Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Falls Slope failures consisting p g of soil or rock fragments that droprapidly down a slope l Most often occur in steep rock slopes Usually triggered by water pressure or seismic activity
Topless Similar to a fall, except that it begins with a mass of rock of stiff clay rotating away from a l t ti f vertical joint
Slides Slope failures that p involve one ore more blocks of earth that move d downslope b l by shearing along well defined surfaces or thin shear zones
Spreads Similar to translational slides except that the block separate and move apart as they also t th l move outward Can be very destructive
Flows Downslope movement of p earth where earth resembles a viscous fluid fl id Mudflow can start with a snow avalanche, or be in avalanche conjuction with flooding
Translational slides
Move along planar shear surfaces
The driving force (g g (gravity) overcomes the y) resistance derived from the shear strength of the soil along the rupture surface g p
Factor of Safety
Fs =
f d
Fs = factor of safety with respect to strength f = average shear strength of the soil
d = average s ea st ess de e oped a o g t e potential failure su ace a e age shear stress developed along the pote t a a u e surface f = c + tan
c = cohesion = angle of friction
d = cd + tan d
subscript 'd' refer to p p potential failure surface c + tan cd + tan d
Fs =
when Fs = 1, the slope is in a state of impending of failure. In general Fs > 1.5 is acceptable
Stability of Slope
Infinite slope without seepage Infinite slope with seepage Finite slope with Plane Failure Surface (Cullman s (Cullman's Method) Finite slope with Circular Failure Surface (Method of Slices)
Infinite slope
L d a Na F H b Tr A N r R Ta c F W B
Fs =
H cos2 tan
tan tan
For granular soils, c=0 Fs is independent soils c 0, of height H, and the slope is stable as long as <
L d a Na Ta H T b r A N r R c W B
Direction of seepage
Fs F =
Na
cr =
+ d
2 4c sin cos 1 cos( ) (
H
Tr
f = c + tan
unit weight of soil =
Nr
Hcr =
Base Failure
L L O
Midpoint circle
f = cu
O C D
Fs =
f
cd
cu cd
critical when Fs is minimum, trials to find critical plane solved analitically by Fellenius (1927) and Taylor (1937)
Hcr =
cu m presented graphically by Terzaghi &Peck, 1967 in Fig 11.9 Braja m is stability number
Method of Slices
For equilibrium Nr = Wn cos n
n=p
Fs =
( c L
n =1
+ Wn cos n tan )
n
n=p
W
n =1
sin n
Ln
Bishop Method
Bishop (1955) refine solution to the previous method of slices. In his method, the effect of forces on the sides of each slice are accounted for some degree .
n=p
Fs =
( cb
n =1
+ Wn tan )
n
1 m ( n )
n=p
W
n =1
sin n
The ordinary method of slices is presented as learning tools. It is rarely used because is too tools conservative
Computer Programs
STABL GEO-SLOPE etc
Bibliography
Holtz, R.D and Kovacs, W.D., An Introduction to Geotechnical An Engineering Das, B.M., Soil Mechanics Das, B.M., Advanced Soil Mechanics