Assignment cover sheet

Please help us to help you by completing all required fields. By doing so, we will be able to swiftly return your assignment Student number Postal address Purok Matinabangon Magugpo North, Tagum City Student name Shekel M. Sibala
Mindanao eLearning Space USEP Barrio Obrero Campus 8000 Davao City Ph/ Fax: (082) 225 4331 Email: hub@beam.org.ph

Email address sheksms@gmail.com

Cell phone 09228750777

Course/ training program Assessment title

MEIL

Assesment #1 Management of Educational Tech Due date April 15, 2011

Date sent April 18, 2011

OFFICE USE ONLY Date received Date received from trainer Date forwarded to trainer Date sent to learner

TRAINER USE ONLY Mark/ score Comments Weighted mark

Mindanao eLearning Space Assignment cover sheet (version 1.0 02/24/2005)

1. What is Educational Technology Educational Technology is hard to define. According to the Association for Educational Communications and Technology

(AECT) (2004) Educational Technology as a concept could be defined as the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and

managing appropriate technological processes and resources. But according to them this is not really true for all time because the field, therefore the concept, of Educational

Technology is still young and would continue to evolved. So this definition at the is just a and picture does of what true Educational in the near

Technology

present

hold

future. The above definition sums up the writer's present view about Educational Technology. To elaborate allow the writer share some of his thoughts. Based on the definition,

Educational Technology is a study. A study in the sense that it involves the collection, organisation, and application of knowledge. Since it is a knowledge based field its speed of development depends upon the availability of new knowledge and concepts. Based on the video about the phases of Educational Technology one could see that each phase is dependent on the availability of new knowledge and technology. It is so evident that Phase three could only be possible with the advent of Web 2.0. Without Web 2.0 then one could not move on to the third phase. But thinking back to the time of Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, and even Bill Gates and Steve Jobs, when they come up with their great inventions that change the world, one might argue that they did not have the benefit of Educational

Technology because they do not have Web 2.0. Let us take a

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closer look at the definition provided above. The main goal of Educational Technology is to facilitate learning and improve performance, so one may say that whatever we use to facilitate learning and improve performance they maybe methods, be

procedures, concepts, machines, and others they could

considered as part of Educational Technology. With this idea one will not be tied down to the availability of state of the art facilities and equipments in order to apply the concept of Educational Technology, but would focus on the readily

available resources on hand and out of this create something that would facilitate learning and improve performance. That is the true essence of Educational Technology. According to Luppicine(2005) problem-solving Educational approach Technology utilising is a goal oriented

tools,

techniques,

theories, and methods from multiple knowledge domains to: (1) design, develop, and evaluate, human and mechanical resources efficiently and effectively in order to facilitate and

leverage all aspects of learning, and (2) guide change agency and transformation of educational systems and practices in

order to contribute to influencing change in society If one would look deeper it is into this that definition there is of no Educational mention of

Technology,

apparent

equipments or state of the art equipments. What is being given weight is the concept of improving how learning comes about. This definition supports what the first definition gives that Educational Technology is about the facilitation of learning and improvement of our students performance.

2. Empirical Studies about Educational Technology

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The

first

empirical

study

is

done

by

Eileen

Vollert

OKane as part of her Masters of Science in Education, at the School of Education and Counseling Psychology , Dominican

University of California , San Rafael, California USA. It is entitled College Readiness of Urban High School Students in the United States: The Role of Technology in Preparing All Students for College . According to the abstract of the study: As we enter deeper into the 21st Century, there is a more urgent need to transform our educational system in the United States to better prepare our youth for the careers and technology of the future. This study examines how improving technology education at the high school level can of why improve urban it is the learning It and

college various

readiness reasons

youth.

explores for our

imperative

educational system to transform to fit the needs of a changing world education and to workforce, some youth how can denying diminish

technology

their opportunities and options for higher education and careers, and how small changes in one urban high school classroom impacted the learning of the

students.(O'Kane, E.V. 2010)

This study is significant to the writer for the fact that he teaches high school and is concern if his students are ready for college and above all for life. But he does not really agree with what the study implies that if there is technology education in a high-school that its students will be better
Mindanao eLearning Space Assignment cover sheet (version 1.0 02/24/2005)

prepared

to

tackle

college.

