English Edition Copyright 2009 the McGraw Hill Companies Inc

All rights reserved

Arabic Edition is published by Obeikan under agreement with

Hill Companies Inc 2008
www.obeikaneducation.com www.macmillanmh.com
Original Title:
BI OL OGY
By:
Alton Biggs
Whitney Crispen Hagins
William G. Holliday
Chris L. Kapicka
Linda Lundgren
Ann Haley Mackenzie
William D. Rogers
Marion B. Sewer
Dinah Zike
4

5
6
6
8 6-1
14 6-2
21 6-3
30
31
32
7
36
38 7-1
43 7-2
48 7-3
56 7-4
62
63
64
8
68
70...................... 8-1
78 8-2
83 8-3
89
90
91
9
96
98 9-1
108 ...................... 9-2
113
114
116

Introduction to Animals

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1
2
3
4
5
1
2
1
2
3

7

General Animal Features
6-1
Feeding and Digestion
Support
6-1
6-1
8
endoskeleton
.6 - 2

Habitats
6-2

1
2
3
4
5
6
9

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1866
1970 1960
6 - 3

sessile
1859
1682
1555
1735
6-3
350
10
6-4

Internal Fertilization
External Fertilization
6-4

2003
1902
1977
rRNA RNA

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1892
11
Gastrula
Gaster
ula
16
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6-5
6-5 blastula

12
6-6

6 1

5 30
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13

RNA DNA

6-2
Animal Body Plans
6-7
14

6-8
15
Asymmetry
Radial symmetry
-
Bilateral symmetry
Cephalization
posterior anterior
ventral dorsal
6-9

:
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16
6 ~ 10
Pseudocoelomates
6 ~ 8
.6~10
Acoelomates
6 ~ 8
6 ~ 10
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6-10
17
protostomes

6-11
1
2
3
4
1
2
18
6-12
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19
6 2
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6-8

6 .
6-13
20

Sponges
Body Structure
6-3
Sponges and Cnidarians
6-14
21
6-15
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6-15
Feeding and digestion
filter feeder
100 10
Sessile
22
archaocyte
Response to Stimuli
Reproduction
gemmules
6 ~ 15
23
A
B
C
E
D
6-16


24
6~18
Discodermolide
6-17
6-18
25
Body structure
6 ~ 19
.6~20
6-19

6-20
26
3
1000
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27
Polyp
Medusa


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6-22
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28
6 2
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .
6-23
29
DNA
150
106
2004
S,000
10,000
1S,000
20,000
2S,000
30,000
0
17S0 1800 18S0 1900 19S0 2000 20S0
255
2010
30
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6-1

6-2

6-3


:
6
31
:
6-1
1 .
2 .
3 .
4
4 .
.c .a
.d .b
5 .
.c .a
.d .b
6 .
7 .
8 .
6-2
9 .
10 .
11 .
14 13
12 .
.a
.b
.c
.d
13 .
.a
.b
.c
.d
32
c .a
.d .b
.15
15 .
.c
.d
16 .
.c .a
.d .b
17 .
a
.b
.c
.d
18 .
.c .a
.d .b
19 .
20 .
21 .
6-3
22 .
23 .
24 .
25
25 .
c .a
.d .b
33
26
26 .
c a
d b
27 .
c a
d b
28 .
- a
- b
- c
- d
29 .
30 .
12
31 .
32 .
33 .
34 .
35 .
36 .
34

2 1
1 .
a
b
c
d
2 .
a
b
c
d
3 .
a
b
c
d
4 .
5 .
6 .
:
35
7 Worms and Mollusks
7-1

7-2

7-3

7-4

36

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1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
1
2
3

37
7-1



Body Structure
7-1
7-1 20000

7-1
38
Feeding and Digestion
pharynx
7-2

flame cells
7-2
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39
Response to stimuli
ganglia
7-2
Movement
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
7-3
10x
40
7-4
Diversity of Flatworms
Turbellarians
7-4
Trematodes
7-5
C
E
A
B
7-5
20x
41
7 1






