtand Perspectives ofSuperconducting PowerEquipment

MathiasNoeEUCAS2011,History,StateoftheArtand Perspectives ofSuperconducting PowerEquipment

Motivation Powersystemsofthepast Power systems of the past

Voltage 15kV Voltage 15 kV Frequency50Hz q y

Motivation Powersystemstoday Power systems today

1GW=1000MW 1MW=1000kW 1kW=myvacuum cleanerathome cleaner at home

(Source: http://www.spchina.com/powerNetwork/gridmap.htm) MathiasNoeEUCAS2011,History,StateoftheArtand Perspectives ofSuperconducting PowerEquipment

Nuclear power Hydro power

MathiasNoeEUCAS2011,History,StateoftheArtand Perspectives ofSuperconducting PowerEquipment

MathiasNoeEUCAS2011,History,StateoftheArtand Perspectives ofSuperconducting PowerEquipment

CO2 Emission by Sector

MathiasNoeEUCAS2011,History,StateoftheArtand Perspectives ofSuperconducting PowerEquipment

Full load hours of G F ll l d h f German wind power i d

Source: ISET 2005

e.g. Data 50 Hertz Transmission (2009)

MathiasNoeEUCAS2011,History,StateoftheArtand Perspectives ofSuperconducting PowerEquipment

MathiasNoeEUCAS2011,History,StateoftheArtand Perspectives ofSuperconducting PowerEquipment

MathiasNoeEUCAS2011,History,StateoftheArtand Perspectives ofSuperconducting PowerEquipment

Data PowerCapacity VoltageDC CurrentDC Length

100GW 200kV 500kA 1000km >99.9% >99 9 % 4.2K 1km

Efficiency Linetemperature Jointspacing

Vacuumpumpspacing500m Refrigeratorspacing 20km Superconductor

MathiasNoeEUCAS2011,History,StateoftheArtand Perspectives ofSuperconducting PowerEquipment

The boom years with cryocables (end of 60 up to mid 80)

Design Data 110 kV, 50 m

Years 75 74-75 74 75 77-78 79-80 77 82-86 75-76 70-71 70-71 -

MathiasNoeEUCAS2011,History,StateoftheArtand Perspectives ofSuperconducting PowerEquipment

Thefirstsuperconductingcableinapublicpowersystem TheArnsteincableinAustriain1979 The Arnstein cable in Austria in 1979

MathiasNoeEUCAS2011,History,StateoftheArtand Perspectives ofSuperconducting PowerEquipment

Thefirstsuperconductingcableinapublicpowersystem TheArnsteincableinAustriain1979 The Arnstein cable in Austria in 1979

MathiasNoeEUCAS2011,History,StateoftheArtand Perspectives ofSuperconducting PowerEquipment

Thefirstsuperconductingcabletransmittingpower TheBrookhavenCable The Brookhaven Cable

Installation site at Brookhaven

MathiasNoeEUCAS2011,History,StateoftheArtand Perspectives ofSuperconducting PowerEquipment

Thefirstsuperconductingcabletransmittingpower TheBrookhavenCable The Brookhaven Cable

MathiasNoeEUCAS2011,History,StateoftheArtand Perspectives ofSuperconducting PowerEquipment

Thehard work with low temperaturesuperconducting cables

Courtesy:Dr.HeinzWernerNeumller,formerSiemensCorporateTechnology MathiasNoeEUCAS2011,History,StateoftheArtand Perspectives ofSuperconducting PowerEquipment

ThefirstHTScableoperatinginapowersystem Carrollton,Georgia,US Carrollton Georgia US

01/2000 12.4kV 1.25kA BSCCO2223 77K 230W 1W/m/Phase 1 W/m/Phase

MathiasNoeEUCAS2011,History,StateoftheArtand Perspectives ofSuperconducting PowerEquipment

160 Phas se-Phas Voltag / kVRMS se ge 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0

Threephasescoaxial 1phasein1cryostat 3phasesin1cryostat 3 phases in 1 cryostat Inredwarmdielectric

Gochang07 Copenhagen01 Icheon10 Columbus06 Moscow 09 Carollton01 Essen13 NewYork10 k

MathiasNoeEUCAS2011,History,StateoftheArtand Perspectives ofSuperconducting PowerEquipment

SuperconductingACCables StateoftheArt State of the Art

Nexans 138kV,2.4kA, 600m 600 Singlecoaxialdesign BSCCO2223 Energized2008 Energized 2008

Figure: Nexans 11 2010

LSCable 22.9kV,50MVA,100m BSCCO2223 BSCCO 2223 Energized2007 500mfieldtestwithYBCO in2011 in 2011

MathiasNoeEUCAS2011,History,StateoftheArtand Perspectives ofSuperconducting PowerEquipment

MathiasNoeEUCAS2011,History,StateoftheArtand Perspectives ofSuperconducting PowerEquipment

MathiasNoeEUCAS2011,History,StateoftheArtand Perspectives ofSuperconducting PowerEquipment

MathiasNoeEUCAS2011,History,StateoftheArtand Perspectives ofSuperconducting PowerEquipment

LTS synchronous generators tested (> 10 MVA)

MathiasNoeEUCAS2011,History,StateoftheArtand Perspectives ofSuperconducting PowerEquipment

SuperconductingRotatingMachines StateoftheArtoflargescalerotatingmachines State of the Art of large scale rotating machines

MathiasNoeEUCAS2011,History,StateoftheArtand Perspectives ofSuperconducting PowerEquipment

SuperconductingRotatingMachines StateoftheArt State of the Art

AMSC 36.5MVA,6kV 120rpm 8poles,75tons Efficiency>97% Dimensions:3,4mx4,6mx4,1m

Converteam 1.790MW,5.25kV 214rpm,77.3kNm 28poles,32.7tons 4.7mx5.2mx3.5m Installationin2011

Siemens 4MW,3.1kV 120rpm,320kNm 37tons 50kmHTS Testin2010