One

would

realise

that

the

technology one teaches students in high-school would already be considered obsolete by the time they graduate from college. It is obvious that one could never be able to teach everything to our students. A teacher has the tasked of teaching them about the content and skill needed for a certain subject, but above all that the teacher must his/her students to think and learn for themselves and the create new knowledge out of the present knowledge. According to White, E. G. (1903) in her book Education It is the work of true education to develop this power, to train the youth to be thinkers, and not mere reflectors of other men's thought. This is the ideal goal of teachers. Yes teaching students to be adept with the use of present technology is needed but we should look into how we teach our students in regarding and the use of this technologies This is

available where

thinking

creating must it

new be

knowledge. to teach its

Educational we tend

Technology to forget

used we

fullest

because

when

technology

education. One tends to focus more on the technology and not the education. Technology becomes an end in itself instead of a means to facilitate true education and improve its

transmission from teacher to student.

The writer agrees with the study regarding the poor access to technology of the poor and underprivileged. This is really true and at the start of college this is pretty obvious. Those who are more adept in using the computer and accessing the net would really have an advantage over those who does not. This presents a challenge Educational Technology to level up the
Mindanao eLearning Space Assignment cover sheet (version 1.0 02/24/2005)

playing field and provide equal access to technology, not just those who could afford but also to those who could not afford. Anyway, it is clear that those who need technology and could benefit from it the most are the ones who could not really afford it. No matter how one advocates the need for technology education in the schools, when most students don't have any access to technology then all is lost. This is the other side of the coin of the challenge must of Educational only provide Technology. ways to

Educational

Technology

not

facilitate learning and improve performance but it must also find ways to make available technology available to all.

The

second

empirical

study

is

entitled

Multimodal

Learning Through Media: What the Research Says conducted by the Metri Group as Commissioned by Cisco. This study was

provided by our Instructor in Educational Technology through the Virtual Learning Environment(VLE). This is a very

intriguing study and filled with new information specifically on how our brains works and how we learn. It also refutes the long held myth about the Cone of Learning attributed to Edgar Dale (Metiri Group/Cisco 2008. This cone seems to put certain percentages on how much we learn from the usual ways of learning like reading, seeing, and others. According to the study the cone of learning is just a myth, despite of that it is quoted within most educational circles. The study

encourages us to rethink and redo how we teach our students based on recent research into neurophysiology and how the

brain really works. It also factors in researches conducted in the relatively new field of cognitive science. The study

Mindanao eLearning Space Assignment cover sheet (version 1.0 02/24/2005)

really shows the concept of Educational Technology based on the definition provided by Educational Technology is hard to define. According to the Association for Educational

Communications and Technology (AECT) (2004) which states that Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources . The study also advocates openness to new

discoveries and one must always be ready to leave behind what is no longer useful. Another aspect of the study that is

really useful to teachers is the concept that all methods and theories of teaching, including traditional, have a place in today's teaching environment. We just have to be conscious on when is the right time and place to use the what kind to teaching method or theory. The study also implies that

teachers should be result oriented and adapt their teaching style and techniques on the intended outcome.

3. In the context of Education in the 21 st Century, how do you perceive the Schools of Tomorrow? What do you think will be the role of computers and media in learning? How do we prepare our Schools for Tomorrow? The Schools of Tomorrow will be an environment that would

embody what one would call self-motivated and self-directed learning. This may seem a strange idea but if one thinks about it one would agree that this is the ideal way of learning. If a teacher would be asked to describe his/her ideal student, the teacher would definitely describe his/her ideal student as self-motivated and self-directed when it comes to the students
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studies and much more. If we look around it would be obvious that students are actually learning more from outside school sources than from inside school sources. Students learn how to play computer games, how to use a computer, and a ton of other things from other sources of learning than from school. This would lead one to the fact that the schools of tomorrow are the one who have adapted to the fact that 21st Century learners are digital learners. They learn better if the are learning through something digital. The ones that could not adapt have long been closed or run bankrupt. So where does learning take place. The school will not have a physical location. It will be located in the web not and have one their in a in the rigid which and homes or rooms but of a the very

students. flexible

It and

will

curriculum the

dynamic on

students An

designed article

themselves

based

needs

interests.

written by Lygeia Ricciardi(no date) about a pilot program headed by Dr. Seymour Papert of MIT states that: The pilot program does away with the usual school

curricula, flows

boundaries, from

and

divisions.