1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .
7 .
7-6
Cestodes
7-6
scolex
42
2
7-2




20000
Body structure
Nematoda
7-7
7-7
33 10
30x
43

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Feeding and Digestion
Movement
1
3

Data obtained from:Gray, J. and H.W. Lissmann. 1994. The locomotion of nematodes. Journal of Experimental Biology 41:135-154
44
hydrostatic skeleton
Reproduction
Diversity of roundworms
20000
Hookworms
7-10
Ascarid worms
7-8
7-9
45
.7-10

pinworms
7-10
Filarial worms
Nematode


7-10
2.3x
46
7 2





1
2
4
5
6
Rotifers

1800 .7-11

7-11
47
7-3

Body structure
110000
Snail
21
mantle
shell
7-12
7-13
48
Feeding and digestion
radula
7-14
7-14
49
Open circulatory system
Closed
circulatory system
nephridia

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7-15
50
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51
Visualizing Movement in Mollusks
51
7-16
Gastropods
Bivalves
Cephalopods
siphon
Trochophore
7-17
A
D
Pediveligers
C
52
Diversity of Mollusks

Gastropode

gaster

53
1
2
Fiorito. G.and P.Scotto.1992 Observational learning in Octopus Vulgaris. Science 256: 545-547

Protection
Learning
54
Ecology of Mollusks


7 3





2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
1100
6 .
7-20
55
7-4


11000
7-21
7-21
56
7-22
7-22
gizzard crop
7-22
7-23
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57

7-22
setae
7-24


7-23
7-24
58
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

clitellum
7-25 coccon


7-25
59
earthworms
Fanworms and Bristleworms
Leeches
7-26
7-26

60
7-1
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7 4




1
2

61

Cynthia Keynon

40

62
7-1

7-2

7-3

7-4

30
:
7
63
64
7-1
1 .
2 .
3 .
4
4 .
.b .a
.d .c
5 .
.b .a
.d .c
6 .
b .a
d .c
7 .
b .a
d c
8 .
9 .
10 .
7-2
13 11
11 .
12 .
13 .
15 14
65
14 .
b a
d c
15 .
b a
d c
17 .
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18 .
19 .
7 - 3

21 .
22 .
23 .
.b .a
d .c
24 .
- b - a
- c
- d
26 25
25 .
d c
26 .
b a
d c
27 .
28 .
66
7-4
29 .
30 .
31 .
33 32
32 .
b a
d c
33 .
b a
d c
34 .
35 .
36 .
37 .
38 .
39 .
67

:
1 .
b a
d c
2 .
a
b
c
d
3
3 .
b a
d c
4 .
5 .
6 .
7 .
67
20
100
8 Arthropods
8 ~ 1

8 ~ 2

8 ~ 3

200000
68

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1
2
3
4
1
2
1
2
3

8 ~ 1
69
8-1




Arthropod Features
-

70
8-2
Thorax
Abdoman
.8 ~ 2 Cepholothorax

8-2
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71
Jointed Appendages
8-3
Molting
molting
8 - 4
8-3
8-4

72
Body structure of Arthropods

mandible
.8 - 5
1
2
3
4
1
2
8-5
73
Master Page used: NGS
Visualizing Respiratory Structures
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8-6
74
8 - 6
8-6 Trachea Tubes
book lungs
8-6
spiracles
Malpighian tubules
8-7

8-7
75
8-8
8 3

Pheromones

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8-8
76
8 1
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .
8-9
8-9
77
8-1

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8-2

Arthropod Groups
78
Crustaceans
chelipeds
8 ~ 10
Swimmerets
barnacles

Spiders and Their relatives
Pedipalps
8-11
8-10
8-11
79
spinnerets
8-12
100

8-12
80
1
2
3
1
2
8-13
8-13
81
1
2
3
4
8-14
8-14
8 2
82

Diversity of Insects
30
External Features
8-15
8-3
8-15
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83
8-2
Insect Adaptations
8-2
84
:

8-16
8-16 '8'

8-16
'8'
85
pupa

nymph
8-17
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cast
8-18

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8-18
87
1
2
3
4
5
6
80
8 3
8-19
Centipedes
and Millipeds
8-19
88
Lucilia Sericata
S 10 1S
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
34 34
22 22
20 20
17 17 28 28
89
90
8-1

8-2

8-3


:
8
91
8-1
1 .
2 .
3 .
5 4
1 .a
2 b
3 c
4 d
5 .
2 b 1 a
4 d 3 c
6 .
a
b
c
d
7 .
a
b
c
d

8 .
9 .
8
92
15
15 .
1 a
2 b
3 c
4 d
16 .
a
b
c
d
17 .
a
b
c
d
18 .
a
b
c
d
10
10 .
11 .
8-2
12 .
13 .
14 .
8
93
27
27 .
1 a
2 b
3 c
4 d
28 .
a
b
c
d
29 .
a
b
c
d
19 .
a
b
1 c
d
20 .
21 .
22 .
23 .
8-10
8-3
24 .
25 .
26 .
8
94
30 .
31 .
32 .
33 .

35 .
36 .
37 .
( 6
8

:
1 .
a
b
c
d
3 2
1
2
3
4
2 .
b a
d c
3 .
4 d 3 c 2 b 1 a
4 .
5 .
6 .
7 .
8 .
9 .
95
9
9-1

9-2

2
6 2
Echinoderms and inverteberate chordates
96

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2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
6
3
9-2
97

Echinoderms are
Deuterostomes
9-1
6000
9-1
9 - 1
98 98
Body structure
9-2

pedicellarae
9 ~ 1

9-2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
99
Master Page used: NGS
www.obeikaneducation.com
9-3
Test
Nerve ring
madreporit
Esophagus
Mouth
Spine
Pedicellariae
Pores
100
water
vascular system

madreporite
9-3
Tube Feet

ampulla
9-4
9-3
9-4

101
9-5
9-6
9-6
9-5
102
Echinoderm Diversity
9 ~ 7
9-7

(
1
103
9 ~ 8
9 ~ 9
9-9
9-8
104

9-10
9-11
9-11
9-10
105
9-12
1986
1
9-13

9-12
9-13
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106
9-14
9 1
5
6
Ecology of Echinoderms
1
2
3
4
107

9-15
9-15
5
9-2
9-15
108
Chordates
-
9-16

9-16
Notochord
noto
chord
109

Diversity of
Invertebrate Chordates
9-17 9-17
'
'
110
9-17
9-18
9 - 19
www obeikaneducation com

9 - 18
111
9 2
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 . A
2 .
3 .
(L,K,M (C,G,N)
Hrincevich, A.W.,et al. 2000. Phylogenetic analysis of molecular lineages in a species -rich subgenus of sea stars (Leptasterias subgenus
Hexasterias). American Zoologist 40: 365-374
112

Greg Szulgit

113
9-1

9-2

:
9
114
9 - 1
1 .
2 .
3 .
.A .B
.C .D
4 .
c a
d b
5 .
a
b
c
.d
6 .
a
b
d c
7 .
a
b
c
d
8 .
a
b
c
d
9 .
a
b
c
d
11 10
10 .
11 .
12 .

9
115
13 .
18
14 .
15 .
9-2
16 .
17 .
18 .
19 .
a
b
c
d
20 .
c a
d b
22 21
21 .

c a
d b
22 .
c a
d b
23 .
a
b
c
d
24 .
a
b
c
d
25 .
.c a
d b
9
116
9
26 .
c a
d b
27 .
c .a
d b
28 .
29 .
31 30
30 .
31 .
32 .
33 .
34 . 1
35 .
36 . 3
:
117

1
1 .
a
b
c
d
2 .
a
b
c
d
3 .
a
b
c
d
c a
d b
6 5
c a
d b
6 .
c a
d b
:
118
7 .
.a
b
c
d
9 .
10 .
11 .
12 .
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
99 95
126