Here, subject

learning area to

smoothly

one

traditional

another; blocks of time span several hours; and students of all ages work together. Students are encouraged to develop their own projects related to their individual interests. For example, one boy is building a website about skateboarding which features elaborately animated spins and jumps. The question now is how will we know if the students will actually learn. The students will take standardised theoretical, practical, and on the job examinations and evaluations and will be
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certified based on these. This concept may be far fetched but this may be what will happen in the near future.

What will be the role of computers? Computers will not only be a way of storing data and doing computations as we usually use computers now. The personal computer will be a means in which students will communicate, relate, learn, acquire knowledge, and create new knowledge. It will be one that would drive the education of the future and the schools of tomorrow. above Papert combines According to the same article quoted high-tech tools with low-tech

materials, such as books, building blocks, and paper and pens. He believes that computers can greatly facilitate learning, in part because they adapt easily to a wide variety of learning styles. The computers of the future would definitely be more powerful, then they would greatly enhance how learning could be facilitated and individualised.

How do we prepare our Schools for Tomorrow? Our present schools and the system we follow does not promote self-motivated and self-directed learning. The presence of

grade levels, the presence of grades and marks push student to learn what their teachers tell them to learn because that will be the ones that would come out of the material that would be used to test them. This is just one aspect of our schools that negate how we really learn. According to the paper prepared by The Metiri Group as commissioned by Cisco(2008) that Students learn more when the concepts are personally meaningful to

Mindanao eLearning Space Assignment cover sheet (version 1.0 02/24/2005)

them. In order to deeply understand a topic, learners not only need to know relevant facts, theories, and applications, they must also make sense of the topic through organization of those ideas into a framework (schema) of understanding. The development of schema requires that students learn topics in ways that are relevant and meaningful to them . How could students learn something when they are forced to learn what they did not want to learn and are meaningless to them. For our schools to be prepared for tomorrow, one must look through the eyes of Educational Technology and apply what

they see in order for our schools to still be relevant in the future. So do one need to purchase all the modern

equipments. No, one does not need all the modern equipments, a basic PC connected to the web would already be a great step forward.

4. Discuss the process of Instructional Design and its role to effective design and development of quality, effective

educational learning resource. There are a lot of Instructional Design Models that are used to create instructional But is one the of material the most Model. for various used, is also needs with what and some our

situations. variations,

widely This

ADDIE

instructors used in making our instructional material for this course. According to the website Inulogy.com(2010) ADDIE stands for: A analysis D Design
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D Development I Implementation E Evaluation The website also states that The ADDIE instructional design model provides a step-by-step process that helps training

specialists plan and create training programs Analysis is the first stage of the process in which one would look into the training or teaching situation. This is where one would look to into and establish ones ones rhetorical rhetorical stance. stance

According

Hult

and

Hucking(1999)

could be illustrated by a triangle with each of the three legs stands for the three components of the stance which are

Purpose, Persona, and Audience(readers). During the Analysis stage the teacher would have to address each component of the rhetorical he/she stance to triangle. Purpose Persona would would stand stand for for what how

intends

accomplish.

would he like his audience to perceive him/her. Audience would stand for who would be participating in the activity and what are their needs. By doing an analysis of all these components one would be able to see the big picture of the whole

situation. The second stage is Design. In this stage one puts into paper the design of the whole program. From the objectives, the needed materials, the intended outcomes, the procedures and others. During the stage the blueprint of the whole activity is put into place. According to learning Theories.com (2011) the Design stage is A systematic process of specifying

learning objectives.

Detailed storyboards and prototypes are

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often

made,

and

the

look

and

feel,

graphic

design,

userIn my

interface and content is determined during this stage.

opinion this is the core of the whole process. Without this stage the whole training or teaching activity would fail. But this blueprint is not written in stone, but it is a dynamic document that needs to be adjusted from time to time to really meet the needs of the learners. The third stage is the Development stage. This is the dirty part of the process. According to Learning Theories(2011) it is where the actual creation of the content and learning materials based on the Design phase. This is where all that

is written or conceived in the Design stage is brought into reality. This involved producing the materials, testing the materials, and revising the materials. This also involves

piloting the materials with a sample audience. It is also imperative that all materials during the produce previous will stage meet or the the

specification

made

specification would be modified based on the availability of the resources and the capability of the creators of the

materials. The forth stage is the Implementation stage. This the is make or break part of the process. This is the point of all the previous stages. According to learning theories(2011) During implementation, the plan is put into action and a procedure for training the learner and teacher is developed. Materials are delivered or distributed to the student group. This is the stage where all the materials are place in the hands of the learners and the training or teaching process begins and the Instructional Material Design process starts to end.
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The last stage is the evaluation stage. This is where the teaching or instructional material produced is evaluated where there it meet its intended use or not. But the evaluation stage is actually present in all the stages as a formative evaluation (Learning Theories, 2011). Each stage must

constantly evaluate whether what is being done is really what should be done. If evaluation is done in the last it could be termed as a summative evaluation where in the whole process, from Analysis to Implementation, is evaluated whether or not it did what it was intended to do. As a teacher using this template and modifying it to meet your needs would make your work in developing instructional

materials more efficient and the materials use would really be of a good quality. This is specially true in developing multimedia instructional According materials. to Rapid But this model have for some E-

weaknesses.

Interactive

Design

Learning Certificate Program(2007) as posted in Instructional Design.Org While the ADDIE Model was predominantly used in the development of multimedia content for learning for many years, the model has some significant weaknesses. It

tends to be inefficient because it is not iteractive. Also, the linear approach tends to work well for static content but may be restrictive when dealing with user generated content or learning outcomes that do not have a predetermined end state. Perhaps the biggest weakness of the model is that it assumes that you can know all of the requirements before you develop the content. From practical experience we realize that the design process
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(developing and experimenting with the content) actually shapes the final design.

I think one the solution out of these weaknesses is instead of considering the model as linear we could change it into a cycle. If it is considered as a cycle then it would become more interactive and dynamic since a certain instructional material would go over the cycle repetitively improving with each cycle.

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References:
Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) Definition and Terminology Committee (2004 June 1), The Definition of Educational Technology,www.indiana.edu/~molpage/Meanings%20o %20ET_4.0.pdf Hult C. A. & Huckin T.N. (1997). Considering your Rhetorical Stance. The New Century Handbook(p. 24). Needham, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Learning Theories Knowledgebase (2011, April). ADDIE Model at Learning-Theories.com. Retrieved April 18th, 2011 from http://www.learning-theories.com/addie-model.html Luppicini, R. (2005). A Systems Definition of Educational Technology in Society. Educational Technology & S ociety, 8, pp. 103-109. http://www.ifets.info/journals/8_3/10.pdf Metiri Group as Commissioned by Cisco (2008)Multimodal Learning Through Media: What the Research Says http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/docs/education/ Multimodal-Learning-Through-Media.pdf OKane, Eileen Vollert (2010 December). College Readiness of Urban High School Students in the United States: The Role of Technology in Preparing All Students for College School of Education and Counseling Psychology Dominican University of California San Rafael, CA http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED512730.pdf Ricciardi,Lygeia (no date). A Glimpse of the School of Tomorrow? Retrieve from http://www.papert.org/articles/ MaineYouthCenterArticle.html on April 15, 2011.

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White, E. G. (1903). Education. Mountain View, CA:Pacific Press Publishing Association. Retrieved December 21, 2010 from The Complete Ellen G. White Writings: http://egwdatabase.whiteestate.org/nxt/gateway.dll? f=templates$fn=default.htm$vid=default

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